| 词条 | Sergey Muravyov-Apostol |
| 释义 |
He was one of five Decembrists executed for their roles in attempting to overthrow the monarchy.[2] Early life and military careerSergei was born in Saint Petersburg, the fourth son of Russian diplomat Ivan Muravyov-Apostol. His mother, Anna, was the daughter of a Serbian general, Simon Crnojević. Four of his relatives also became Decembrists: his brothers Ippolit Muravyov-Apostol and Matvey Muravyov-Apostol and his cousins Nikita Muravyov and Artamon Muravyov.[3] Sergei spent his childhood in Hamburg and Paris, then graduated from the Saint Petersburg Institute of Road Engineers before joining in the Russian Army. He was a veteran of the Patriotic War of 1812. He took part in the Battle of Vitebsk, the Battle of Borodino, the Battle of Tarutino, the Battle of Maloyaroslavets, the Battle of Berezina, (for which he was awarded the Golden Sword for Bravery), the Battle of Leipzig (1813), and the Battle for Paris (1814), for which he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, second degree.[4] After the Napoleonic wars he served as a poruchik, and later as a captain of the Russian Guards, Semyonovsky Regiment. After the uprising of the Semyonovsky regiment in 1820 he transferred as a Lieutenant Colonel to the Poltava regiment, and in 1822 to the Chernigov regiment. Decembrist Uprising{{main|Decembrist revolt}}In 1817 and 1818, he was a Freemason, a member and a ritual-keeper of the "Three Virtues" Lodge. He was one of the founders of pre-Decembrist secret societies Union of Salvation and Union of Welfare, and a director of the Decembrist Southern Society. He was the coordinator of correspondence between the Southern Society and the pro-Polish Society of United Slavs. Muravyov-Apostol was the author of the Decembrists Сatechesis and a very articulate supporter of establishing a republic and abolishing serfdom in Russia.[5] In 1825, he led the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. He was arrested on {{OldStyleDateDY|10 January|1826|29 December 1825}} then freed by his fellow officers. He led an insurgency against government forces on ({{OldStyleDate|20 January|1826|3 January}}, when he was critically wounded by a canister shot. According to the legend, his wounds prevented him from staying in the saddle. So he ordered to be fastened to his horse by ropes so as to lead the desperate cavalry attack on the government artillery battery. The attack was unsuccessful and he was captured. He was delivered to Saint Petersburg and was one of the five Decembrists sentenced to quartering, but later this sentence was replaced with hanging. He was executed in Peter and Paul Fortress on ({{OldStyleDate|25 July|1826|13 July}}. He was interred with the other four in a secret grave on Goloday Island, though some conspiracy theorists believed that the men were not hanged but put on the island to starve. In the Soviet era, the island was renamed "Decembrists' Island" in memory of the executed men. See also
References1. ^Материалы следственного дела С. И. Муравьёва-Апостола 2. ^Материалы следственного дела С. И. Муравьёва-Апостола 3. ^Материалы следственного дела С. И. Муравьёва-Апостола 4. ^Материалы следственного дела С. И. Муравьёва-Апостола 5. ^Материалы следственного дела С. И. Муравьёва-Апостола External links
10 : 1796 births|1826 deaths|People from Saint Petersburg|People from Saint Petersburg Governorate|Decembrists|Russian Freemasons|People executed by the Russian Empire by hanging|Executed Russian people|19th-century executions by the Russian Empire|Russian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars |
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