| 词条 | Sergeant major (fish) |
| 释义 |
| image = Abudefduf saxatilis.jpg | image_caption = Sergeant fish near Paraty, Brazil | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | taxon = Abudefduf saxatilis | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) | synonyms = *Chaetodon saxatilis Linnaeus, 1758
}} The sergeant major or píntano (Abudefduf saxatilis) is a species of damselfish. It grows to a maximum length of about {{convert|22.9|cm|in}}.[2] Distribution and habitatAbudefduf saxatilis is found in the Atlantic Ocean.[2] Populations in the western part of the Atlantic Ocean are found from the north eastern coast of the United States south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Bahamas, islands around the Caribbean Sea, the eastern coast of Central and South America all the way to Uruguay.[2] In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, they are found from Portugal, Azores, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, and western Africa.[2] Juveniles are common in tide pools while adults are found over coral reefs.[2] Sergeant majors are found at depths of {{convert|0 to 40|m|ft}}.[2] It has been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea in both eastern and western areas, it was originally thought to be the Red Sea species Abudefduf vaigiensis which was thought to be a Lessepsian migrant from the Red Sea through the Suez Canal but it has been found that the majority, if not all, of the specimens from the Mediterraean are of A. saxatilis.[3] DescriptionAdults can grow up to {{convert|22.9|cm|in}} at maximum length.[2] Normally, they would grow up to {{convert|15|cm|in}}.[2] The largest recorded specimen weighed had a weight of up to {{convert|200|g|oz}}.[2] Abudefduf saxatilis has 13 dorsal spines, 12 to 13 dorsal soft rays, 2 anal spines, and 10 to 12 anal soft rays.[2] This fish is white with a yellow top. It has 5 vertical stripes which are black. A faint sixth stripe might be present on the caudal peduncle.[2] Adult males have a more bluish coloration and its stripes are less visible.[2] There is a dark spot around its pectoral fin. EcologyDietThis fish feed upon the larvae of invertebrates, zooplankton, smaller fish, crustaceans, and various species of algae.[2] It is also known to feed on the waste and vomit of spinner dolphins.[2] BehaviorIndividuals of this species form aggregations of about several hundreds of individuals.[2] Sometimes, they get cleaned of parasites by fish species such as gobies in the genus Gobiosoma, Bodianus rufus, Elacatinus figaro, and Thalassoma noronhanum.[2] Sergeant majors also clean green sea turtles with Acanthurus chirurgus and Acanthurus coeruleus.[2] PredatorsPredators of this fish include Plectropomus leopardus, Thalassoma bifasciatum, Cephalopholis cruentata, Epinephelus striatus, Mycteroperca venenosa, and Rachycentron canadum.[2] In the aquariumThey are found in the aquarium trade but are regarded as difficult to breed.[4] ReproductionThe sergeant majors is an oviparous species in which the males create nests where the females to lay their egg masses on rocks, reef outcrops, shipwrecks, and pilings.[5] The males actively chase the females in courtship before the female releases approximately 200,000 ref, ovoid eggs which are attached to the substrate by a filament, the eggs turn greenish after a few days and are guarded by the male. As he guards the eggs the male becomes bluish in colour, guarding them for about a week.[23] EtymologySergeant majors earn their name from its brightly striped sides, known as bars, which are reminiscent of the insignia of a military sergeant major.[6] References1. ^{{cite journal | author1 = Rocha, L.A. | author2 = Myers, R. | last-author-amp = yes | year = 2015 | title = Abudefduf saxatilis | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2015 | page = e.T188581A1896808 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T188581A1896808.en }} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 {{Fishbase species|genus=Abudefduf|species=saxatilis|month=December|year=2014}} 3. ^{{cite journal | author1 = Rami Tsadok | author2 = Maxim Rubin-Blum | author3 = Eli Shemesh | author4 = Dan Tchernov | last-author-amp = yes | title = On the occurrence and identification of Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) in the easternmost Mediterranean Sea | url = http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2015/AI_2015_Tsadok_etal.pdf | journal = Aquatic Invasions | year =2015 | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 101–105| doi = 10.3391/ai.2015.10.1.10 }} 4. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.tfhmagazine.com/saltwater-reef/feature-articles/raising-sergeant-majors-full-article.htm | title = Raising Sergeant Majors (Full Article) | author = Matthew L. Wittenrich | accessdate = 4 October 2018 | publisher = Tropical Fish Hobbyist Magazine}} 5. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Abudefduf_saxatilis.htm | title = Abudefduf saxatilis | accessdate = 4 October 2018 | publisher = Smithsonian Maine Station at Fort Pierce | work = Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory | author = Melany P. Puglisi | date = 1 August 2008}} 6. ^1 {{cite we | url = https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/abudefduf-saxatilis/ | title = Sergeant Major | accessdate = 4 October 2018 | publisher = Florida Museum | work = Discover Fishes | author = Cathleen Bester}} External links{{Commons|Abudefduf saxatilis|Sergeant major}}{{Wikispecies|Abudefduf saxatilis}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q2070648}} 3 : Abudefduf|Fish of the Atlantic Ocean|Fish described in 1758 |
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