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词条 List of disasters in the Philippines
释义

  1. Astronomical phenomenon

     Pre-history  Historical era 

  2. Volcanic eruptions

     Pre-history  Historical era 

  3. Earthquakes

     Pre-history  Historical era  18th century  19th century 

  4. Typhoon

     Pre-history  Cyclones 

  5. Extinctions

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

List of disasters in the Philippines:

Astronomical phenomenon

Pre-history

Event Date Cause
Quaternary extinction event Pleistocene 640,000, 74,000, and 13,000 years ago Clovis comet? (13,000 years ago)[1]
Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary marine extinction Pliocene 2 MaSupernova in the Scorpius-Centaurus OB association[2]

Historical era

Event Date Cause
Meteorite impact (Tablas Island, Romblon) March 7, 2011 At about 10am on March 7, 2011 (UTC+8), a loud explosion was heard at the island of Tablas in Romblon province in Central Philippines. It was followed by a tremor.

Fishermen on sea saw a fiery and swift ball of fire falling from sky (daytime).[3]

Volcanic eruptions

Pre-history

  • Most of the Eruption recorded from potentially active Stratovolcano according to dated Lava flows .
EventDateNotes
Eruption of Mount PanayPleistoceneLast eruptive activity is thought to be Pleistocene, about 500,000 years ago.[4]
Eruption of Mount ArayatHoloceneThere are no cultural records of historical eruptions. However, weak steaming is currently present in some of the heavily eroded vents on the North Western side of the summit. The ancient eruptions were said to have caused the formation of a Lava Dome on the Western Slopes of the mountain known as White Rock which makes a nice tourist destination and is usually a field trip destination for students of Pampanga Agricultural College. The Arayat amphitheatre is said to have been caused by the summit's collapse on the western side but a much deeper crater is present on the eastern side, it was said that the mountain was once a volcanic island, until eruptions covered the surrounding area with soil, eruptions were said to be the possible cause of a theorized re-route of Pampanga River which is said to have once passed on the western side rather than eastern side where it currently moves[4]
Eruption of Mount NatibPleistocene or HoloceneThere are no historical eruptions within the Natib caldera complex. Studies in 1991 (Panum and Rayem) indicate that the last eruptive activity was probably Holocene to upper Pleistocene. An earlier study in 1971 (Ebasco Services) dated the eruptive products between 69,000 +/- 27,000 years old.
Eruption of Mt.MasaragaHoloceneThere are no historical eruptions from the volcano with the last eruptive activity dated as Holocene as reported by the Global Volcanism Program. Thick lava flows from that period are present on the flanks of Mount Masaraga, an understudied volcano in the Philippines.
Eruption of Laguna CalderaC28,000 BPThe caldera, whose lake surface is only 1m above sea level, may have formed by least two major eruptions of about 1 million and 27,000-29,000 years ago.[4]
Eruption of Mount Malinao60,000 BPThere are no historical eruptions from Malinao which is believed to have been active from about 500,000 years ago until 60,000 years ago.[5]
Eruption of Cuernos de Negros12,000 BC An earlier study in 1971 (Ebasco Services) dated the eruptive products between 69,000 +/- 27,000 years old.
Eruption of Ancestral PinatuboHolocene 1.1 million years agoThe activity of Ancestral Pinatubo seems to have begun about 1.1 million years ago and probably ended tens of thousands or more before the birth of 'Modern Pinatubo'. Much of the rugged land surrounding the present volcano consists of remnants of 'ancestral' Pinatubo. It was an andesite and dacite stratovolcano with its eruptive activity much less explosive than modern Pinatubo.
Eruption of Mt.Mariveles2050 BCEThere are no recorded historical eruptions from Mariveles caldera, with the last activity indicated by Radiocarbon dating occurring around mid-Holocene or about 2050 BCE.[6]

Historical era

Eruptions have also destroyed numerous lakeside towns, burying them with volcanic ash or submerged them by rising lake waters displaced by the erupted material. Lipa, Taal, Sala, Bauan and Tanauan were formerly located along Taal Lake. Presently, only three towns are on the lake's shore. Remnants of the old lakeside towns are reported to be seen under the lake's waters.[9]

EventDateNotes
Leonard Kniaseffc.120 AD.[7] There was a scare in 1995 but PHIVOLCS investigation at the time did not disclose any unusual activity, and no unusual activity has been reported since.
San Pablo Volcanic Field1350 AD +/- 100 Last activity was the formation of Sampaloc Lake around 1350 AD +/- 100 years determined by anthropology[8]
Taal Eruption 1572 to 1977 and 1991 The series of eruptions create a Caldera Lake for a long time, showing signs of unrest since and permanently monitored.
Mayon Eruption 1616 to 20149|m|ft|abbr=on}} in depth. In Albay, a total of 2,200 locals perished in what is considered to be the most lethal eruption in Mayon's history; estimates by PHIVOLCS list the casualties at about 1,200, however. The eruption is believed to have contributed to the accumulation of atmospheric ash,{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} capped by the catastrophic eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815, that led to the Year Without a Summer in 1816.
Pinatubo Eruption1500 and 1991Reawakened in 1990 producing the 2nd largest eruption in the 20th century. Followed by milder eruptions in 1992 and 1993,On July 16, 1990, the major 1990 Luzon earthquake of magnitude 7.7 struck central Luzon. This was the largest earthquake recorded in 1990,[10]
Mt.Kanlaon Eruption1886 to 2006The most active volcano in central Philippines, Kanlaon has erupted 26 times since 1919. Eruptions are typically phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor ash falls near the volcano. In 1902, the eruption was classified as strombolian, typified by the ejection of incandescent cinder, lapilli and lava bombs.
Bulusan Eruption1886 to 2011Bulusan is generally known for its sudden steam-driven or phreatic explosions. It has erupted 15 times since 1885 and is considered as the 4th most active volcano in the Philippines after Mayon, Taal, and Kanlaon, There are evacuation procedures in place for parts of the peninsula, the farms nearest the volcano are evacuated, and many of the village schools are closed if it is considered possible that a more destructive eruption could occur.
Mt.Hibok-hibok Eruption1827, 1862, 1871 and 1948–1952Mt. Vulcan. In 1875, the Challenger expedition visited the area, and described the mountain as a dome, about {{convert>1950|ft|m}} in height, without any crater, but still smoking and incandescent at the top.[11]

Earthquakes

Pre-history

  • There are no recorded of events nor few about earthquake before the History was written, but it would be possibly caused by collision of Tectonic Plates and Volcanic Eruptions, resulting to an earthquakes, and forming another Mountains , Volcanoes and even Lakes.
  • For example, the Taal Volcano, This is a part of a chain of volcanoes along the island of Luzon, which were formed by two tectonic plates colliding over 500,000 years ago. Since the formation of this large caldera, subsequent eruptions created another volcanic island, within Taal Lake, known as Volcano Island.[12]

Historical era

The table below is a tally of the ten most deadly recorded earthquakes in the Philippines since the 1600s with having the most number of casualties:

18th century

  • An intensity VII struck Lake Bombon (now known as Taal Lake) on September 24, 1716. It was connected with the eruption of Taal volcano; the constant volcanic activity in the area of Taal caused seismic movements.
  • An intensity IX struck Tayabas (now known as Quezon) in 1730. It had ruined the churches and convent in Mauban and several other churches in the province of Tayabas and Laguna.

19th century

  • An earthquake on June 3, 1863, destroyed the Manila Cathedral, the Ayuntamiento (City Hall), the Governor's Palace (all three located at the time on Plaza Mayor, now Plaza de Roma) and much of the city. The residence of the Governor-General was moved to Malacañang Palace located about 3 km (1.9 miles) up the Pasig River, while the other two buildings were rebuilt in place.
  • An intensity X struck Luzon on July 14–24, 1880.[13] The quake caused severe damage to these major cities in Luzon, most significantly in Manila where a lot of buildings collapsed. Number of casualties are unknown.[14]
  • A quake struck Lucban, Quezon on October 26, 1884. It destroyed churches in Lucban town in Quezon province and Cavinti town in Laguna province.[14]
Ten deadliest recorded earthquakes in the Philippines since the 1600s
MagnitudeOriginLocationDateMortalityMissingInjuredDamagesSource
1 7.9 Tectonic Moro Gulf August 16, 1976 4791 2288 9928
2 7.8 Tectonic Luzon Island July 16, 1990 1666 1000 More than 3000 ₱ 10 billion
3 7.5 Tectonic Luzon Island November 30, 1645 More than 600 More than 3000 Unknown
4 7.3 Tectonic Casiguran, Aurora August 2, 1968 271 261
5 7.2 Tectonic Bohol & Cebu October 15, 2013 222 8 796 ₱ 4 billion (est.)[15]
6 7.1 Tectonic Mindoro November 15, 1994 78 430 ₱ 5.15 million[16]
7 6.7 Tectonic Negros Oriental February 6, 2012 51 62 112 ₱ 383 million
8 8.3 Tectonic Panay (Lady Caycay) January 25, 1948 50 (est) ₱ 7 million
9 Unknown Tectonic Manila June 19, 1665 19 Unknown
10 6.5 Tectonic Laoag August 17, 1983 16 47
11 7.5 Tectonic Mindanao Island March 5, 2002 15 100

Typhoon

Pre-history

  • There are no recorded disaster about typhoons in the Philippines Before the History was written, typhoons were never given names.

Cyclones

Rank Storm Dates of impact Deaths Ref
1 1881 Haiphong typhoon 1881, September 27–October 6 20,000[17]
2 Haiyan/Yolanda 2013 2013, November 7–8 6,241[18]
3Thelma (Uring), 19911991, November 2–75,956[20][21][22]
4 Bopha/Pablo 2012 2012, December 2–9 1,901
5 Angela Typhoon, 1867 1867, September 20–26 1,800[17][23][24]
6 Winnie 2004 2004, November 27–30 1,593
7 Fengshen/Frank 2008 2008, June 18–23 1,501[21]
8 Unidentified typhoon 1897, October 7–16 1,500[17][23][24]
9 Ike (Nitang), 1984 1984, August 31–September 4 1,492[20]
10 Durian/Reming 2006 2006, November 29–December 1 1,399
Costliest Philippine typhoons
Rank Names Dates of impact PHP USD Ref
1Bopha, (Pablo)November 25 – December 9, 201242200000000}}1040000000}}[25]
2Haiyan, (Yolanda)November 3 – 11, 201335500000000}}809000000}}[26]
3Parma, (Pepeng)October 2 – 10, 200927297000000}}607732255}}[27]
4Nesat, (Pedring)September 26 – 28, 201114964489303}}333164920.4}}[28]
5Fengshen, (Frank)June 20 – 23, 200813525000000}}301116560}}[29]
6Ketsana, (Ondoy)September 25 – 27, 200910952000000}}243832057}}[27]
7Mike, (Ruping) November 10 – 14, 199010846000000}}241472104}}[30]
8Angela, (Rosing) October 30 – November 4, 1995 10829000000}}241093621}}[30]
9Flo, (Kadiang) October 2 – 6, 1993 8752000000}}194851914}}[30]
10Megi (Juan) October 18 – 21, 2010 8318231395}}192709400}}[31]

Extinctions

  • Extinctions might be caused by natural calamities, like climate changes, astronomical events, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, wild fires, floods, and human hunting activities.
Period Start Date Extinction Date Cause
Mid-HoloceneExtinction of Large Mammals 2050 BC Volcanic Eruption. and Climate change
Holocene500,000 years agoExtinction of Large AnimalsVolcanic Eruptions.A volcanic eruption occurred In the present location of Taal lake, during Mid-Holocene, causes the Species of Proboscideans like Stegodon to become exitinct.
Pleistocene 2 million -13,000 yrs ago Quaternary extinction event 640,000, 74,000, and 13,000 years ago Clovis comet? (13,000 years ago) Eruption of Super Volcano? (640,000 years ago)[1] Hunting by humans? Climate change?
Pliocene Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary marine extinction 2 MaSupernova in the Scorpius-Centaurus OB association[2]

See also

  • Earthquake
  • List of active volcanoes in the Philippines
  • List of earthquakes in the Philippines
  • List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines
  • List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines
  • PAGASA
  • PHIVOLCS
  • Typhoon
  • Volcano

References

1. ^1 {{Cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/925184 | title=Extinction in the Late Quaternary Period| last1=Tiwary| first1=Sachin}}
2. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Benitez |first=Narciso |year=2002 |title=Evidence for Nearby Supernova Explosions |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=081101 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.081101 |first2=Jesús |last3=Canelles |first3=Matilde |last2=Maíz-Apellániz |arxiv = astro-ph/0201018 |bibcode = 2002PhRvL..88h1101B |pmid=11863949}}
3. ^{{Cite web | url=http://lunarmeteoritehunters.blogspot.com/2011/03/tablas-island-philippines-fiery-and.html | title=The Latest Worldwide Meteor/Meteorite News: Breaking News -Tablas Island, Philippines- fiery and swift ball of fire/ Tremor 10am 7MAR2011 (GMT+8)| date=2011-03-08}}
4. ^1 2 Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, Panay page
5. ^{{cite web|title=Malinao » Summary|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=070304=A|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=11 January 2013}}
6. ^"Eruptive History of Mariveles". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-07-28.
7. ^"Leonard Range Eruption History". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-08-18.
8. ^"San Pablo Volcanic Field Eruption History". Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved on 2011-08-18.
9. ^Hargrove, Thomas (1991). "The Mysteries of Taal, a Philippine volcano and lake, her sea life and lost towns". Bookmark, Manila. {{ISBN|971-569-046-7}}.
10. ^{{cite web|author=USGS|title=Earthquake Information for 1990|url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/1990/|accessdate=2010-03-06|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206120430/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/1990/|archivedate=2009-12-06|df=}}
11. ^Becker, George F. (1901). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-9qYLSKtUYC "Report on the Geology of the Philippine Islands"], p.42-43. Washington Government Printing Office, 1901.
12. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.taalvolcano.org/information.htm | title=Hiking Taal Volcano | Day Tours from Manila, Philippines}}
13. ^{{cite book | title=Seismic and Volcanic Centers of the Philippine Archipelago | publisher=Bureau of Printing | author=Maso, Saderra | year=1902 | location=Manila | page=16}}
14. ^1 {{cite journal | url=http://eqtap.edm.bosai.go.jp/publications/ACEE/pdf/ACEE-55.pdf | title=Philippine Historical Earthquakes and Lessons Learned |author1=Bautista, Maria Leonila P. |author2=Bautista, Bartolome C. |lastauthoramp=yes| journal=EqTAP Project}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Massive extremely dangerous earthquake in Bohol, Philippines – At least 222 people killed, 8 missing, over 790 injured, around 4 billion PHP damage, 7 billion PHP reconstruction costs.|url=http://earthquake-report.com/2013/10/15/very-strong-earthquake-mindanao-philippines-on-october-15-2013/|publisher=Earthquake-Report.com|accessdate= October 2013|date=October 31, 2013}}
16. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.ess.washington.edu/tsunami/specialized/events/mindoro/mindoro.html | title=1994 Mindoro Tsunami | publisher=Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology | accessdate=February 7, 2012}}
17. ^1 2 [https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY550.pdf "Tropical Cyclone Disasters in the Philippines: A Listing of Major Typhoons by Month Through 1979"] Retrieved 03-27-2018.
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unocha.org/aggregator/sources/120|title=TyphoonHaiyan - RW Updates|date=December 28, 2013|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|at=Philippines: Hundreds of corpses unburied after Philippine typhoon|accessdate=December 30, 2013}}
19. ^Leoncio A. Amadore, PhD Socio-Economic Impacts of Extreme Climatic Events in the Philippines. Retrieved on 2007-02-25.
20. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/archives/10WorstPhilippineTyphoons.htm|title=Typhoon2000.com:THE 10 WORST TYPHOONS OF THE PHILIPPINES (A SUMMARY)|last=|first=|date=2004|website=www.Typhoon2000.ph|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522105810/http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stats/10WorstPhilippineTyphoons.htm|archive-date=2008-05-22|dead-url=No|access-date=2018-03-27}}
21. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/12WorstPhilippineTyphoons.htm|title=Typhoon2000.com:THE 12 WORST TYPHOONS OF THE PHILIPPINES (A SUMMARY)|last=|first=|date=2010-07-29|website=www.typhoon2000.ph|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-03-27}}
22. ^"Top 25 Natural Disasters in Philippines (1901-2000)" Retrieved 03-26-2018.
23. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Pedro Ribera, Ricardo Garcia-Herrera|author2=Luis Gimeno|lastauthoramp=yes|date=July 2008|title=Historical deadly typhoons in the Philippines|journal=Weather|volume=63|page=196|doi=10.1002/wea.275|number=7|bibcode=2008Wthr...63..194R}}
24. ^1 "Historical deadly typhoons in the Philippines" Retrieved 03-27-2018.
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/835/29%20Update.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-06-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110164152/http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/835/29%20Update.pdf |archivedate=2013-11-10 |df= }}
26. ^{{cite report | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25051606 | title=Typhoon Haiyan death toll rises over 5,000 | publisher=BBC | date=November 22, 2013 | accessdate=November 22, 2013}}
27. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://210.185.184.53/ndccWeb/images/ndccWeb/ndcc_update/TS_Ondoy_and_TY_Pepeng/ndcc%20update%20sitrep%20no.%2050%20on%20ts%20ondoy%20and%20typhoon%20pepeng%20as%20of%20%2017%20nov%202009%2C%208am.pdf|title=Situation report no.50 on Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana) and Typhoon Pepeng (Parma)|date=2009-11-17|publisher=Philippine National Disaster Coordinating Council|accessdate=2010-05-14}}
28. ^As Typhoon Nesat departs, Philippines tallies the damage | MNN - Mother Nature Network {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703033827/http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/climate-weather/stories/as-typhoon-nesat-departs-philippines-tallies-the-damage |date=2014-07-03 }}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://210.185.184.53/ndccWeb/images/ndccWeb/ndcc_update/TC_FRANK/sitrep33_tyfrank.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-06-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909214303/http://210.185.184.53/ndccWeb/images/ndccWeb/ndcc_update/TC_FRANK/sitrep33_tyfrank.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-09 |df= }}
30. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons |title=Destructive typhoons 1970-2003 |date=2009-05-01 |publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council |accessdate=2010-05-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028224429/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons |archivedate=2004-10-28 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://ndcc.gov.ph/attachments/103_NDRRMC%20Update%20SitRep%20No.19%20as%20of%2023%20Oct%202010-6PM.pdf|title=Typhoon Juan Update|date=2010-10-23|publisher=NDRRMC (formerly NDCC)|accessdate=2010-10-23|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823020432/http://ndcc.gov.ph/attachments/103_NDRRMC%20Update%20SitRep%20No.19%20as%20of%2023%20Oct%202010-6PM.pdf|archivedate=2011-08-23|df=}}

External links

  • Official Website of the National Museum of Natural History
  • http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/?cid=135
  • http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/341514/scitech/science/the-7-worst-natural-calamities-to-hit-phl-in-2013
  • http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/12/26/1272092/yearender-2013-year-major-natural-disasters
  • http://www.mapreport.com/subtopics/d/countries/philippines.html

2 : Lists of events in the Philippines|Lists of disasters by country
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