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词条 List of common false etymologies of English words
释义

  1. Obscenities

  2. Ethnic slurs

  3. Acronyms

  4. Aroster

  5. Idioms

  6. Other

  7. See also

  8. References

This incomplete list is not intended to be exhaustive.

This is a list of common contemporary false etymologies for English words.

Obscenities

  • Crap: The word "crap" did not originate as a back-formation of British plumber Thomas Crapper's surname, nor does his name originate from the word "crap", although the surname may have helped popularize the word.[1][2] The surname "Crapper" is a variant of "Cropper", which originally referred to someone who harvested crops.[3][4] The word "crap" ultimately comes from Medieval Latin crappa, meaning "chaff".[5]
  • Fuck: The word "fuck" did not originate as an acronym of "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge", either as a sign posted above adulterers in the stocks, or as a criminal charge against members of the British Armed Forces; nor did it originate during the 15th-century Battle of Agincourt as a corruption of "pluck yew" (an idiom falsely attributed to the English for drawing a longbow).[6][7][8] The word did not originate in Christianized Anglo-Saxon England as an acronym of "Fornication Under Consent of King"; Modern English was not spoken until the 16th century, and words such as "fornication" and "consent" did not exist in any form in English until the influence of Anglo-Norman in the late 12th century. The earliest recorded use of "fuck" in English comes from {{circa}} 1475, in the poem "Flen flyys", where it is spelled fuccant (conjugated as if a Latin verb meaning "they fuck"). The word is thousands of years old, able to be traced back to Proto-Germanic origin, and is related to Dutch fokken and fukka.[9][10][11]
  • Shit: The word "shit" did not originate as an acronym for "Ship High in Transit", a label falsely said to have been used on shipments of manure to prevent them from becoming waterlogged and releasing explosive methane gas.[8][12] The word comes from Old English scitte, and is of Proto-Germanic origin.[13][14]

Ethnic slurs

  • Cracker: The use of "cracker" as a pejorative term for a white person does not come from the use of bullwhips by whites against slaves in the Atlantic slave trade. The term comes from the labor of cracking corn (as referred to in the song Jimmy Crack Corn) and was used as a pejorative term for a southern sharecropper who grew and milled corn for a living. The cracked corn – or nib – was the hard bit of the kernel discarded from milled corn. The nib was considered undesirable and the sharecropper would take this as his share and feed his family.[15]
  • Gringo: The word "gringo" (a pejorative term for a white American) did not originate during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Venezuelan War of Independence (1811–1823), the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), or in the American Old West ({{circa}} 1865–1899) as a corruption of the lyrics "green grow" in either "Green Grow the Lilacs" or "Green Grow the Rushes, O" sung by American soldiers or cowboys; nor did it originate during any of these times as a corruption of "Green go home!", falsely said to have been shouted at green-clad American troops, or of "green coats" as a description of their uniforms. The word originally simply meant "foreigner" and is probably a corruption of Spanish griego, "Greek".[16]
  • Niggardly: The word "niggardly", meaning stingy or miserly, is not actually related to the racial slur "nigger", despite the similar sound. Like "niggle", it may derive from Old Norse nigla, meaning "to fuss about small matters";[17] alternatively, it may derive from another Germanic root meaning "exact" or "careful".[18] Meanwhile, "nigger", like "Negro", traces back to Latin niger, meaning "black".[19]
  • Spic: The word "spic" (a pejorative term for a Latino) did not originate as an abbreviation of "Hispanic"; nor as an acronym for "Spanish, Indian, and Colored" (in reference to minority races in the United States); nor as an acronym for "Spanish, Polish, Italian, and Chinese", falsely said to have been used by U.S. immigration officials in the 1940s, 1950s, or 1960s to categorize citizenship applications. The word, originally spelled "spig", was short for "spiggoty", which is probably from the Spanglish phrase "No speak the English".[20]
  • Wog: The cacophemism "wog", for a foreigner or coloured person, is sometimes believed to be an acronym for "wily Oriental gentleman". It is more likely to be a shortening of "golliwog".[21]
  • Wop: The word "wop" (a pejorative term for an Italian) was not originally an acronym for "without passport"[8] or "working off passage". It is a corruption of dialectal Italian guappo, "thug".[22]

Acronyms

The use of acronyms to create new words was nearly non-existent in English until the middle of the 20th century. Nearly all older words were formed in other ways.[23]

Aroster

The use of Aroster is first found in a personal diary of Aman Kumar AE. Since then, this world is using in common speaking and nobody knows the meaning of This word. Aman Kumar AE use this word as his Company's title Aroster EYN.

  • Coma: Some falsely believe that the word coma originates from "cessation of motor activity". Although this describes the condition of coma, this is not the true derivation. The word is actually derived from the Greek kōma, meaning deep sleep.[24]
  • Fuck: see under "Obscenities"
  • Golf did not originate as an acronym of "gentlemen only, ladies forbidden".[25] The word's true origin is unknown, but it existed in the Middle Scots period.[26][27]
  • News: The word news has been claimed to be an acronym of the four cardinal directions (north, east, west, and south). However, old spellings of the word varied widely (e.g., newesse, newis, nevis, neus, newys, niewes, newis, nues, etc.). Additionally, an identical term exists in French, "les nouvelles", which translates as the plural of "the new". The word "news" is simply a plural form of new.
  • Pom or pommy is an Australian English, New Zealand English, and South African English term for a person of British descent or origin. The exact origins of the term remain obscure (see here for further information). A legend persists that the term arises from the acronym P.O.M.E., for "prisoner of Mother England" (or P.O.H.M, "prisoners of His/Her Majesty"), although there is no evidence to support this assertion.
  • Posh was not an acronym for wealthy British passengers getting "port out, starboard home" cabins on ocean liners to India, in order to get ocean breeze. The actual origins of the word are unknown.
  • Shit: see under "Obscenities"
  • Swag is not an acronym for "stuff we all get", "secretly we are gay" or anything else. It comes from early-19th-century slang for a thief's booty or loot.[28][29]
  • Tips did not gain their name from the phrase "to insure prompt service".[30] The word originated in the 17th century and is of uncertain origin.[31]
  • Wog and wop: see under "Ethnic slurs"

Idioms

  • "Rule of thumb" is not derived from a medieval constraint on the thickness of an object with which one might beat one's wife.[32][33] More likely it means that the thumb can be used to measure an approximate inch.[34]
  • Whole Nine Yards: The actual origin of the phrase "the whole nine yards" is a mystery, and nearly all claimed explanations are easily proven false. Incorrect explanations include the length of machine gun belts, the capacity of concrete mixers (in cubic yards), various types of fabric, and many other explanations. All are probably false, since most rely on nine yards when evidence suggests that the phrase began as "the whole six yards". In addition, the phrase has appeared in print as early as 1907, while many explanations require a much later origin date.

Other

  • "420" did not originate as the Los Angeles police or penal code for marijuana use.[35] Police Code 420 is "juvenile disturbance",[36] and Penal Code 420 defines the prevention, hindrance, or obstruction of legal "entry, settlement, or residence" on "any tract of public land" as a misdemeanor.[37] Some LA police codes that do relate to illegal drugs include 10-50 ("under influence of drugs"), 966 ("drug deal"), 11300 ("narcotics"), and 23105 ("driver under narcotics").[38][39]
  • "Adamant": often believed to come from Latin adamare, meaning to love to excess. In fact derived from Greek ἀδάμας, meaning indomitable. There was a further confusion about whether the substance referred to is diamond or lodestone.
  • Buck: The use of "buck" to mean "dollar" did not originate from a practice of referring to African slaves as "bucks" (male deer) when trading.[40] "Buck" was originally short for "buckskin", as buckskins were used in trade.[41]
  • Butterfly: The word "butterfly" did not originate from "flutterby". It comes from the Middle English word butterflye, which in turn comes from the Old English word butorflēoge.[42][43][44]
  • Crowbar: A "crowbar" is not so named for its use by Black menial workers.[45] The name comes from the forked end of a crowbar, which resembles a crow's foot.[46]
  • Emoji: These pictographic characters are often mistakenly believed to be a simplified form of the word emoticon, itself a portmanteau of "emotional icon".{{cn|date=October 2018}} However, emoji is a Japanese term composed from "e" (image) and "moji" (character).[47]
  • Faggot: The slur usage of the word "faggot" (originally referring to a bundle of firewood) is sometimes falsely claimed to come from a practice of throwing homosexuals into a fire to be burned to death, as they were not important enough to be burned at the stake. One possible origin is in the use of "faggot" as a pejorative term for women in a similar way to "baggage", i.e. something heavy to be dealt with.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} The usage may also have been influenced by the British term "fag", meaning a younger schoolboy who acts as an older schoolboy's servant.[48]
  • Handicap: The word "handicap" did not originate as a metathetic corruption of "cap in hand" in reference to disabled beggars.[49] The word originally referred to the game hand-i'-cap, in which forfeits were placed in a cap to equalize the game.[50][51]
  • Hiccough, an alternate spelling still encountered for hiccup, originates in an assumption that the second syllable was originally cough. The word is in fact onomatopoeic in origin.
  • Idiot does come from the ancient Greek word ἰδιώτης (idiōtēs, "a private person, individual"), but it was not derogatory in Greek, and did not express the notion that it was foolish ("idiotic") not to participate in civic life. Indeed, a citizen (πολίτης) was an ἰδιώτης when acting in a private rather than an official capacity, even in deliberations of the Assembly. The meaning "foolish" or "stupid" came much later.[52]
  • "Innocent": often wrongly believed to have the original meaning of "not knowing", as if it came from Latin noscere (to know); in fact it comes from nocere (to harm), so the primary sense is "harmless".
  • Isle and Island: The word "isle" is not short for "island", nor is the word "island" an extension of "isle"; the words are unrelated.[53][54] "Isle" comes ultimately from Latin īnsula, meaning "island"; "island" comes ultimately from Old English īegland, also meaning "island", or technically "island land" (cf. Icelandic ey "island"). The spelling island with an S, however, is indeed due to the influence of isle.
  • "Marmalade": there is an apocryphal story that Mary, Queen of Scots, ate it when she had a headache, and that the name is derived from her maids' whisper of "Marie est malade" (Mary is ill). In fact it is derived from Portuguese marmelo, meaning quince, and then expanded from quince jam to other fruit preserves. It is found in English-language sources written before Mary was even born.[55]
  • Nasty: The term nasty was not derived from the surname of Thomas Nast as a reference to his biting, vitriolic cartoons. The word may be related to the Dutch word nestig, or "dirty".[56] It predates Nast by several centuries, appearing in the most famous sentence of Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan, that in the state of nature, the life of man is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". That work was published in 1651, whereas Nast was born in 1840.
  • Picnic: The word "picnic" did not originate as an abbreviation of "pick a nigger", a phrase falsely claimed to have been used by white families at community lynchings in the 19th century.[57] "Picnic" comes from 17th-century French piquenique, which is of uncertain origin.[58][59]
  • "Pumpernickel" is said to have been given the name by a French man (sometimes Napoleon) referring to his horse, Nicole—"Il étoit bon pour Nicole" ("It was good enough for Nicole"), or "C'est une pomme pour Nicole" ("It's an apple for Nicole") or "C'est du pain pour Nicole" ("It's bread for Nicole"). Some dictionaries claim a derivation from the German vernacular Pumpern (fart) and "Nick" (demon or devil), though others disagree.[60]
  • "Sincere" does not originate from Latin sine cera ("without wax"), but from sincerus ("true, genuine").[61]
  • "Snob" does not originate from Latin sine nobilitate ("without nobility").[62]
  • "Till" is not an abbreviation of "until",[63] though the increasingly common spelling 'til is a result of this misconception. In fact, "till" is the older word; "until" is a compound of "till" and the Old Norse prefix "und-" ("up to", "as far as""[64]), just as "unto" is a compound of that prefix and "to".[65]
  • "Woman" does not originate from "woven from man", nor from "womb". It came from the Old English wifmann ("woman person"), a compound of wif ("woman" – cf. "wife") + man ("human being"). Mann, the word for "person", eventually came to be used for males specifically.
  • "Welsh rarebit" has been claimed to be the original spelling of the savoury dish "Welsh rabbit". Both forms now have currency, though the form with "rabbit" is in fact the original. Furthermore, the word "Welsh" in this context was used in a pejorative sense, meaning "foreign" or "substandard", and does not indicate that the dish originated in Wales.[66]

See also

  • List of common English usage misconceptions
  • List of common misconceptions#Words and phrases

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-cra1.htm|title=Crap|year=2011|publisher=|author=Michael Quinion|work=World Wide Words|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/business/names/crapper.asp|title=Thomas Crapper|date=May 31, 2011|publisher=Urban Legends Reference Pages|author=|work=Snopes.com|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=crap|title=Crap|year=2010|publisher=|author=Douglas Harper|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
4. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=2003|title=Cropper|encyclopedia=Dictionary of American Family Names|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.ancestry.com/facts/cropper-family-history.ashx|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
5. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=2001 |title=Crap |encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/crap |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051021000027/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/crap |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 21, 2005 |accessdate=June 17, 2011 |df= }}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/language/acronyms/fuck.asp |title=What the Fuck? |author=Barbara Mikkelson |date=July 8, 2007 |work=Snopes.com |publisher=Urban Legends Reference Pages |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/language/apocryph/pluckyew.asp |title=Pluck Yew |author=Barbara Mikkelson |date=July 9, 2007 |work=Snopes.com¨ |publisher=Urban Legends Reference Pages |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
8. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/baloney.php |title=Ingenious Trifling |author=Douglas Harper |year=2010 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher= |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=fuck |title=Fuck |author=Douglas Harper |year=2010 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher= |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
10. ^{{cite encyclopedia |year=2011 |title =Fuck |encyclopedia=Merriam–Webster |publisher=Merriam–Webster, Inc |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fuck |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
11. ^{{cite encyclopedia |year= |title =Fuck |encyclopedia=Webster's New World College Dictionary |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/fuck |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/language/acronyms/shit.asp |title=Shit Faced |author=Barbara Mikkelson |date=July 8, 2007 |work=Snopes.com |publisher=Urban Legends Reference Pages |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
13. ^{{cite encyclopedia |year=2011 |title=Shit |encyclopedia=Merriam–Webster |publisher=Merriam–Webster, Inc |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shit |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=shit |title=Shit |author=Douglas Harper |year=2010 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher= |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cracker|title=Cracker (2)|year=2010|publisher=|author=Douglas Harper|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
16. ^{{cite encyclopedia |year=2001 |title=Gringo |encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |url= |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/niggle|title=niggle - Origin and meaning of niggle by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/niggard|title=niggard - Origin and meaning of niggard by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/nigger|title=nigger - Origin and meaning of nigger by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}
20. ^{{cite encyclopedia |year=2001 |title=Spic |encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |url= |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/wog|title=wog - Origin and meaning of wog by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}
22. ^{{cite encyclopedia |year=2001 |title=Wop |encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |url= |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
23. ^Keith M. Denning et al., English Vocabulary Elements, 2007 {{isbn|0198037538}}, p. 60
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/coma?showCookiePolicy=true|publisher=Collins Dictionary|title=Coma Definition|date=n.d.|accessdate=16 January 2015}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/acronyms/golf.asp|title=Golf Carte|date=October 10, 2006|publisher=Urban Legends Reference Pages|author=Barbara Mikkelson|work=Snopes.com|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
26. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=2011|title=Golf|encyclopedia=Merriam–Webster|publisher=Merriam–Webster, Inc|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/golf|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
27. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=2001 |title=Golf |encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/golf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501090847/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/golf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=May 1, 2007 |accessdate=June 17, 2011 |df= }}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/acronyms/swag.asp |title=Etymology of Swag |publisher=snopes.com |date=2014-09-17 |accessdate=2017-01-21}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=swag |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-21}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/acronyms/tip.asp|title=Tip Sheet|date=May 30, 2010|publisher=Urban Legends Reference Pages|author=Barbara Mikkelson|work=Snopes.com|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tip|title=Tip|year=2010|publisher=|author=Douglas Harper|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com.ezproxy1.library.arizona.edu/view/Entry/168726?redirectedFrom=rule+of+thumb#eid|title=Oxford English Dictionary|accessdate=January 13, 2013}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.quinion.com/words/qa/qa-rul1.htm |title=World Wide Words: Rule of thumb |publisher=Quinion.com |date=1999-11-13 |accessdate=2015-07-12}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/thumb|title=thumb - Origin and meaning of thumb by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/420.asp|title=420|date=June 13, 2008|publisher=Urban Legends Reference Pages|author=Barbara Mikkelson|work=Snopes.com|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bearcat1.com/radioca.htm|title=Radio Codes & Signals – California|date=|publisher=|author=|work=National Communications Magazine|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/420.html|title=California Penal Code Section 420|date=January 15, 2011|publisher=|author=|work=|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radiolabs.com/police-codes.html|title=Police 10/11 and Penal Codes|year=2010|publisher=RadioLabs International Inc.|author=|work=RadioLabs|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yougetinfo.com/Info/PolCodes.html|title=Police Scanner 10 Codes...|year=2009|publisher=You Get Info|author=Alfred F. Matthews, Jr.|work=|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/offense/buck.asp|title=Passing the Buck|date=July 12, 2007|publisher=Urban Legends Reference Pages|author=|work=Snopes.com|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
41. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=2001|title=Buck|encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|publisher=Houghton Mifflin}}
42. ^{{cite web|title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: butterfly|url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=butterfly|website=ahdictionary.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=Definition of butterfly in English by Oxford Dictionaries|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/butterfly|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
44. ^{{cite web|title=Origin and meaning of butterfly by Online Etymology Dictionary|url=http://www.etymonline.com/word/butterfly|website=www.etymonline.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/offense/crowbar.asp|title=Crowbar|date=July 12, 2007|publisher=Urban Legends Reference Pages|author=|work=Snopes.com|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
46. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=2001|title=Crow|encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|publisher=Houghton Mifflin}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/emoji|title=emoji (n.)|website=https://www.etymonline.com}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/faggot|title=faggot - Origin and meaning of faggot by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/offense/handicap.asp|title=Handicaprice|date=June 16, 2011|publisher=Urban Legends Reference Pages|author=Barbara Mikkelson|work=Snopes.com|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
50. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=2001 |title=Handicap |encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/handicap |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013085508/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/handicap |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 13, 2005 |accessdate=June 17, 2011 |df= }}
51. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=2011|title=Handicap|encyclopedia=Merriam–Webster|publisher=Merriam–Webster, Inc|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/handicap|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
52. ^A.W. Sparkes, "Idiots, Ancient and Modern", Australian Journal of Political Science 23:1:101-102 (1988) {{doi|10.1080/00323268808402051}}
53. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=2011|title=Island|encyclopedia=Merriam–Webster|publisher=Merriam–Webster, Inc|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/island|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
54. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=2001 |title=Island |encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/island |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701015638/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/island |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 1, 2007 |accessdate=June 17, 2011 |df= }}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-mar3.htm|title=World Wide Words: Marmalade|website=World Wide Words|language=en-gb|access-date=2016-07-13}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://german.about.com/library/blgermyth03.htm|title=German Myth 3 – Thomas Nast and the word 'nasty'|publisher=|accessdate=21 January 2017}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/offense/picnic.asp|title=Picnic Pique|date=March 18, 2008|publisher=Urban Legends Reference Pages|author=Barbara Mikkelson|work=Snopes.com|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
58. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=2001|title=Picnic|encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|publisher=Houghton Mifflin}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=picnic|title=Picnic|year=2010|publisher=|author=Douglas Harper|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes2.com/language/stories/pumper.htm |title=snopes2.com |publisher=snopes2.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-21}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sincere&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-21}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/what-is-the-origin-of-the-word-snob|title=What is the origin of the word ‘snob’?|accessdate=December 21, 2014}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/till|title=till - Origin and meaning of till by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}
64. ^{{Cite OED2|until|page=234|volume=XIX}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/until|title=until - Origin and meaning of until by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}
66. ^Oxford English Dictionary
{{DEFAULTSORT:Common false etymologies of English words}}

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