| 词条 | Linda Elder |
| 释义 |
Early life and careerElder started her career for a non-profit organization, Youth Services in 1983 to deal with Youth for juvenile detention. She completed her master's degree in Psychology in 1988 and her PhD in 1992 from the University of Memphis.[4] Elder started her academic career at the college level, where she served as a Professor and got introduced to the critical thinking initially. She subsequently started studying critical thinking, primarily to teach the subject at a deeper level to the students. In 1992, she was introduced to the work of Richard Paul and the Foundation for Critical Thinking. Elder joined the Center and Foundation for Critical Thinking in 1994, focused primarily on the relationship between cognition and affect. Later in the same year, she developed an original stage theory of critical thinking development, which was later expanded along with Richard Paul in 1995.[5][6] She has written, with coauthor Richard Paul, 23 thinker’s guides to critical thinking and four books, which provided her the early success. Later in 1997, she was the primary researcher for the California Teacher Preparation for Instruction in Critical Thinking: Research Findings and Policy Recommendations.[7] The Journal of Developmental Education offered her a quarterly column on critical thinking, where she writes regularly.[8] Research topicsElder’s work has focused primary on the barriers to critical thinking development, closely to egocentric and sociocentric thought.[9] She had explained ethnocentricity as a form of sociocentricity, since, on her view, sociocentrism refers to all forms of group pathologies in thought, and therefore goes beyond those pathologies that arise out of ethnicity.[10] Her work has been influenced by the writings of Peter Singer, Jane Goodall, and Roger Fouts.[4] Elder has focused on the conceptual relationship between cognition and affect, thinking, feeling and motivation and has challenged common factors for the relationships between reason and emotion.[11][12] BibliographyElder has written books mostly on Critical Thinking with co-author Richard Paul.
References1. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bosses-seek-critical-thinking-but-what-is-that-1413923730 | title=Bosses Seek ‘Critical Thinking,’ but What Is That? | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=21 October 2014 | accessdate=24 May 2015 | author=Melissa Korn}} 2. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.pacwrc.pitt.edu/curriculum/202_CrtclThnkngStrtgsfrUndrstndngOldrYthinCr/Hndts/HO04_CrtclThnkngSchlrs.pdf | title=Critical Thinking According to the Scholars | publisher=University of Pittsburgh | accessdate=24 May 2015}} 3. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=d9moAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT70&lpg=PT70&dq=Linda+Elder+How+Dogmatic+Beliefs+Harm+Creativity+and+Higher+%E2%80%93Level+Thinking&source=bl&ots=29G9Ct9LZ0&sig=ysKA8iM6Csw1AzaFSynVn2aqdTc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6sdhVaSROcytuQSn0IHIBg&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Linda%20Elder%20How%20Dogmatic%20Beliefs%20Harm%20Creativity%20and%20Higher%20%E2%80%93Level%20Thinking&f=false | title=How Dogmatic Beliefs Harm Creativity and Higher –Level Thinking | publisher=Routledge |author1=Don Ambrose |author2=Robert J. Sternberg | isbn=1136697551}} 4. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.criticalthinking.org/data/pages/14/fd4e6f74cc717ed36a9faccc870b8a2e4fe0bd688b279.pdf | title=Linda Elder biographical informationz | publisher=Center for Critical Thinking | accessdate=24 May 2015}} 5. ^{{cite web | url=https://dspace.iup.edu/bitstream/handle/2069/70/Sherlynn%20Bessick2%20Corrected.pdf?sequence=1 | title=IMPROVED CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS AS A RESULT OF DIRECT INSTRUCTION AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT | publisher=Indiana University of Pennsylvania | accessdate=24 May 2015 | page=12}} 6. ^{{cite web | url=http://louisville.edu/ideastoaction/about/criticalthinking/framework | title=Paul-Elder Critical Thinking Framework | publisher=University of Louisville | accessdate=24 May 2015}} 7. ^{{cite web | url=http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED437379 | title=California Teacher Preparation for Instruction in Critical Thinking: Research Findings and Policy Recommendations. | publisher=Education Resources Information Center | accessdate=24 May 2015}} 8. ^{{cite web | url=http://eric.ed.gov/?q=+Linda+elder | title=Linda Elder | publisher=Education Resources Information Center | accessdate=24 May 2015}} 9. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=4769 | title=Cultivation of Critical Thinking | work=Sunday Island | date=19 August 2010 | accessdate=24 May 2015 | author=Rohana R, Wasala}} 10. ^{{cite news | url=http://forbesindia.com/article/rotman/the-need-for-a-critical-thinking-revolution/23642/1 | title=The Need For a Critical Thinking Revolution | work=Forbes India | date=1 April 2011 | accessdate=24 May 2015}} 11. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-655581771.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204655/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-655581771.html | dead-url=yes | archive-date=24 September 2015 | title=Critical Thinking Hispanic Imperative; What It Is and Why We Need It | work=Highbeam | date=3 May 2004 | accessdate=24 May 2015}} 12. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-117036575 | title=Critical Thinking: An Extended Definition | work=Questia Online Library | date=22 March 2004 | accessdate=24 May 2015 | author=Ken Petress}} External links
5 : American psychologists|American women psychologists|University of Memphis alumni|Year of birth missing (living people)|Living people |
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