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词条 List of European windstorms
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  1. Windstorms

      Historic and notorious European windstorms    Severe European windstorms between 1800 and 1899   Severe European windstorms between 1900 and 1974    Severe European windstorms between 1975 and 1999    Severe European windstorms between 2000 and 2009    Severe European windstorms between 2010 and 2014    Severe European windstorms since 2015  

  2. See also

  3. References

  4. External links

{{Use DMY dates|date=February 2017}}

The following is a list of notable European windstorms.

Windstorms

Historic and notorious European windstorms

Event Date Notes
Grote Mandrenke (known as St Maury's wind in Ireland)[1] 15–16 January 1362 A southwesterly Atlantic gale swept across England, the Netherlands, northern Germany and southern Denmark, killing over 25,000 and changing the Dutch-German-Danish coastline.
All Saints' Flood 1 November 1570 (11 November, New Style) [2]
Spanish Armada storms 1588 After the Battle of Gravelines, the Armada was forced to flee northwards, and attempted to return to Spain by sailing around Scotland and Ireland. Here, the ships ran into a series of powerful westerly gales. Already in poor condition after an extended period at sea, many ships were sunk, or driven onto the coast and wrecked, with over 50 ships lost. The late 16th century, and especially 1588, was marked by unusually strong North Atlantic storms, perhaps associated with a high accumulation of polar ice off the coast of Greenland, a characteristic phenomenon of the "Little Ice Age."[3]
Hard Candlemas 2 February 1602 The Faroe Islands were hit by a great storm, today still remembered as the hard Kyndelmisse. The storm permanently destroyed the sheltered natural harbour at Saksun.[2][4]
Burchardi Flood 11–12 October 1634 Also known as "second Grote Mandrenke", hit North Frisia, drowned about 8,000-15,000 people and destroyed the island of Strand.
Culbin Sands storm Autumn 1694 A storm saw 20–30 km² of farmland overwhelmed by sand at the Culbin Estate, Moray Scotland.[2]
Great Storm of 1703 26 November 1703 Severe gales affected south coast of England. Between 8,000 and 15,000 lives were lost overall.
Portugal and Madeira storm 18–19 November 1724 One of the most destructive storms ever experienced in Portugal since the early 17th century,[5] causing damage to the east coast of Madeira and central and northern Portugal (though unclear if it was not a tropical system such as Hurricane Vince, which impacted Europe in 2005).[6]
St Hilaire–Prisca storms 14–18 January 1739 Between 14 and 18 January 1739, a series of storms severely affected France, Switzerland and southern Germany. The period has been named after the saints' days of the first and the last day of its occurrence. The storms are considered to be similar to Lothar and Martin of 1999.[7]
St Barbara storm 4 December 1739 Affected Portugal.[7]

Severe European windstorms between 1800 and 1899

Event Date Notes
Galnemåndagen 11 March 1822 A severe storm in Norway which may have caused over 300 deaths in the country of fishermen.[8][9]
February 1825
  • 3–5 February 1825: Winds over the North Sea led to the February flood of 1825 storm surge in the North Sea.[2]
  • 1 February 1825: Windstorm passed over Scotland with winds around {{convert|140|kn|km/h}}.[2]
Night of the Big Wind 6–7 January 1839 The most severe windstorm to hit Ireland in recent centuries, with hurricane-force winds, killed between 250 and 300 people and rendered hundreds of thousands of homes uninhabitable.
Moray Firth fishing disaster August 1848
1850 Winter 1850
  • 29 January, Yrväderstisdagen, saw Sweden affected by one of the worst snowstorms on record.[10]
  • 5–6 February 1850. The Great Storm of 1850 saw a damaging gale cross the UK (tentatively linked to scouring of turf and sand which covered the Neolithic settlement of Skara Brae in Orkney).[11]
Royal Charter Storm 25–26 October 1859 The Royal Charter Storm was considered to be the most severe storm to hit the British Isles in the 19th century,[12][13] with a total death toll estimated at over 800. It takes its name from the Royal Charter ship, which was driven by the storm onto the east coast of Anglesey, Wales with the loss of over 450 lives.
Great Gale of 1871 10 February 1871 A severe storm affected England with 28 ships wrecked on the northeast coast, total fatalities are estimated at over 50.
"Lothar's big brother" 12 March 1876 Maximum winds crossed northern France, Belgium, Luxembourg and into Germany. Swiss Re report that this was the worst event in the 19th and early 20th century, with a footprint similar to the storm Lothar of 1999.[14]
The Tay Bridge Disaster 28 December 1879 Severe gales (estimated to be Force 10-11) swept the east coast of Scotland, infamously resulting in the collapse of the Tay Rail Bridge and the loss of 75 people who were on board the ill-fated train.[15]
Eyemouth Disaster 14 October 1881 A severe storm struck the southeast coast of Scotland. 189 fishermen were killed, most of whom were from the small village of Eyemouth.
The Ochtertyre storm 19–28 January 1884 A series of deep Atlantic depressions crossed the northwestern areas of the UK, a storm on 26 January saw the UK's record lowest air pressure measured at Ochtertyre, Perthshire of 925.6 hPa. Swiss Re stated the storm's damaging swathe of winds were larger than those of the Burns Day storm of 1990.[14]
The great storm of November 1893 16–20 November 1893 [16]
"North German Express" 12 February 1894 A rapidly moving storm brought high winds to Northern Ireland, Scotland, Northern England and northern Germany, reaching a maximum depth estimated at 945 hPa over Norway.[14]

Severe European windstorms between 1900 and 1974

Event Date Notes
Christmas Hurricane of 1902 25-26 December 190235|m/s|km/h}}. DMI estimate the strongest winds probably reached {{convert|50|m/s|km/h}} or more. The storm was relatively short-lived and caused extensive damage to forestry as it passed from southern Norway to the Gulf of Riga, with a swathe of damage stretching from north Jutland to Bornholm. The storm also saw significant flooding.[17]
"Ulysses Storm" 26-27 February 1903 Probably the most severe to affect Ireland since the Night of the Big Wind, with an estimated 1000-3000 trees uprooted in Phoenix Park, Dublin. Following a stormy period between the 18-26 which saw several depressions pass close by to the west coast of Ireland. The storm's low pressure was estimated at 975 mb (Lamb, 1991). A quote from Ulysses by James Joyce is likely based on the aftermath of this storm- "O yes, J.J. O'Molloy said eagerly. Lady Dudley was walking home through the park to see all the trees that were blown down by that cyclone last year and thought she'd buy a view of Dublin."[18]
Ulvsund storm 23-24 October 1921 The S.S. Ulvsund capsized during the storm on a sailing between Copenhagen and Nakskov, Lolland.[17][27][19]
28 January 192790|kn|mph}} recorded in Paisley.[2]
Lacken Disaster 28 October 1927 Storm affected the west coast of Ireland, with 45 people drowned, led to the abandonment of the Inishkea Islands. There was also coastal flooding in the Irish Sea along Cardigan Bay and 5 fatalities in Fleetwood, Lancashire.[20][21][22]
1928 Thames flood 6–7 January 1928 Snow melt combined with heavy rainfall and a storm surge in the North Sea led to flooding in central London and the loss of 14 lives.
Western Europe windstorm 23–25 November 1928 A windstorm affected parts of Northwestern Europe for more than two days and killed 38 people, mainly in England.[23]
Central Europe windstorm Early July 1929 A severe and deadly windstorm moved through central Europe in early July 1929 and killed 38 people.[24]
Southern and central England gales 5–8 December 1929 A stormy period from 5 to 8 December 1929 saw two depressions (central pressure of 950 mb), move north-eastwards across Ireland bringing severe gales in south-west England. Mean hourly wind speeds around 55-60 kt with gusts exceeding 80 kt at Falmouth on each day from the 5th to the 8th and at Scilly from the 6th to the 8th. Extremes during this period were: mean hourly winds of 61 and 60 kt at Falmouth on the 5th and 6th and 59 kt at Scilly on the 7th, and gusts of 89 kt at Falmouth on the 6th and 7th and Scilly on the 7th, while on the evening of the 6th Scilly registered a gust of 96 kt, equalling the then highest ever recorded at a low-level station in Great Britain in December. Mean wind speeds between 40 and 50 kt, and gusts between 65 and 75 kt, occurred in many parts of the country during the period.[22]
16–17 September 1935 Formed as a secondary depression west of Ireland, before moving over southern Ireland to Northern England. The low brought severe gales to south western England, Wales and southern England.[22]
Iberian windstorm 13-15 February 1941180|km/h| mph|abbr=on}} in San Sebastián, Spain. It remains one of the top five most severe windstorms across Europe during the 20th Century.[25][26]
October Gales 24-26 October 1945 Gales in October 1945 killed two and washed up many mines along the south coast of England with winds over 90 mph.[27][28]
North Sea storm disturbance 8 January 1949 [29]
North Sea Flood of 1953 31 January–1 February 1953 Considered to be the worst natural disaster of the 20th century both in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, claiming over two thousand lives altogether. A storm originating over Ireland moved around the Scottish west coast, over Orkney, down the east coast of Scotland and England and across the North Sea to the Netherlands. Sea defences in the Netherlands and eastern England were overwhelmed. The ferry MV Princess Victoria, travelling between Scotland and Northern Ireland, was lost with 133 people drowned, and over a quarter of the Scottish fishing fleet was also lost. In the Netherlands, flooding killed 1,835 people and forced the emergency evacuation of 70,000 more as sea water inundated 1,365 km² of land. An estimated 30,000 animals drowned, and 47,300 buildings were damaged of which 10,000 were destroyed. Total damage was estimated at that time at 895 million Dutch guilders.
Hurricane Debbie 17 September 1961 North-west Ireland, much of Scotland and the Northern Isles hit by severe gales, which were the residuals of Hurricane Debbie.[30]
Vincinette
North Sea flood of 1962
(The Sheffield Gale)		 16–17 February 1962 Including the Sheffield Gale 1962, westerly gales swept the entire United Kingdom during 16 and 17 February 1962, a "resonant lee wave effect" over the Pennines led to over 150,000 houses in Sheffield, nearly two-thirds of the city's entire housing stock being damaged.[31] The storm moved south-east and reached the German coast of the North Sea with wind speeds up to 200 km/h. The accompanying storm surge combined with high tide pushed water up the Weser and Elbe, breaching dikes and caused extensive flooding, especially in Hamburg. 315 people were killed, around 60,000 were left homeless.
Channel Islands storm 9 October 1964 A storm tracked along the English Channel bringing intense winds and damage to the Channel Islands.[32]
Ferrybridge cooling tower collapse 1 November 196585|mph|km/h}} winds. The grouped shape of the cooling towers meant that westerly winds were funnelled into the towers themselves, creating a vortex. Three out of the original eight cooling towers were destroyed and the remaining five were severely damaged. The towers were rebuilt and all eight cooling towers were strengthened to tolerate adverse weather conditions.[33][34]
"Adolph Bermpohl" storm 23–24 February 1967German Maritime Search and Rescue Service ship|Adolph Bermpohlup=yes} which was lost in the storm. The German Naval Observatory at the time reported the storm brought the highest winds ever measured in the North Sea.[2]
Scandinavian storm (Lena)[35] 17-18 October 196740|m/s|km/h}} were recorded across Denmark and at the southern tip of Öland, Sweden.[17][36][37]
1968 Scotland storm 15 January 1968 This storm tracked north up the west coast of Scotland. In Glasgow, some 20 people were killed, 40 injured and 2,000 people made homeless, Ayrshire and Argyll also affected.[38]
Quimburga 11–14 November 1972 A storm that struck northern Europe in mid-November 1972 and spawned a tornado that killed 28 in Germany.[39] The MV Mebo II radio ship of RNI ran adrift losing one of her anchors. The crew managed to start the engines, and after sailing back to her original anchoring spot near Scheveningen, the spare anchor was securing the vessel's position again.
Unnamed 13 April 1973 A storm affecting the north and west coastal areas of the Netherlands, northern German and western Danish coastal areas, getting the unmotorised MV Norderney radio ship of Radio Veronica stranded at the Scheveningen coast. Widespread destruction of ca. 2 Million trees at the Veluwe.
Irish windstorm 11–12 January 1974 Record winds, sometimes of hurricane force, recorded in many parts of Ireland. The strongest ever sea level gust in Ireland, at exactly 200 km/h, was recorded in Kilkeel, County Down. Many trees and buildings were damaged and 250,000 [40] premises were left without electricity (approx 1 in 4 in the county).
Norway windstorm Mid February 1974100|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} battered the United Kingdom and Norway in Mid February 1974, killing 19.[41]

Severe European windstorms between 1975 and 1999

Event Date Notes
Gale of January 1976 ("Capella storm") 2-5 January 1976105|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} were measured at RAF Wittering. Middlesbrough saw winds of {{convert|114|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.[42] Widespread wind damage was reported across Europe from Ireland to Central Europe. Coastal flooding of 400 homes occurred in Cleethorpes, United Kingdom. In Ruisbroek, Antwerp Belgium dike failures and floods on the Scheldt estuary led to the adoption of the Sigmaplan (the Belgian equivalent of the Dutch Delta Works)[43][44] The highest storm surge of the 20th Century was recorded on the German North Sea coast, with some flooding of coastal marshes.
Fastnet Disaster Storm 13–14 August 1979 An unusual storm during the 1979 Fastnet yachting race resulted in 24 yachts being disabled or lost and 15 fatalities.
1981 Storm series November and December 1981
  • November 23–24 A severe storm affected Denmark and southern Sweden, killing two, with a storm surge breaking sea dikes along the Jutland coast.[45] 23 November also saw 102 tornados reported in Britain.[46]
  • 1981 December storm In England, high tides combined with a storm surge resulted in extensive flooding and £6 million worth of damage along the Somerset coast of the Bristol Channel, with the highest water recorded in the Channel since the start of the century.[47][48] In France, the storm caused widespread flooding in the south west, causing considerable damage in the river basins of the Garonne and Adour and flooding Bordeaux.[49] Water entered the cooling water pump house of Hinkley Point nuclear power station, causing a shut-down for weeks after the storm.[50][51]
  • December 19, Another storm leads to the Penlee lifeboat disaster.
Christiansborg storm 18 January 1983 A windstorm affected Denmark, blowing a roof off Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen which killed two.[17][52]
Unnamed 13 January 1984 A Class 4 storm affected Denmark.[17]
Ex-Hurricane Charley 25 August 1986 Rainfall records were broken in Ireland (e.g. 200 mm in Kippure) with consequent flooding, up to 2.4 metres in Dublin, and the storm also caused flooding in Wales and England. At least eleven people were killed in Ireland and Britain.
Unnamed 20 October 1986 A windstorm primarily affecting the Netherlands, Germany and Poland.[53][54][55]
Great Storm of 1987 15–16 October 1987117|kn|km/h}} was recorded at Pointe du Raz in Brittany. In all, 19 people were killed in England and 4 in France. 15 million trees were uprooted in England. This storm received much media attention, not so much because of its severity, but because these storms do not usually track so far south, the trees and buildings are not used to such winds (indeed, in mid-October most deciduous trees still have their leaves and were therefore more susceptible to windstorm damage and, following weeks of wet weather, the ground was sodden, providing little grip for the trees' roots), the severity of the storm was not forecast until approximately 3 hrs before it hit and it struck after midnight, meaning few people had advance warning.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}
Scottish windstorm 13 February 1989123|kn|km/h}} was recorded at the Kinnaird Lighthouse (Fraserburgh) on the north-east coast of Scotland. This broke the highest low-level wind speed record for the British Isles. Much higher (unofficial) windspeeds have been recorded on the summit of Cairn Gorm and on Unst in Shetland.
1990 Storm series 25 January-1 March 1990 1990 saw 8 storms impacting Europe between January and March.
  • Burns' Day storm (Daria) 25–26 January 1990. Widespread severe gales in the United Kingdom, France, the Benelux countries, and Germany. Isolated gusts of over 45 m/s were recorded, causing extensive structural damage. The storm tracked across the United Kingdom into mainland Europe, where it was known under the name "Daria" and caused severe damage, especially to forests. In total, insurance losses resulting from this storm totalled about US $6bn.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}.
  • Herta 1–6 February 1990.
  • Judith 7–8 February 1990.
  • Nana 11–12 February 1990.
  • Ottilie 13–14 February 1990.
  • Polly 14–15 February 1990.
  • Vivian 25–27 February 1990.
  • Wiebke 28 February–1 March 1990. These Storms primarily affected Switzerland and Southern Germany resulting in 64 fatalities.[56] Coastal flooding also occurred in Towyn, North Wales.[57][58]
Undine 5–6 January 1991 Undine crossed Ireland, the UK and Germany becoming one of the costliest storms of the 1990s with and estimated cost of £545m. A storm surge was noted with the storm's passage with waves up to 30 m high recorded out at sea. The storm was one of three which affected Europe in two weeks.[59]
Unnamed 9 January 1991 A class 4 storm affected Denmark.[17]
Iceland storm (Greenhouse low)[60] 3 February 1991[61]A severe storm in Iceland saw in the Vestmannaeyjar (south of the Icelandic mainland) winds up to {{convert>56|m/s|km/h}} with gusts probably exceeding {{convert|62|m/s|km/h}}, which was then the maximum the measuring stations were able to measure. Reykjavik reported hurricane-force winds with gusts up to {{convert|41|m/s|km/h}}.[62] In the capital winds blew the roof off the Landspítali National University Hospital, while in Kópavogur the wind was filmed blowing over parked cars.[63][60] 944 hPa.[64]
New Year's Day Storm (Nyttårsorkanen) (Hogmanay hurricane) 1 January 1992 This storm affected much of northern Scotland and western Norway, unofficial records of gusts in excess of 130 knots (67 m/s) were recorded in Shetland, while Statfjord-B in the North Sea recorded wind gusts in excess of 145 knots (75 m/s). DNMI estimated the strongest sustained winds (10 min. average) to have reached 90 knots (45 m/s), comparable to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Very few fatalities occurred, mainly due to the very low population of the islands and the fact that the islanders are used to very high winds.
1993 Storm series 8–17 January 1993
  • Braer Storm of January 1993, the storm was the most intense extratropical cyclone ever recorded in the North Atlantic, with a central pressure of {{convert|916|mb|inHg}}, the intensity of a Category 5 hurricane. {{convert|96|mph|km/h}} wind gusts were recorded in the Shetland Isles.[65] BBC Forecast on Braer storm. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11MgMm96GYQ
  • Verena, January 13–14, 1993, a storm with a low of {{convert|980|mb|inHg}} affected the Southern Baltic. During the storm the Polish ferry MS Jan Heweliusz capsizes, with 55 lives lost.[66][67]
Lore 28 January 1994 [68][69]
Christmas Eve Storm (Yuma) 23–25 December 1997 On Christmas Eve, an intense secondary depression tracked north-east across Scotland, bringing severe gales and heavy rain. The storm caused 6 fatalities, extensive structural damage and disruption to National Grid. Blackpool's North Pier in north-west England was also damaged.[70]
Fanny 1–5 January 199877|mph|km/h}}. This was probably the most severe storm since the Burns Day Storm of 1990 in southern England and Wales, bringing widespread disruption to power and communications and property, including river and coastal flooding.[59][71]
Xylia 28 October 1998 [72]
Boxing Day Storm (Stephen) 26 December 199893|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} in Glasgow. Widespread disruption and power outages in Northern Ireland and southern Scotland. The Forth Road Bridge was fully closed for the first time since its construction in 1964.
Anatol 3 December 1999 Hurricane like storm Anatol hits Denmark and neighbouring countries. Killing 7 in Denmark alone. Pressure: 952.4 hPa. Wind speeds above 85 mph (38 m/s), gusts up to 115 mph (51 m/s).
Cyclone Lothar and Martin 26–28 December 1999date=February 2011}}. In the first storm, a gust of 184 km/h was recorded at Ushant (Fr. Ouessant) in Brittany and in the second storm, the highest gust was of 200 km/h at Île de Ré in France.

Severe European windstorms between 2000 and 2009

Name (other name) Dates Minimum pressure Meteorological history
Oratia 20001030|30 October–5 November 2000}}0941|941 hPa}}[73]90|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} and severe flooding to Southern England, it was the strongest system of its kind to hit the UK since the Burns Day Storm of 1990. Contributing to the Autumn 2000 western Europe floods.
Janika 20011113|13–16 November 2001}}0980|980 hPa}} A severe windstorm hit southern and central Finland, causing damage worth 20 million euros.[74] Northerly winds trailing the low pressure were exceptionally gusty,[75] with F2 damage on Fujita scale.
Jeanett 20021025|25–31 October 2002}}0975|975 hPa}}[76]95|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.[77]
Elizabeth19-20 November 2004A storm with 170-200 km/h wind speed hit the Tatras National Park in Slovakia killed a driver and destroyed 12600 ha of protected forests changing the landscape forever[78]. The estimated damage is 194 966 211 euros[79].
Dagmar 20041216|16–20 December 2004}}0983|983 hPa}}[80]80|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} winds hit northern France, including Paris, killing 6 people and leaving thousands of homes without power.
January 2005 20050107|5–12 January 2005}}0961|961 hPa}}[81] 944 hPa[82]
  • Erwin (Gudrun) 5–12 January 2005. Northern Europe was hit by the storm Erwin (Free University of Berlin), also called Gudrun by the Norwegian weather service, with sustained wind speeds of 126 km/h and wind gusts of 165 km/h. About 341,000 homes lost power in Sweden and several thousand of these were out of power for many days and even weeks; about 10,000 homes were still without power after three weeks. The international death toll was at least 17. The storm caused a lot of financial damage in Sweden, where the forest industry suffered greatly from damaged trees. In the south, 75 million m³ (98 million yd³) of trees blew down. In the space of 6 hrs, 250,000,000 trees were blown down, and after months of hard work, lorries and drivers from across Europe eventually transported the logs to several sites across the south of Sweden. One huge site was situated on a disused airfield, stretched for 2 km, 14 metres in height, and 10 piles in width. This was only 2% of the total logs stored, enough to create a 3 m x 3 m pile all the way to Australia.
  • Gero 10–19 January 2005 On the evening of the 11th and early morning of the 12th, a ferocious gale swept across Northern Ireland and northwest Scotland. Wind speeds of 134 mph (equivalent to a weak Category 4 hurricane) were recorded on North Rona and wind speeds in excess of {{convert|110|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} measured on South Uist with {{convert|105|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} on Barra in the Hebrides before the automatic station stopped reporting at 1700 UTC. Surface pressure reached a minimum of {{convert|946|mb|inHg|abbr=on}} to the west of Scotland.[83] Stormy seas combined with high spring tides and caused flooding in low-lying coastal areas. One fatality occurred in Ireland and six in Scotland, including a family of five who were swept into the sea after fleeing their house on South Uist. At the height of the storm, 85,000 households in Scotland were without power. On the 13th, all Caledonian MacBrayne ferry services and train services in Scotland were suspended, and many roads were closed due to fallen trees. The Forth Road Bridge was closed for the first time since the 1998 Boxing Day Storm, and the Tay (Dundee) and Friarton (Perth) bridges were also closed to all traffic.
Renate 20061002|2–8 October 2006}}0999|999 hPa}}[84] A powerful storm battered the south west coast of France with gusts of 150 km/h in the coastal areas. The storm uprooted many trees, and many homes remained without power for many hours. Two people were badly injured in a helicopter crash. One person died in a house fire, which originated from a candle that he was using for illumination.
Britta 20061029|29 October–4 November 2006}}0979|979 hPa}}[85] In the afternoon of the second and in the night a storm made its way through the North Sea with gusts reaching 174 km/h in Denmark and southern Sweden. The countries affected were Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Germany and Scotland. The storm killed 15 people and detached an oil rig, which then was rescued and pulled back to safety.
Franz 20070110|10–13 January 2007}}0951|951 hPa}}[86]60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} and a gust of {{convert|94|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} was recorded in Benbecula late on 10 January. Additional hurricane-force gusts were recorded in Scotland. Gale-force winds were recorded in the south of the United Kingdom and in the Midlands, and gusts of over {{convert|50|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} affected the entire country. Northern areas received gusts of between 60 and {{convert|90|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. The depression was named Franz by the Free University of Berlin.

Six fatalities have been confirmed, along with several injuries. Five people were killed when a trawler sank off the coast near Wexford, in Ireland and another person was killed near Taunton, Somerset when a tree crushed his car. Another trawler went missing. Two survivors were recovered. One woman went missing after falling overboard on a ferry near Falmouth. A supermarket in Wales had its roof damaged, and residents across the United Kingdom reported other minor damage. 80,000 homes lost power in Wales. Flooding occurred in several areas, with several rivers overflowing. The Environment Agency issued 59 flood warnings.

Hanno (Per) 20070109|9–16 January 2007}}0965|965 hPa}}[87]90|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. Six people were reported dead in different storm-related accidents, thousands of trees were blown down, and thousands of households lost electricity. This storm also caused damage and flooding in Lithuania.
Kyrill 20070117|17–23 January 2007}}0963|963 hPa}}[88]73|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} swept the UK. Thirteen people were killed in Germany, with the weather station on top of the Brocken in the Saxony-Anhaltian Harz mountain range recording wind speeds of up to 121 mph (195 km/h). Direct damage in Germany was estimated to amount to €4.7 billion.[89] Five people were killed in the Netherlands and three in France. The gusts reached 151 km/h at the Cap Gris Nez and 130 km/h in many places in the north of France. In both Germany and the Netherlands the national railways were closed. At Frankfurt International Airport over 200 flights were cancelled.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
Uriah 20070623|23 June–1 July 2007}}0980|980 hPa}}[90] A rather unseasonal weather system brought gale-force winds to the UK, but was more memorable for causing severe flooding, with many areas receiving more than a months' rainfall in a single day. The storm exacerbated existing flooding problems (caused by violent thunderstorms a week earlier) and areas such as Sheffield were worst affected. Over 102 flood warnings were issued, and by 29 June, five people were dead, many areas flooded and there was severe damage to the Ulley reservoir, where cracks appeared in the dam wall, causing fears that it might collapse. 700 people were evacuated from the area. Over 3000 properties were flooded across the country and more than 3,500 people were evacuated from their homes. See June 2007 United Kingdom floods.
Tilo (Andrea) 20071106|6–11 November 2007}}0974|974 hPa}}[91]90|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} were reported, along with early snow for the Scottish highlands. The Northlink ferry company cancelled sailings between Lerwick and Aberdeen. There were also reports of trees and roofs being blown down, such as in Grampian. The combination of Northwesterly winds exceeding {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, low pressure and high spring tides led authorities to expect severe flooding in the east of England, to close the Thames Barrier. Many said that these conditions mirrored the North Sea Flood of 1953. In the Netherlands, the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier and the gigantic Maeslantkering (sealing off the Rotterdam harbor) were closed. For the first time since 1976, the entire coastline was put on alert and under round-the-clock surveillance. The tidal surge traveling down the North Sea turned out to be too weak to cause any significant problems to the strong Dutch coastal defenses.
Paula 20080124|24–27 January 2008}}0971|971 hPa}}[92] A strong European windstorm, Paula hit Poland, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. At least one person died in Poland.[93] The gusts reached 165 km/h in the Eastern Alps, 155 km/h in Poland, 150 km/h in Norway and 140 km/h in Germany.
Emma 20080228|28 February–7 March 2008}}0959|959 hPa}}[94] A strong European windstorm, Emma hit Germany, Austria, Czech Republic and Poland. At least 12 people died. The gusts reached 190 km/h in Eastern Alps, 170 km/h in Poland and 140 km/h in Germany and Czech Republic. The results were catastrophic.
Klaus 20090123|23–27 January 2009}}0963|963 hPa}}[95] A European windstorm that hit southern France and northern Spain, said to be the most damaging in the area since that of December 1999. The storm caused widespread damage across the countries, especially in northern Spain. Twelve fatalities have been reported as of 24 January, as well as extensive disruptions of public transport. Many homes lost power, including over a million in southwestern France. The gusts reached 206 km/h. Wildfires were also in Catalonia and Benidorm.
Quinten 20090208|8–13 February 2009}}0975|975 hPa}}[96] Severe windstorm across France, the Benelux and Germany in early February. Highest winds were recorded at the Feldberg-Mountain (Black Forest), Germany. Here the gusts reached 166 km/h.

Severe European windstorms between 2010 and 2014

Name (other name) Dates Minimum pressure Meteorological history
Xynthia 20100226|26 February–7 March 2010}}0967|967 hPa}}[97]228|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}). 50 people have been reported to have died.[98]
Becky and Carmen 20101119|7–19 November 2010}}0951|951 hPa}}[99] Becky originated from a low-pressure area that formed off the southeast coast of Greenland on 7 November 2010.[100] It moved rapidly towards the United Kingdom, deepening to 960 hPa on 8 November.[101] While Becky was making landfall on Cornwall on 9 November,[102] a low-pressure area over Nova Scotia was named Carmen.[102] By 10 November, Becky had weakened and become more elongated, Carmen had moved offshore and began strengthening.[103] On 11 November, Becky had been absorbed by Cyclone Anneli and Carmen had rapidly deepened to 965 hPa.[104] Carmen strengthened slightly on 12 November, while centred just offshore Aberdeen, Scotland.[105] On 13 November, it was centred over Scandinavia. It had split into two vortexes by that time.[106] It began moving rapidly to the northeast, and moved out of the Free University of Berlin's tracking charts on 16 November.
Ex-Hurricane Katia 20110911|11–18 September 2011}}0954|954 hPa}}[107][108] A maximum gust of {{convert>132|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} was recorded, and caused widespread power outages throughout Europe, as far east as Russia.[109]
Berit (Xaver) 20111122|22–29 November 2011}}0944|944 hPa}}[110][111] The center then said on 21 November that the wave had a 60% chance of becoming a subtropical cyclone, and was also gaining frontal characteristics.[112] The system then acquired extratropical features and on 22 November, it was named Xaver by the Free University of Berlin. Xaver then began a rapid strengthening phase, and deepened almost 30 millibars to {{convert>944|mb|inHg|abbr=on}}. Wind gusts reached {{convert|184|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in the Faroe Islands causing widespread damage.[113] One woman died after her car got blown into a loch in Scotland.[114]
Bawbag (Friedhelm) 20111207|7–13 December 2011}}0956|956 hPa}}[115]997|mb|inHg|abbr=on}}.[116] As the system moved into the North Atlantic Ocean, it was named Friedhelm by the Free University of Berlin. On 8 December at midnight, Friedhelm was located west of the British Isles with a central pressure of {{convert|977|mb|inHg|abbr=on}}.[117] By the next day, 9 December, the large system was located over the North Sea with a deep central pressure of {{convert|956|mb|inHg|abbr=on}}.[118] Friedhelm then weakened as it moved over Scandinavia.[119]

In preparation for the storm, the Met Office issued a red wind warning for the Scottish Central Belt.[120] Most schools in Scotland were closed by lunchtime.[121] The Forth, Tay, Erskine and Skye Bridges were all closed due to strong winds.[122] The summit of CairnGorm recorded a gust up to {{convert|165|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, also recording sustained winds up to {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.[123][124] As the storm moved into Scandinavia, the Swedish Meteorological Institute issued a Class 2 warning.[125]

The storm was named Friedhelm on 7 December by the Free University of Berlin and was named Bawbag in Scotland, which, became the most common name.

Hergen 20111211|11–19 December 2011}}0946|946 hPa}}[126][127] By the next day, Hergen intensified rapidly as it sped across the Atlantic, deepening to {{convert>980|mb|inHg|abbr=on}}. Bombing occurred within the center of the storm and it attained peak intensity on 13 December with a central pressure of {{convert|945|mb|inHg|abbr=on}}, equivalent to a category 4 hurricane. Hergen was so strong that it had absorbed the circulation of another low named 'Gunther'. By this time, the Cairn Gorm weather station had recorded a {{convert|111|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} wind gust.[127] As Hergen moved northeastwards, it began to weaken while located over the Shetland Isles on 14 December. The storm remained stationary until 16 December offshore the west coast of Norway. The vortex continued to weaken until it dissipated on 20 December.[127]
Joachim 20111215|15–21 December 2011}}0968|968 hPa}}[128] A low-pressure area formed north of Puerto Rico on 13 December and rapidly moved towards Europe. The storm caused power outages and travel disruption in France, Germany, and Switzerland.[129]
Patrick (Dagmar) 20111224|24–27 December 2011}}0964|964 hPa}}[130] Formed as secondary low to Cato, affecting central Norway,[131] Sweden[132] and Finland.[133] A F2 tornado was reported in Hellesylt, Norway.
Ulli (Emil) 20111231|31 December 2011–6 January 2012}}0952|952 hPa}}[134] A weak low pressure system formed over the Mid-west of the United States on 30 December. This low moved into the Atlantic Ocean the next day and was named Ulli by the FU-Berlin. On 2 January, the Met Office began issuing weather warnings for most of the country. Blizzard warnings were issued for northern Scotland, while a heavy rain advisory was issued for southern England.[135] SkyWarn UK also issued their first Particularly Dangerous Situation warning of the year, along with a severe weather warning.[136] The storm rapidly deepened 9 millibars in just less than six hours. One person was killed after an oak tree fell on his car.[137] This storm was described as the worst in Scotland since the Boxing Day Storm of 1998 by the UK Met Office.[138]
Andrea 20120103|3–9 January 2012}}0966|966 hPa}}[139]Closely following Cyclone Ulli, the first named storm of 2012 formed southwest of Iceland, moving down into the North Sea affecting UK, Netherlands, Denmark and Germany.[140]
Gong 20130118|18–24 January 2013}}0968|968 hPa}}[5]29|m/s|km/h}} and {{convert|32.3|m/s|km/h}}. Widespread fallen trees and power cables left more than 1 million people without power.[141]
Christian (Saint Jude Day storm)[142] 20131026|26–31 October 2013}}0965|965 hPa}}[143]Named after the feast of Saint Jude the Apostle on 28 October, impact N Europe from 27 October. The storm was widely reported in the British press on 25 October, with predicted intensity comparisons made to the Great storm of 1987 and the Burns' Day storm of 1990. It hit the UK, and parts of northern Europe with gusts of up to 120 mph recorded in Denmark. More than 10 people were killed in the storm.
Nordic Storm Series 2013 13 November – 19 December 2013 0971|971 hPa}}[144]

A series of storms affected the Nordic Nations during November and December as high pressure over Europe directed westerly flow over the Atlantic to Northern Europe.

  • Hilde (Otto/Eino) – 13–19 November 2013. 971 hPa.[144] The Norwegian meteorological institute issued an extreme weather warning over Hilde, expecting gusts up to 45 m/s to hit central Norway on 16 November.
  • Oskari (Vincenc) – 29 November – 4 December 2013. 976 hPa.[145] Named by the Finnish Meteorological Institute.
  • Ivar (Seija)[146] – 10–17 December 2013. 977 hPa.[147] With a route and intensity similar to Hilde, Ivar once again brought hurricane-force winds to central Norway. In Sweden the storm left 55,000 across Norrland without power.[148] Near record level winds were reported from Finland, where 200,000 were left without power.[149] Estonia saw winds up to 115 km/h and 45,000 homes without electricity.[150]
  • Zaki – 12–16 December 2013 and Adam 14–19 December 2013. 952 hPa.[151] Faroese authorities measured at Oyndarfjørður on the island of Eysturoy extreme gusts measured at {{convert|73.9|m/s|km/h}} which, according to official measurements may be a new record, higher than {{convert |66.9|m/s|km/h}} recorded at Mykines in March 1997.[152] Though local orographic effects may prevent this wind speed reaching the record books.[152]
Xaver (Bodil)[153]20130312|4–11 December 2013}}0962|962 hPa}}[154] Force 12 winds were forecast over the North Sea on 5 December. The system impacted densely populated areas in the UK, Denmark, Sweden, Germany and Poland.
2013–2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe 20131221|17 December 2013–20 February 2014}}0927|927 hPa}}
  • Bernd (Emily)[155] – {{Sort|20131217|17–21 December 2013}}. {{Sort|0941|941 hPa}}.[156] An area of low pressure from the Atlantic brought wind gusts to the west of Ireland of {{convert|133|km/h|mph}} causing power outages to 22,000 homes, and widespread disruption. Eight people were injured with one fatality reported in the country. The low also brought strong winds across Scotland and areas of England where one person was reported missing after falling from a cargo ship into the river Trent. Flood warnings were also raised across Scotland and Southwest England.[157]
  • Dirk – 21–28 December 2013. {{Sort|0927|927 hPa}}.[158][159] The UK Met Office issued national severe weather warnings for wind and rain across southwest and northern areas of the UK for 23 and 24 December.[160]
  • Erich – 25 December 2013 – 1 January 2014. 945 hPa.[156]
  • Weather fronts associated with the lows Felix and Gerhard passed over the UK (30–31 December and 2 January), which brought further rainfall and some stormy conditions.
  • Anne – 1–6 January 2014. 949 hPa.[156] Anne was a winter storm that affected western Europe bringing storm surges along the coasts of France and the United Kingdom on high spring tides a month after Cyclone Xaver brought surges during the previous peak tides to northern Europe.
  • Christina – 3–10 January 2014. 934 hPa.[156] An area of low pressure responsible for a winter storm in the USA and Canada moved over the Atlantic and was named Christina by the Free University Berlin on 3 January.
  • Nadja (Brigid) – 29 January – 5 February 2014. 945 hPa.[161] Coastal flooding and damaging seas from Scotland to Spain, reports of a missing teenager in northern Spain[162] and woman washed away on the south coast of the UK.
  • Petra – 3–8 February 2014. 950 hPa.[163] Another coastal event with high seas washing away the railway line at Dawlish, Devon closing the Exeter to Plymouth line. Coastal flooding and high waves from Ireland to Spain, with Cork flooded again. The Cargo ship Luno is washed ashore and breaks in two near Bayonne, France raising fears of a pollution incident.
  • Qumaira – 4–8 February 2014. 975 hPa.[164] 36 French departments were placed on orange alert, with further flooding across Brittany, a wind gust of {{convert|128|km/h|mph}} was recorded at I'lle d'Yeu, Vendée.[165]
  • Ruth (Charlie) – 6–11 February 2014. 945 hPa.[166] Mumbles, near Swansea recorded a high wind of {{convert|78|mph|km/h}}, Ciloerwent in Powys recorded a rainfall total of 32 mm over 12 hours.[167]
  • Stephanie – 8–15 February 2014. 981 hPa.[168] Taking a more southerly track than most recent areas of low pressure, impacting the Iberian Peninsula and southern France before heading across the Mediterranean towards Italy. The Portuguese weather institute put the entire coast of Portugal on red alert on account of expected high seas and gale-force winds.[169]
  • Tini (Darwin) – 10–17 February 2014. 960 hPa.[170] The UK Met Office issued a rare red warning of wind for North Wales and north western England. Met Eireann issued a red alert for southwest Ireland in counties Cork and Kerry.
  • Ulla – 12–20 February 2014. 960 hPa.[171] In the UK the winds from Ulla were weaker than from Tini.[172] Thirty people were evacuated from a waterfront restaurant in Milford during a Valentine's Day meal after the windows were smashed down by high seas and winds.[172] 140,000 without power in the wake of the storm in the UK.[172]
Nordic Spring Storms 20140308|8–24 March 2014}} The first three weeks of March 2014 saw areas of low pressure repeatedly cross Norway from the North Atlantic, coming in from the Norwegian Sea across to the Barents Sea. These storms brought with them warm and humid/moist air from the south west.[173]
  • Jorun (Norway) (unnamed by FUB) – In early March high pressure built over UK and western Europe for first time in months (since December), directing the Atlantic storm path to the north.[174] An area of low pressure designated extreme weather and named Jorun by Norwegian Meteorological Institute on 8 March 2014 brought hurricane-force winds to northern Norway.
  • Kyrre (Norway) – Another extreme weather event named by Norwegian Meteorological Institute as Kyrre affected north (Nordland and Troms) Norway on 13–14 March with extreme precipitation and wind. Up to 90 mm fell in 24 hours, flooding, landslides and closing roads in Nordland and Troms.[173]
  • Carl (DMI) Ev (FUB) – 14–15 March. An intense low pressure brought high winds which damaged buildings and forestry in southern Norway on 14 March, with Hordaland recording the strongest winds in 20 years.[173] though the low didn't reach hurricane strength in Denmark.[175] Investigated by Perils AG and non-qualifying (losses less than €200 million).
  • Pentti (FMI) Hannelore III (FUB) – On 21–22 March, an area of low pressure drew across western Norway. In Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane many places saw more than 100 mm of precipitation in 24 hours, resulting in several landslides, which among other things led to five homes being evacuated in Nordheimsund. From 24 March an area of high pressure began to build across southern and mid Norway.[173] The low passed over Finland leaving 20,000 without power.[176]
Lena (Ursula)201403008|7–11 August 2014}}985|985 hPa}}42.0|m/s|km/h}} was recorded at Kråkenes Lighthouse.[177][178]
Alexandra & Billie 20141207|7–15 December 2014}}950|950 hPa}}[179]
{{Sort|975|975 hPa}}[180]
  • Explosive cyclogenesis over North Atlantic brought severe winds, flooding and thunderstorms to the northwestern parts of the UK. More than 30 000 households were left without power.[181]
  • A secondary low to Alexandra named Billie by FUB was named by SMHI as Alexander formed over southern England and developed en route to the Baltic region.[182] Two people were killed in Germany.[183]

Severe European windstorms since 2015

Name (other name) Dates Minimum pressure Meteorological history
Elon, Felix & Hermann 10150107|7–19 January 2015}}970|970 hPa}}[184]
{{Sort|955|955 hPa}}[185]
{{Sort|950|950 hPa}}[186]
  • Elon (Dagmar)[187] A gust of {{convert|113|mph|km/h}} was recorded in Stornoway, Isle of Lewis – the strongest gust since the station first began recording in 1970.[188]
  • Felix (Egon)[189] Also named as extreme weather Nina in Norway.[190]
  • Hermann, named Rachel by a private UK forecaster, which was used in some news media.[191]
Ole 20150206|6–9 February 2015}} 965 hPa Ole named by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (Othmar FUB, Laina Finland) brought record breaking winds to some locations in Northern Norway and Swedish Lapland.[192][193]
Niklas 20150329|29 March–3 April 2015}} 971.4 hPa[194] Niklas is believed to be one of the strongest storms in Germany in recent years,[195] preceded by the low Mike which also brought hurricane strength winds to Europe. also named Lentestorm (spring storm) by KNMI, affected areas of western and central Europe with widespread disruption to air, shipping and road transport at the end of March 2015. The storm also caused forestry and property damage, power outages, and led to the loss of several lives.
Zeljko 20150722|22–30 July 2015}} 995 hPa An unusually strong storm developed over the North Sea for the time of year, which according to KNMI is the strongest storm of its type witnessed in the Netherlands during summer.[196][197](NL)
Uwe 20151206|6–11 December 2015}} 944 hPa [198] A severe storm affected Iceland, and was given the local name Diddú on Twitter.[199][200] The storm brought maximum wind gusts of 72.6 m/s (over 160 mph) to the East Iceland weather station at Hallormsstaðaháls, with hurricane-force winds reported from 33 weather stations in the country, and was the worst storm to affect Iceland since 1991.[199][201]
Egon 20170112|12–13 January 2017}} 981 hPa Egon was the first storm to surpass the Perils.org reporting threshold of €200 million since storm Niklas in 2015.[202]
Thomas (Doris) 20170223|23–28 February 2017}} 974 hPa [203]
Zeus 20170106|5–8 March 2017}} 996 hPa Zeus affected France on a trajectory stretching from Brittany to the Italian border. Zeus was not named by a national meteorological agency but was widely used in French media, believed to be a misappellation of another low named by the Free University of Berlin charts
Xavier 20171004|4–6 October 2017}} 985 hPa
Ex‑Ophelia 20171016|16–17 October 2017}} 959 hPa
Herwart 20171028|28–29 October 2017}} 970 hPa
Eleanor (Burglind) 20180102|2–3 January 2018}} 966 hPa
Friederike (David) 20180118|18 January 2018}} 974 hPa Schiphol closed. Record winds recorded in Rotterdam. Deutsche Bahn cancelled all long distance services. At least 10 dead in Germany.[204] Record winds recorded at Brocken: 203 km/h. Damage estimated at 1 billion EUR[205] to 2.6 billion EUR[206]. Deutsche Bahn has decided to hire an additional 150 foresters because of damaged incurred by the storm.[207]
2018–19 European windstorm season

See also

  • European windstorm
  • Extratropical cyclone
  • Tropical cyclone effects in Europe
  • 2015–16 UK and Ireland windstorm season

References

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136. ^{{cite web|title=SkyWarn UK weather warning |url=http://skywarn.org.uk/current.html |work=SkyWarn UK |accessdate=2 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64Oohgn9S?url=http://skywarn.org.uk/current.html |archivedate= 2 January 2012 |df= }}
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162. ^{{cite news|title=Teenager missing as fierce storms lash Spain|url=http://www.thelocal.es/20140205/teenager-missing-as-fierce-seas-lash-spain|accessdate=5 February 2014|newspaper=The Local es|date=3 February 2014}}
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164. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.met.fu-berlin.de/de/wetter/maps/Prognose_20140206.gif|title=February 7, 2014 surface analysis|accessdate=15 February 2014|work=Free University Berlin}}
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166. ^{{cite web|title=February 8, 2014 surface analysis|url=http://www.met.fu-berlin.de/de/wetter/maps/Analyse_20140208.gif|accessdate=15 February 2014|work=Free University Berlin}}
167. ^{{cite news|last=Mainwaring|first=Rachel|title=Wales weather: Storm Ruth batters the country, causing flooding, power delays and traffic chaos|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/wales-weather-storm-ruth-batters-6688463|accessdate=14 February 2014|newspaper=Wales Online|date=9 February 2014}}
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177. ^{{cite news|title=Ekstremværet Lena har blåst fra seg|url=http://met.no/Ekstremv%C3%A6ret+Lena+har+bl%C3%A5st+fra+seg.b7C_xdnIYb.ips|accessdate=10 August 2014|publisher=Norwegian Meteorological Institute|date=10 August 2014|language=Norwegian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812211656/http://met.no/Ekstremv%C3%A6ret+Lena+har+bl%C3%A5st+fra+seg.b7C_xdnIYb.ips|archive-date=12 August 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
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187. ^{{cite news|last1=Siewertsen|first1=Bjarne|title=Stormen hedder Dagmar|url=http://www.dmi.dk/nyheder/arkiv/nyheder-2015/01/stormen-hedder-dagmar/|accessdate=9 January 2015|publisher=DMI|date=8 January 2015|language=Danish}}
188. ^{{cite news|last1=Duffy|first1=Owen|title=Engineers battle to reopen Scotland's railways after 110mph winds|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/09/scotland-railways-reopen-after-110mph-winds|accessdate=9 January 2015|publisher=Guardian|date=9 January 2015}}
189. ^{{cite news|title=Weekendens anden storm hedder Egon|url=http://www.dmi.dk/nyheder/arkiv/nyheder-2015/01/weekendens-anden-storm-hedder-egon/|accessdate=9 January 2015|publisher=DMI|date=9 January 2015|language=Danish}}
190. ^{{cite news|last1=Bækken|first1=Trond Ivar|title=Lørdag kommer "Nina"|url=http://artikkel.yr.no/lordag-kommer-_nina_-1.12141167|accessdate=9 January 2015|publisher=yr.no|date=9 January 2015|language=Norwegian}}
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192. ^{{cite news|title=Ole gav några nya vindrekord i norr|url=http://www.smhi.se/nyhetsarkiv/ole-gav-nagra-nya-vindrekord-i-norr-1.84643|accessdate=9 February 2015|publisher=SMHI|date=9 February 2015|language=Swedish}}
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194. ^{{cite news|last1=Haeseler |first1=Susanne |last2=Lefebvre |first2=Christiana |title=Orkantief NIKLAS wütet am 31.März 2015 über Deutschland |url=http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/generator/DWDWWW/Content/Oeffentlichkeit/KU/KU2/KU24/besondere__ereignisse__global/stuerme/20150331__NIKLAS__deutschland,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/20150331_NIKLAS_deutschland.pdf |accessdate=1 April 2015 |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |date=1 April 2015 |language=German }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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203. ^{{cite news|title=European windstorm Thomas/Doris could be costliest of season|url=http://www.artemis.bm/blog/2017/02/24/european-windstorm-thomasdoris-could-be-costliest-of-season/|accessdate=23 August 2017|publisher=Artemis.bm - The Catastrophe Bond, Insurance Linked Securities & Investment, Reinsurance Capital, Alternative Risk Transfer and Weather Risk Management Blog|date=24 February 2017}}
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External links

  • Free University Berlin Adopt a Vortex
  • Met Office, University of Exeter & University of Reading: Extreme Wind Storms Catalogue
  • Météo-France: Notable storms in France {{fr icon}}
  • Graph of notable storms in France since 1980
  • Météo-France Historic Storms (in French)
  • KNMI list of severe storms
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131358/https://www.met.no/vaer-og-klima/farevarsel-og-ekstremvaer/norske-ekstremvaer-far-navn List of extreme weather events named by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute] {{no icon}}
  • Stormar i Sverige (Storms in Sweden) {{sv icon}}
  • DMI; Storms in Denmark Since 1891 (continuously updated)
{{European windstorms}}{{DEFAULTSORT:European Windstorm}}

3 : Extratropical cyclones|Weather hazards|European windstorms
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