“Servant of God”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

"Servant of God" is a term used for individuals by various religions for people believed to be pious in the faith's tradition. In the Catholic Church, it designates an individual who is being investigated by the Church for possible canonization as a saint. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, this term is used to refer to any Eastern Orthodox Christian.{{NoteTag|See e.g. the standard use of "servant of God" or, in Greek, "δούλος του Θεού" in the [https://archive.org/details/ServiceBookOfHolyOrthodoxChurchByHapgood Orthodox rites] of baptism, marriage, or communion; the female form, in English, is sometimes rendered "handmaid of God".}} The Arabic name Abdullah^[1] (from {{lang|ar|عبد الله}}, ʿAbd Allāh, "slave of God"), the Hebrew name Obadiah ({{lang|he|עובדיה}}), the German name Gottschalk, and the Sanskrit name Devadasa are all variations of "servant of God".

Christianity

Bible

The expression "servant of God" appears eight times in the Bible, the first four in the Old Testament, the last four in the New. The Hebrew Bible refers to "Moses the servant of Elohim" (עֶֽבֶד הָאֱלֹהִ֛ים ‘eḇeḏ-hā’ĕlōhîm; {{bibleref|1 Chronicles|6:49|9}}, {{bibleref|2 Chronicles|24:9|9}}, {{bibleref|Nehemiah|10:29|9}}, and {{bibleref|Daniel|9:11|9}}). {{bibleref|Judges|2:8|9}} refers to Joshua as ‘eḇeḏ Yahweh (עֶ֣בֶד יְהוָ֑ה).

The New Testament also describes Moses in this way in {{bibleref|Revelation|15:3|9}} (τοῦ δούλου τοῦ Θεοῦ, tou doulou tou Theou). Paul calls himself "a servant of God" in {{bibleref|Titus|1:1|9}} (δοῦλος Θεοῦ, doulos Theou), while James calls himself "a servant of God and the Lord Jesus Christ" (θεοῦ καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ δοῦλος, Theou kai Kyriou Iēsou Christou doulos) in {{bibleref|James|1:1|9}}. {{bibleref|2 Peter|2:16|9}} describes "servants of God" (Θεοῦ δοῦλοι, Theou douloi) being free to act within the bounds of God's will. Following grammatical conventions established in the King James Bible, the word "servant" is never capitalized or used as a title of nobility. ("The servant is not greater than his lord.")^[2]

Catholic Church

"Servant of God" is an expression used for a member of the Catholic Church whose life and works are being investigated in consideration for official recognition by the Pope and the Catholic Church as a saint in Heaven.^[3]^[4] The term "Servant of God" ({{lang-la|Servus Dei}}) should not be confused with Servus Servorum Dei (Servant of the Servants of God), one of the titles of the Pope.

The term Servant of God is used in the first of the four steps in the canonization process. The next step is being declared Venerable, upon a decree of heroism or martyrdom by the honored. That is followed by beatification, with the title of Blessed. After the confirmation of miracles resulting from the intercession of the honored, the final step is canonization, where the honored would receive the title of Saint.^[5]^[6] The process for canonization is under the jurisdiction of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.

An incomplete list can be found in the List of Servants of God and Candidates for sainthood.

Hinduism

A guru or sat guru in various traditions of Hinduism is given the name Dasa,^[8] or "servant of God". A teacher also can be called uda ka das, which means "the servant of God".^[9] In Sanskrit, the word dasa (IAST {{IAST|dāsa}}) means "servant," and this meaning is retained in all Indian languages where devotion to a personal God is practiced. In Tamil, tontai, dasa, servant, or "slave," commonly are used to refer to devotees of Vishnu or Krishna.^[10] According to Gaudiya Vaishnava theology, as expressed in the Smriti statement {{IAST|dāsa-bhūto harer eva nānyasvaiva kadācana}}, living entities (bhuto) are eternally in the service (dasa) of the Supreme Lord (Hari).^[11] Thus, designation for Vaishnavas was the status title dasa as part of their names, such as Hari dasa, Narayana dasa, Ram das, Gopal das, etc.^[12]

See also

Notes

References

1. ^ [https://books.google.com/books?id=GZJ1O9Xe68EC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=%22Abdullah%22+%22Servant+of+God%22&source=bl&ots=EFgReusigJ&sig=cqHXM5CnaaT3RxDQi2VNJTQF-0w&hl=es&ei=ERM1SuLYIp26jAfWuumBCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5 The Vision of Islam. Sachiko Murata i William C. Chitthick. J.B. Tauris. pg. 125]
2. ^{{bibleref|John|13:16|9}}; {{bibleref|John|15:20|9}}; {{bibleref|Matthew|25:21|9}}
3. ^[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E7D61E31F931A25751C1A9629C8B63 "Pressing Sainthood for a Beloved Archbishop"]. (12 December 2004) by Marek Fuchs. The New York Times. Accessed 28 February 2010
4. ^CONGREGATION FOR THE CAUSES OF SAINTS: NEW PROCEDURES IN THE RITE OF BEATIFICATION
5. ^"John Paul II declared Venerable, moves one step closer to sainthood". CNA. Retrieved 28 February 2010
6. ^Mercedarian Missionaries' founder to be beatified. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308204506/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 |date=2012-03-08 }} 5 October 2006. Saipan Tribune. Retrieved 28 February 2010
7. ^Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum – Vincenzo Criscuolo, Daniel Ols, Robert J. Sarno (ed.), Le Cause dei Santi. Sussidio per lo Studium, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 3rd edition, Rome 2014, p. 342.
8. ^Able exponent of Dwaita philosophy Thursday, September 07, 2000. The Hindu
9. ^{{cite book|author=|title=Essays And Lectures On The Religions Of The Hindus: Religious Sects of the Hindus V1|publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC|location=|year=2006|isbn=1-4286-1308-0|page=353}}
10. ^{{cite book|author=Steven P. Hopkins|title=An ornament for jewels: love poems for the Lord of Gods|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2007|isbn=0-19-532639-3|page=160}}
11. ^Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1972). The Bhagavad-gita As It Is, second edition. New York City: Macmillan.
12. ^{{cite book|author=Talbot, Cynthia|title=Precolonial India in practice: society, region, and identity in medieval Andhra|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2001|isbn=0-19-513661-6|page=81}}