请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level
释义

  1. Methodology

  2. List based on Fearon's analysis

  3. List based on Alesina et al's analysis

  4. References

{{Underlinked|date=March 2017}}{{rank order}}

This page contains lists of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level.

Methodology

The lists are commonly used in economics literature to compare the levels of ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious fractionalization in different countries.[1][2] Fractionalization measures are computing the probability that two randomly drawn individuals (from a country) are not from the same group (ethnic, religious, or whatever the criterion is). The two lists have been described by Alesina and Ferrara as follows:[1]

"Fearon[3] and Alesina et al.[4] have compiled various measures of ethnic heterogeneity which try to tackle the fact that the difference amongst groups manifests itself in different ways in different places. The two classifications are constructed differently. Alesina et al.[4] do not take a stand on what ethnicity (or language or religion) are more salient than others and adopt the country breakdown suggested by original sources, mainly the Encyclopædia Britannica. Fearon[3] instead is trying to construct the ”right list” of ethnic groups which ”depends on what people in the country identify as the most socially relevant ethnic groupings”. This approach has the advantage of being closer to what the theory would want and the disadvantage of having to make judgement calls (or adopt others’ judgement calls) about what is the ”right list”."

List based on Fearon's analysis

In the Fearon list, cultural fractionalization is approximated by a measure of similarity between languages, varying from 1 = the population speaks two or more unrelated languages to 0 = the entire population speaks the same language.[3] This index of cultural diversity is biased towards linguistic variations as opposed to genetic diversity and other variations.

Ethnic and Cultural diversity (2003)[3]
Rank Country Ethnic Fractionalization Index Cultural Diversity Index
1{{flag|Papua New Guinea}} 1.000 —
2{{flag|Tanzania}} 0.953 0.564
3{{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}} 0.933 0.628
4{{flag|Uganda}} 0.930 0.647
5{{flag|Liberia}} 0.899 0.644
6{{flag|Cameroon}} 0.887 0.733
7{{flag|Togo}} 0.883 0.602
8{{flag|South Africa}} 0.880 0.530
9{{flag|Congo}} 0.878 0.562
10{{flag|Madagascar}} 0.861 0.192
11{{flag|Gabon}} 0.857 0.382
12{{flag|Kenya}} 0.852 0.601
13{{flag|Ghana}} 0.846 0.388
14{{flag|Malawi}} 0.829 0.294
15{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} 0.818 0.568
16{{flag|Somalia}} 0.812 0.290
17{{flag|India}} 0.811 0.667
18{{flag|Nigeria}} 0.805 0.660
19{{flag|Yugoslavia}} (1943–1992) 0.801 0.385
20{{flag|Central African Republic}} 0.791 0.511
21{{flag|Ivory Coast}} 0.784 0.557
22{{flag|Lebanon}} 0.780 0.195
23{{flag|Chad}} 0.772 0.727
24{{flag|Indonesia}} 0.766 0.522
25{{flag|Mozambique}} 0.765 0.285
26{{flag|Gambia}} 0.764 0.548
27{{flag|Sierra Leone}} 0.764 0.534
28{{flag|Ethiopia}} 0.760 0.562
29{{flag|Angola}} 0.756 0.242
30{{flag|Mali}} 0.754 0.590
31{{flag|Afghanistan}} 0.751 0.679
32{{flag|Bolivia}} 0.743 0.662
33{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} 0.737 0.650
34{{flag|Senegal}} 0.727 0.402
35{{flag|Zambia}} 0.726 0.189
36{{flag|Namibia}} 0.724 0.589
37{{flag|USSR}} (1922–1991) 0.711 0.596
38{{flag|Sudan}} (1955–2011) 0.708 0.698
39{{flag|Kuwait}} 0.708 0.540
40{{flag|Burkina Faso}} 0.704 0.354
41{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} 0.681 0.146
42{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} 0.679 0.624
43{{flag|Nepal}} 0.677 0.542
44{{flag|Iran}} 0.669 0.542
45{{flag|Guinea}} 0.669 0.490
46{{flag|Kazakhstan}} 0.664 0.620
47{{flag|Colombia}} 0.656 0.020
48{{flag|Ecuador}} 0.655 0.480
49{{flag|Eritrea}} 0.647 0.398
50{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} 0.647 0.380
51{{flag|Peru}} 0.638 0.506
52{{flag|Niger}} 0.637 0.600
53{{flag|Mauritius}} 0.632 0.448
54{{flag|Mauritania}} 0.625 0.272
55{{flag|Benin}} 0.622 0.400
56{{flag|Guyana}} 0.620 0.460
57{{flag|Djibouti}} 0.606 0.404
58{{flag|Bhutan}} 0.605 0.518
59{{flag|Malaysia}} 0.596 0.564
60{{flag|Canada}} 0.596 0.499
61{{flag|Latvia}} 0.585 0.441
62{{flag|Syria}} 0.581 0.235
63{{flag|Switzerland}} 0.575 0.418
64{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} (1918–1943) 0.575 0.392
65{{flag|Belgium}} 0.567 0.462
66{{flag|Fiji}} 0.566 0.553
67{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} 0.553 0.413
68{{flag|Bahrain}} 0.551 0.460
69{{flag|Iraq}} 0.549 0.355
70{{flag|Brazil}} 0.549 0.020
71{{flag|Mexico}} 0.542 0.434
72{{flag|Macedonia}} 0.535 0.432
73{{flag|Pakistan}} 0.532 0.289
74{{flag|Israel}} 0.526 0.246
75{{flag|Burma}} 0.522 0.419
76{{flag|Tajikistan}} 0.513 0.492
77{{flag|Estonia}} 0.511 0.492
78{{flag|Moldova}} 0.510 0.401
79{{flag|Jordan}} 0.509 0.049
80{{flag|Panama}} 0.507 0.168
81{{flag|Czechoslovakia}} (1918–1992) 0.505 0.290
82{{flag|Spain}} 0.502 0.263
83{{flag|Chile}} 0.497 0.167
84{{flag|Guatemala}} 0.493 0.493
85{{flag|United States}} 0.491 0.271
86{{flag|Georgia}} 0.490 0.404
87{{flag|Uzbekistan}} 0.485 0.442
88{{flag|Venezuela}} 0.483 0.020
89{{flag|Laos}} 0.481 0.020
90{{flag|Morocco}} 0.479 0.360
91{{flag|Oman}} 0.439 0.404
92{{flag|Thailand}} 0.431 0.431
93{{flag|Sri Lanka}} 0.428 0.386
94{{flag|Ukraine}} 0.419 0.258
95{{flag|Nicaragua}} 0.402 0.095
96{{flag|Turkmenistan}} 0.392 0.328
97{{flag|Singapore}} 0.388 0.388
98{{flag|Dominican Republic}} 0.387 0.000
99{{flag|Croatia}} 0.375 0.185
100{{flag|Belarus}} 0.372 0.228
101{{flag|Zimbabwe}} 0.366 0.141
102{{flag|New Zealand}} 0.363 0.363
103{{flag|Cyprus}} 0.359 0.359
104{{flag|Botswana}} 0.351 0.161
105{{flag|Lithuania}} 0.338 0.259
106{{flag|Russia}} 0.333 0.311
107{{flag|Slovakia}} 0.332 0.293
108{{flag|Burundi}} 0.328 0.040
109{{flag|United Kingdom}} 0.324 0.184
110{{flag|Czech Republic}} 0.322 0.064
111{{flag|Algeria}} 0.320 0.237
112{{flag|Romania}} 0.300 0.265
113{{flag|Turkey}} 0.299 0.299
114{{flag|Bulgaria}} 0.299 0.250
115{{flag|Swaziland}} 0.280 0.143
116{{flag|Taiwan}} 0.274 0.169
117{{flag|France}} 0.272 0.251
118{{flag|Mongolia}} 0.272 0.227
119{{flag|Lesotho}} 0.255 0.057
120{{flag|Argentina}} 0.255 0.000
121{{flag|Costa Rica}} 0.238 0.078
122{{flag|Vietnam}} 0.233 0.210
123{{flag|Slovenia}} 0.231 0.170
124{{flag|Bangladesh}} 0.223 0.141
125{{flag|Uruguay}} 0.218 0.000
126{{flag|Cuba}} 0.213 0.020
127{{flag|El Salvador}} 0.198 0.180
128{{flag|Sweden}} 0.189 0.189
129{{flag|Azerbaijan}} 0.188 0.187
130{{flag|Hungary}} 0.186 0.185
131{{flag|Cambodia}} 0.186 0.150
132{{flag|Honduras}} 0.185 0.167
133{{flag|Rwanda}} 0.180 0.000
134{{flag|Ireland}} 0.171 0.157
135{{flag|Jamaica}} 0.166 0.027
136{{flag|Egypt}} 0.164 0.000
137{{flag|Philippines}} 0.161 0.116
138{{flag|China}} 0.154 0.154
139{{flag|Libya}} 0.151 0.127
140{{flag|Australia}} 0.149 0.147
141{{flag|Armenia}} 0.134 0.124
142{{flag|Finland}} 0.132 0.132
143{{flag|Paraguay}} 0.132 0.039
144{{flag|Denmark}} 0.128 0.128
145{{flag|Austria}} 0.126 0.100
146{{flag|Norway}} 0.098 0.098
147{{flag|Albania}} 0.097 0.082
148{{flag|Germany}} 0.095 0.090
149{{flag|Haiti}} 0.095 0.000
150{{flag|Yemen}} 0.078 0.078
151{{flag|Netherlands}} 0.077 0.077
152{{flag|Greece}} 0.059 0.050
153{{flag|Poland}} 0.047 0.041
154{{flag|Portugal}} 0.040 0.040
155{{flag|Italy}} 0.040 0.040
156{{flag|Tunisia}} 0.039 0.033
157{{flag|Japan}} 0.012 0.012
158{{flag|South Korea}} 0.004 0.004
159{{flag|North Korea}} 0.002 0.002

List based on Alesina et al's analysis

This list is based on the analysis of Alesina and others,[4] they develop fractionalization scores based on ethnicity, religious and linguistic data directly from the Encyclopædia Britannica lists. This list is biased by how the Britannica chooses to list ethnic groups, but it does not make a judgement call on which identities are more salient than others. According to Patsiurko et al.

"One of the most ambitious and widely used of these new [fractionalization] indices was created by Alesina et al. (2003) who developed measures of ethnic, linguistic and religious fractionalization in 190 countries using more current data from the Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year (2001) ... and other sources. But again scholars offered criticisms (e.g. Fearon 2003; Posner 2004). First, there is inconsistency in terms of the years covered. For instance, the Encyclopædia Britannica provides ethnicity data for only 124 of 190 countries, so Alesina had to resort to other sources for the rest. Hence, his ethnicity data covered years ranging from 1979 to 2001, depending on the country. Second, he offered one-time measures of fractionalization, thereby being unable to say anything about change over time"[2]

Ethnic, Linguistic and Religious Fractionalization[4]
Country Ethnic Fractionalization Linguistic Fractionalization Religious Fractionalization
{{flag|Afghanistan}} 0.769300 0.614100 0.271700
{{flag|Albania}} 0.220400 0.039900 0.471900
{{flag|Algeria}} 0.339400 0.442700 0.009100
{{flag|American Samoa}} 0.000000 0.173300 0.639500
{{flag|Andorra}} 0.713900 0.684800 0.232600
{{flag|Angola}} 0.786700 0.787000 0.627600
{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} 0.164300 0.106300 0.684000
{{flag|Argentina}} 0.255000 0.061800 0.223600
{{flag|Armenia}} 0.127200 0.129100 0.457600
{{flag|Aruba}} 0.000000 0.388900 0.410700
{{flag|Australia}} 0.092900 0.334900 0.821100
{{flag|Austria}} 0.106800 0.152200 0.414600
{{flag|Azerbaijan}} 0.204700 0.205400 0.489900
{{flag|Bahamas}} 0.422800 0.185500 0.681500
{{flag|Bahrain}} 0.502100 0.434400 0.552800
{{flag|Bangladesh}} 0.045400 0.092500 0.209000
{{flag|Barbados}} 0.142300 0.092600 0.693400
{{flag|Belarus}} 0.322200 0.466600 0.611600
{{flag|Belgium}} 0.555400 0.540900 0.212700
{{flag|Belize}} 0.701500 0.630300 0.581300
{{flag|Benin}} 0.787200 0.790500 0.554400
{{flag|Bermuda}} 0.000000 0.000000 0.711200
{{flag|Bhutan}} 0.605000 0.605600 0.378700
{{flag|Bolivia}} 0.739600 0.224000 0.208500
{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} 0.630000 0.675100 0.685100
{{flag|Botswana}} 0.410200 0.411000 0.598600
{{flag|Brazil}} 0.540800 0.046800 0.605400
{{flag|Brunei}} 0.541600 0.343800 0.440400
{{flag|Bulgaria}} 0.402100 0.303100 0.596500
{{flag|Burkina Faso}} 0.737700 0.722800 0.579800
{{flag|Burundi}} 0.295100 0.297700 0.515800
{{flag|Cambodia}} 0.210500 0.210400 0.096500
{{flag|Cameroon}} 0.863500 0.889800 0.733800
{{flag|Canada}} 0.712400 0.577200 0.695800
{{flag|Cape Verde}} 0.417400 0.000000 0.076600
{{flag|Central African Republic}} 0.829500 0.833400 0.791600
{{flag|Chad}} 0.862000 0.863500 0.641100
{{flag|Chile}} 0.186100 0.187100 0.384100
{{flag|China}} 0.153800 0.132700 0.664300
{{flag|Colombia}} 0.601400 0.019300 0.147800
{{flag|Comoros}} 0.000000 0.010300 0.013700
{{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}} 0.874700 0.870500 0.702100
{{flag|Congo}} 0.874700 0.687100 0.664200
{{flag|Costa Rica}} 0.236800 0.048900 0.241000
{{flag|Ivory Coast}} 0.820400 0.784200 0.755100
{{flag|Croatia}} 0.369000 0.076300 0.444700
{{flag|Cuba}} 0.590800 0.000000 0.505900
{{flag|Cyprus}} 0.093900 0.396200 0.396200
{{flag|Czech Republic}} 0.322200 0.323300 0.659100
{{flag|Denmark}} 0.081900 0.104900 0.233300
{{flag|Djibouti}} 0.796200 0.655800 0.043500
{{flag|Dominica}} 0.200300 0.000000 0.462800
{{flag|Dominican Republic}} 0.429400 0.039500 0.311800
{{flag|East Timor}} 0.000000 0.526100 0.425400
{{flag|Ecuador}} 0.655000 0.130800 0.141700
{{flag|Egypt}} 0.183600 0.023700 0.197900
{{flag|El Salvador}} 0.197800 0.000000 0.355900
{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} 0.346700 0.322000 0.119500
{{flag|Eritrea}} 0.652400 0.653000 0.425300
{{flag|Estonia}} 0.506200 0.494400 0.498500
{{flag|Ethiopia}} 0.723500 0.807300 0.624900
{{flag|Faroe Islands}} 0.000000 0.000000 0.314700
{{flag|Fiji}} 0.547900 0.547900 0.568200
{{flag|Finland}} 0.131500 0.141200 0.253100
{{flag|France}} 0.103200 0.122100 0.402900
{{flag|French Guiana}} 0.000000 0.115400 0.495900
{{flag|French Polynesia}} 0.000000 0.607800 0.581300
{{flag|Gabon}} 0.769000 0.782100 0.667400
{{flag|Gambia, The}} 0.786400 0.807600 0.097000
{{flag|Gaza Strip}} 0.000000 0.010400 0.034200
{{flag|Georgia}} 0.492300 0.474900 0.654300
{{flag|Germany}} 0.168200 0.164200 0.657100
{{flag|Ghana}} 0.673300 0.673100 0.798700
{{flag|Greece}} 0.157600 0.030000 0.153000
{{flag|Greenland}} 0.000000 0.218800 0.459200
{{flag|Grenada}} 0.266100 0.000000 0.589800
{{flag|Guadeloupe}} 0.000000 0.093300 0.306900
{{flag|Guam}} 0.000000 0.732000 0.408200
{{flag|Guatemala}} 0.512200 0.458600 0.375300
{{flag|Guinea}} 0.738900 0.772500 0.264900
{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} 0.808200 0.814100 0.612800
{{flag|Guyana}} 0.619500 0.068800 0.787600
{{flag|Haiti}} 0.095000 0.000000 0.470400
{{flag|Honduras}} 0.186700 0.055300 0.235700
{{flag|Hong Kong}} 0.062000 0.212800 0.419100
{{flag|Hungary}} 0.152200 0.029700 0.524400
{{flag|Iceland}} 0.079800 0.082000 0.191300
{{flag|India}} 0.418200 0.806900 0.326000
{{flag|Indonesia}} 0.735100 0.768000 0.234000
{{flag|Iran}} 0.668400 0.746200 0.115200
{{flag|Iraq}} 0.368900 0.369400 0.484400
{{flag|Ireland}} 0.120600 0.031200 0.155000
{{flag|Isle of Man}} 0.000000 0.000000 0.472900
{{flag|Israel}} 0.343600 0.552500 0.346900
{{flag|Italy}} 0.114500 0.114700 0.302700
{{flag|Jamaica}} 0.412900 0.109800 0.616000
{{flag|Japan}} 0.011900 0.017800 0.540600
{{flag|Jersey}} 0.000000 0.000000 0.547900
{{flag|Jordan}} 0.592600 0.039600 0.065900
{{flag|Kazakhstan}} 0.617100 0.662100 0.589800
{{flag|Kenya}} 0.858800 0.886000 0.776500
{{flag|Kiribati}} 0.051100 0.023700 0.554100
{{flag|Korea, South}} 0.039200 0.002800 0.489100
{{flag|Korea, North}} 0.002000 0.002100 0.660400
{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} 0.675200 0.594900 0.447000
{{flag|Kuwait}} 0.660400 0.344400 0.674500
{{flag|Laos}} 0.513900 0.638200 0.545300
{{flag|Latvia}} 0.586700 0.579500 0.555600
{{flag|Lebanon}} 0.131400 0.131200 0.788600
{{flag|Lesotho}} 0.255000 0.254300 0.721100
{{flag|Liberia}} 0.908400 0.903800 0.488300
{{flag|Libya}} 0.792000 0.075800 0.057000
{{flag|Liechtenstein}} 0.572600 0.224600 0.334300
{{flag|Lithuania}} 0.322300 0.321900 0.414100
{{flag|Luxembourg}} 0.530200 0.644000 0.091100
{{flag|Macau}} 0.000000 0.251900 0.551100
{{flag|Macedonia}} 0.502300 0.502100 0.589900
{{flag|Madagascar}} 0.879100 0.020400 0.519100
{{flag|Malawi}} 0.674400 0.602300 0.819200
{{flag|Malaysia}} 0.588000 0.597000 0.665700
{{flag|Mali}} 0.690600 0.838800 0.182000
{{flag|Malta}} 0.041400 0.090700 0.122300
{{flag|Marshall Islands}} 0.060300 0.073400 0.520700
{{flag|Martinique}} 0.000000 0.000000 0.233600
{{flag|Mauritania}} 0.615000 0.326000 0.014900
{{flag|Mauritius}} 0.463400 0.454700 0.638500
{{flag|Mayotte}} 0.000000 0.721200 0.062000
{{flag|Mexico}} 0.541800 0.151100 0.179600
{{flag|Micronesia}} 0.700500 0.748300 0.646900
{{flag|Moldova}} 0.553500 0.553300 0.560300
{{flag|Monaco}} 0.683800 0.730500 0.304700
{{flag|Mongolia}} 0.368200 0.373400 0.079900
{{flag|Morocco}} 0.484100 0.468300 0.003500
{{flag|Mozambique}} 0.693200 0.812500 0.675900
{{flag|Burma}} 0.506200 0.507200 0.197400
{{flag|Namibia}} 0.632900 0.700500 0.662600
{{flag|Nauru}} 0.583200 0.616100 0.619400
{{flag|Nepal}} 0.663200 0.716700 0.141700
{{flag|Netherlands Antilles}} 0.000000 0.250800 0.386600
{{flag|Netherlands}} 0.105400 0.514300 0.722200
{{flag|New Caledonia}} 0.000000 0.663300 0.546200
{{flag|New Zealand}} 0.396900 0.165700 0.811000
{{flag|Nicaragua}} 0.484400 0.047300 0.429000
{{flag|Niger}} 0.651800 0.651900 0.201300
{{flag|Nigeria}} 0.850500 0.831600 0.742100
{{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}} 0.000000 0.775400 0.481100
{{flag|Norway}} 0.058600 0.067300 0.204800
{{flag|Oman}} 0.437300 0.356700 0.432200
{{flag|Pakistan}} 0.709800 0.719000 0.384800
{{flag|Palau}} 0.431200 0.315700 0.714700
{{flag|Panama}} 0.552800 0.387300 0.333800
{{flag|Papua New Guinea}} 0.271800 0.352600 0.552300
{{flag|Paraguay}} 0.168900 0.597500 0.212300
{{flag|Peru}} 0.656600 0.335800 0.198800
{{flag|Philippines}} 0.238500 0.836000 0.305600
{{flag|Poland}} 0.118300 0.046800 0.171200
{{flag|Portugal}} 0.046800 0.019800 0.143800
{{flag|Puerto Rico}} 0.000000 0.035200 0.495200
{{flag|Qatar}} 0.745600 0.480000 0.095000
{{flag|Reunion}} 0.000000 0.157800 0.195200
{{flag|Romania}} 0.306900 0.172300 0.237300
{{flag|Russian Federation}} 0.245200 0.248500 0.439800
{{flag|Rwanda}} 0.323800 0.000000 0.506600
{{flag|Saint Lucia}} 0.176900 0.316900 0.332000
{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} 0.306600 0.017500 0.702800
{{flag|Western Samoa}} 0.137600 0.011100 0.787100
{{flag|San Marino}} 0.292700 0.000000 0.197500
{{flag|Sao Tome and Principe}} 0.000000 0.232200 0.186600
{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} 0.180000 0.094900 0.127000
{{flag|Senegal}} 0.693900 0.708100 0.149700
{{flag|Serbia}} 0.573600 0.000000 0.000000
{{flag|Seychelles}} 0.202500 0.160600 0.232300
{{flag|Sierra Leone}} 0.819100 0.763400 0.539500
{{flag|Singapore}} 0.385700 0.383500 0.656100
{{flag|Slovak Republic}} 0.253900 0.255100 0.565500
{{flag|Slovenia}} 0.221600 0.220100 0.286800
{{flag|Solomon Islands}} 0.111000 0.525400 0.670800
{{flag|Somalia}} 0.811700 0.032600 0.002800
{{flag|South Africa}} 0.751700 0.865200 0.860300
{{flag|Spain}} 0.416500 0.413200 0.451400
{{flag|Sri Lanka}} 0.415000 0.464500 0.485300
{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} 0.184200 0.000000 0.661400
{{flag|Sudan}} 0.714700 0.719000 0.430700
{{flag|Suriname}} 0.733200 0.331000 0.791000
{{flag|Swaziland}} 0.058200 0.172200 0.444400
{{flag|Sweden}} 0.060000 0.196800 0.234200
{{flag|Switzerland}} 0.531400 0.544100 0.608300
{{flag|Syria}} 0.539900 0.181700 0.431000
{{flag|Taiwan}} 0.274400 0.502800 0.684500
{{flag|Tajikistan}} 0.510700 0.547300 0.338600
{{flag|Tanzania}} 0.735300 0.898300 0.633400
{{flag|Thailand}} 0.633800 0.634400 0.099400
{{flag|Togo}} 0.709900 0.898000 0.659600
{{flag|Tonga}} 0.086900 0.378200 0.621400
{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} 0.647500 0.125100 0.793600
{{flag|Tunisia}} 0.039400 0.012400 0.010400
{{flag|Turkey}} 0.320000 0.221600 0.004900
{{flag|Turkmenistan}} 0.391800 0.398400 0.232700
{{flag|Tuvalu}} 0.162900 0.137200 0.252400
{{flag|Uganda}} 0.930200 0.922700 0.633200
{{flag|Ukraine}} 0.473700 0.474100 0.615700
{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} 0.625200 0.487400 0.331000
{{flag|United Kingdom}} 0.121100 0.053200 0.694400
{{flag|United States}} 0.490100 0.564700 0.824100
{{flag|Uruguay}} 0.250400 0.081700 0.354800
{{flag|Uzbekistan}} 0.412500 0.412000 0.213300
{{flag|Vanuatu}} 0.041300 0.579400 0.704400
{{flag|Venezuela}} 0.496600 0.068600 0.135000
{{flag|Vietnam}} 0.238300 0.237700 0.508000
{{flag|United States Virgin Islands}} 0.000000 0.314000 0.635900
{{flag|West Bank}} 0.000000 0.143800 0.309500
{{flag|Yemen}} 0.000000 0.008000 0.002300
{{flag|Yugoslavia}} 0.809200 0.606400 0.553000
{{flag|Zambia}} 0.780800 0.873400 0.735900
{{flag|Zimbabwe}} 0.387400 0.447200 0.736300

References

1. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance|author= A. Alesina, E. La Ferrara|journal=Journal of Economic Literature|pages=762–800|year=2005|url=http://www.vwl.tuwien.ac.at/hanappi/AgeSo/rp/Alesina_2005.pdf|accessdate=December 15, 2016}}
2. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Measuring cultural diversity: ethnic, linguistic and religious fractionalization in the OECD|author=Natalka Patsiurko, John L. Campbell and John A. Hall|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=35|number=2|pages=195–217|year=2012|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~socy/pdfs/measuring_cultural_diversity.pdf|accessdate=September 13, 2012|doi=10.1080/01419870.2011.579136}}
3. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|title=Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country|author=James Fearon|journal=Journal of Economic Growth|volume=8|pages=195–222|year=2003|doi=10.1023/A:1024419522867}}
4. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|title=Fractionalization|author=Alberto Alesina|journal=Journal of Economic Growth|volume=8|pages=155–194|year=2003|url=http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/alesina/files/fractionalization.pdf|accessdate=September 13, 2012|doi=10.1023/a:1024471506938|display-authors=etal}}
{{Population country lists}}

2 : Lists of countries|Demographic lists
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/12 0:22:07