释义 |
- Shorter than 1 ym
- 1 ym to 1 zm
- 1 zm to 1 am
- 1 am to 1 fm
- 1 fm to 1 pm
- 1 picometre
- 10 picometres
- 100 picometres
- 10 nanometres 1x10−9m
- 100 nanometres
- 1 micrometre
- 10 micrometres
- 100 micrometres
- 1 millimetre
- 1 centimeter
- 1 decimetre Conversions Wavelengths Human-defined scales and structures Nature
- Longer
- 1 gigametre
- Longer
- See also
- Notes
- References
{{main|Orders of magnitude (length)}}This is a list of examples of lengths, in metres in order to give an understanding of lengths. {{TOC right}} Shorter than 1 ym - {{val|1.62|e=-35}} metres = the Planck length
1 ym to 1 zm - {{val|1|e=-24}} metres = 1 ym = 1 yoctometre, the smallest named subdivision of the metre in the SI base unit of length.
- {{val|1|e=-23}} metres = 10 ym
- {{val|2|e=-23}} metres = 20 ym, the effective cross-section radius of 1 MeV neutrinos as measured by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines[1]
1 zm to 1 am - {{val|1|e=-21}} metres = 1 zm = 1 zeptometre = {{val|1000}} yoctometres
- {{val|2|e=-21}} metres = radius of effective cross section for a 20 GeV neutrino scattering off a nucleon[2]
- {{val|7|e=-21}} metres = radius of effective cross section for a 250 GeV neutrino scattering off a nucleon[2]
- {{val|1|e=-20}} metres = 10 zm
- {{val|1|e=-19}} metres = 100 zm
- 310 zm — de Broglie wavelength of protons at the Large Hadron Collider (4 TeV as of 2012)
1 am to 1 fm - {{val|1|e=-18}} metres = 1 am = 1 attometre = {{val|1000}} zeptometres
- 1 am — sensitivity of the LIGO detector for gravitational waves
- {{val|1|e=-17}} metres = 10 am
- {{val|1|e=-16}} metres = 100 am
- 0.85 fm — approximate proton radius[3]
1 fm to 1 pm - {{val|1|e=-15}} metres = 1 fm = 1 femtometre = {{val|1000}} attometres
- 1.5 fm — diameter of the Scattering Cross Section of an 11 MeV proton with a target proton[5]
- {{val|2.81794|u=fm}} — classical electron radius[4]
- 7 fm - the radius of the effective scattering cross section for a gold nucleus scattering a 6 MeV alpha particle over 140 degrees[5]
- {{val|1|e=-14}} metres = 10 fm
- {{val|1|e=-13}} metres = 100 fm
- {{val|1|e=-12}} metres = 1 pm = 1 picometre = {{val|1000}} femtometres
1 picometreLengths between 10−12 and 10−11 m (1 and 10 pm). - 1 pm = 1 picometre = {{val|1000}} femtometres
- 1 pm = distance between atomic nuclei in a white dwarf star
- 2.4 pm — The Compton wavelength of the electron.
- 5 pm — shorter X-ray wavelengths (approx.)
10 picometresLengths between 10−11 and 10−10 m (10 pm and 100 pm). - 25 pm — empirical radius of hydrogen atom[6]
- 28 pm — covalent radius of helium atom[9]
- 31 pm — covalent radius of hydrogen atom[6]
- 31 pm — calculated radius of helium atom[7]
- ~50 pm — best resolution of a high-resolution transmission electron microscope[8]
- 53 pm — calculated radius of hydrogen atom[6]
100 picometreslengths between 10−10 and 10−9 m (100 pm and 1 nm). - 100 pm — 1 angstrom
- 100 pm — covalent radius of sulfur atom[9]
- 120 pm — van der Waals radius of a neutral hydrogen atom[10]
- 126 pm — covalent radius of ruthenium atom
- 135 pm — covalent radius of technetium atom
- 153 pm — covalent radius of silver atom
- 154 pm — mode length of (C-C) covalent bond
- 155 pm — covalent radius of zirconium atom
- 175 pm — covalent radius of thulium atom
- 200 pm — highest resolution of a typical electron microscope[11]
- 225 pm — covalent radius of caesium atom
- 340 pm — thickness of single layer graphene
- 356.68 pm — width of diamond cell (unit cell)
- 403 pm — width of lithium fluoride cell
- 500 pm — width of α helix protein
- 560 pm — width of sodium chloride cell
- 700 pm — width of glucose molecule
- 780 pm — mean width of quartz cell
- 820 pm — mean width of ice cell
- 900 pm — mean width of coesite cell
- 900 pm — width of sucrose molecule
10 nanometres 1x10−9mTo help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−8 and 10−7 m (10 and 100 nm). - 10 nm = 10 nanometres = 10−8 metres
- 10 nm — lower size of tobacco smoke[13]
- 10 nm Shortest extreme ultraviolet wavelength or longest X-ray wavelength[14]
- 11 nm — the average half-pitch of a memory cell speculated to be manufactured in 2015.
- 16 nm — technology is projected to be reached by semiconductor companies in the 2013 timeframe
- 18 nm — diameter of tobacco mosaic virus[15] {{citation needed span|text=(Generally, viruses range in size from 20 nm to 450 nm.)|date=February 2009}}
- 20 nm — width of bacterial flagellum[16]
- 20 nm to 80 nm — thickness of cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria[17]
- 22 nm — Smallest feature size of production microprocessors in September 2009[18]
- 22 nm — the average half-pitch of a memory cell expected to be manufactured at around the 2011–2011 time frame.
- 30 nm — lower size of cooking oil smoke[13]
- 32 nm — the average half-pitch of a memory cell manufactured at around the 2009–2010 time frame.
- 45 nm — the average half-pitch of a memory cell manufactured at around the 2007–2008 time frame.
- 50 nm — upper size for airborne virus particles[13]
- 50 nm — flying height of the head of a hard disk[19]
- 65 nm — the average half-pitch of a memory cell manufactured at around the 2005–2006 time frame.
- 90 nm — the average half-pitch of a memory cell manufactured at around the 2002–2003 time frame.
- {{citation needed span|text=100 nm — larger than 90% of the particles of wood smoke|date=December 2008}} (ranges from 7 to 3000 nanometres)[13]
100 nanometresLengths between 10−7 and 10−6 m (100 nm and 1 µm). - 100 nm — greatest particle size that can fit through a surgical mask[20]
- {{citation needed span|text=100 nm — 90% of particles in wood smoke are smaller than this.|date=December 2008}}
- {{citation needed span|text=120 nm — greatest particle size that can fit through a ULPA filter|date=December 2008}}
- 120 nm — diameter of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [21]
- 125 nm — standard depth of pits on compact discs (width: 500 nm, length: 850 nm to 3.5 µm)
- 180 nm — typical length of the rabies virus
- 200 nm — typical size of a Mycoplasma bacterium, among the smallest bacteria
- 300-400 nm — near ultraviolet wavelength
- {{citation needed span|text=300 nm — greatest particle size that can fit through a HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filter (N100 removes up to 99.97% at 0.3 micrometres, N95 removes up to 95% at 0.3 micrometres)|date=December 2008}}
- 400–420 nm — wavelength of violet light
- 420–440 nm — wavelength of indigo light
- 440–500 nm — wavelength of blue light
- 500–520 nm — wavelength of cyan light
- 520–565 nm — wavelength of green light
- 565–590 nm — wavelength of yellow light
- 590–625 nm — wavelength of orange light
- 625–700 nm — wavelength of red light
- 700–1400 nm — wavelength of near-infrared radiation
{{see also|colour|optical spectrum}}1 micrometre{{Orders of magnitude (length) imagemap human-scale}}To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists some items with lengths between 10−6 and 10−5 m (between 1 and 10 micrometres, or µm). - ~0.7–300 µm — Wavelength of infrared radiation
- 1 µm — the side of square of area 10−12 m2
- 1 µm — edge of cube of volume 10−18 m3 (one femtolitre)
- 1–10 µm — diameter of a typical bacterium
- 1.55 µm — wavelength of light used in optical fibre
- 3–4 µm — size of a typical yeast cell
- 5 µm — length of a typical human spermatozoon's head[22]
- 6 µm — anthrax spore
- 7 µm — diameter of the nucleus of a typical eukaryotic cell
- about 7 μm — diameter of human red blood cells[23]
- 3–8 µm — width of strand of spider web silk[24]
- 8 µm — width of a chloroplast
- 9 µm — thickness of the tape in a 120-minute compact cassette.
- about 10 µm — size of a fog, mist or cloud water droplet
10 micrometresTo help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists lengths between 10−5 and 10−4 m (10 µm and 100 µm). - 10 µm — width of cotton fibre[25]
- 10 µm — transistor width of the Intel 4004, the world's first commercial microprocessor
- 10 µm — mean longest dimension of a human red blood cell
- 5–20 µm — dust mite excreta[26]
- 10.6 µm — wavelength of light emitted by a carbon dioxide laser
- 15 µm — width of silk fibre
- 16 µm — diameter of a micromirror in a typical Digital micromirror device
- 17 µm — length of a tobacco mosaic virus
- 17 µm — minimum width of a strand of human hair[27]
- 17.6 µm — one twip, a unit of length in typography
- 10 to 55 µm — width of wool fibre[25]
- 25.4 µm — 1/1000 inch, commonly referred to as 1 mil in the U.S. and 1 thou in the UK
- {{citation needed span|text=30–50 µm — diameter of a minicolumn in the human cortex|date=December 2010}}
- 50 µm — typical length of Euglena gracilis, a flagellate protist
- 50 µm — typical length of a human liver cell, an average-sized body cell
- 78 µm — width of a pixel on the display of the iPhone 4, marketed as Retina Display[28]
- 90 µm — paper thickness in average
- 1 myriometre, Distances shorter than 100 µm
100 micrometresTo help compare different orders of magnitude, this page lists lengths between 10−4 and 10−3 m (100 µm and 1 mm). - 100 µm – 1/10 of a millimetre
- 100 µm – 0.00394 inches
- 100 µm – average diameter of a strand of human hair[27]
- 100 µm – thickness of a coat of paint
- 100 µm – length of a dust particle
- 120 µm – diameter of a human ovum
- 170 µm – length of the largest mammalian sperm cell (rat)[29]
- 181 µm – maximum width of a strand of human hair[27]
- 100–400 µm – length of Demodex mites living in human hair follicles
- 200 µm – typical length of Paramecium caudatum, a ciliate protist
- 250–300 µm – length of a dust mite[30]
- 340 µm – length of a single pixel on a 17-inch monitor with a resolution of 1024×768
- 500 µm – typical length of Amoeba proteus, an amoeboid protist
- {{citation needed span|text=500 µm – MEMS micro-engine|date=February 2009}}
- 560 µm - thickness of the central area of a human cornea[31]
- 760 µm – thickness of a credit card
1 millimetreTo help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−3 and 10−2 m (1 mm and 1 cm). - 1.0 mm — {{sfrac|{{val|1000}}}} of a metre
- 1.0 mm — {{val|0.03937}} inches or {{frac|5|127}} (exactly)
- 1.0 mm — side of square of area 1 mm2
- 1.0 mm — diameter of a pinhead
- 1.5 mm — length of average flea
- 2.54 mm — distance between pins on old DIP (dual-inline-package) electronic components
- 5 mm — length of average red ant
- 5.56×45mm NATO — standard ammunition size
- 7.62×51mm NATO — common military ammunition size
1 centimeter{{Orders of magnitude (length) imagemap human-scale}}Lengths between 10−2 and 10−1 m (1and 10 cm). - 1 cm — 10 millimetres
- 1 cm — 0.39 inches
- 1 cm — edge of square of area 1 cm2
- 1 cm — edge of cube of volume 1 ml
- 1 cm — approximate width of average fingernail
- 1.5 cm — length of a very large mosquito
- 2 cm — approximate width of an adult human finger
- 2.54 cm — 1 inch
- 3.1 cm — 1 attoparsec (10−18 parsecs)
- 3.5 cm — width of film commonly used in motion pictures and still photography
- 4.3 cm — minimum diameter of a golf ball[32]
- 7.3-7.5 cm — diameter of a baseball[33]
- 8.6 cm × 5.4 cm — dimensions of a typical credit card[34]
1 decimetreLengths between 10 and 100 centimetres (10−1 and 1 metre). Conversions10 centimetres (abbreviated to 10 cm) is equal to - 1 decimetre (dm), a term not in common use
- 100 millimetres
- 3.9 inches
- A side of a square of area 0.01 m2 [35]
- The edge of a cube with a volume of {{val|1|e=-3|u=m3}}[35] (one litre)
Wavelengths- 10 cm = 1.0 dm[35] – wavelength of the highest UHF radio frequency, 3 GHz
- 12 cm = 1.2 dm – wavelength of the 2.45 GHz ISM radio band
- 21 cm = 2.1 dm – wavelength of the 1.4 GHz hydrogen emission line, a hyperfine transition of the hydrogen atom
- 100 cm = 10 dm – wavelength of the lowest UHF radio frequency, 300 MHz
Human-defined scales and structures- 10.16 cm = 1.016 dm — 1 hand used in measuring height of horses (4 inches)
- 12 cm = 1.2 dm — diameter of a Compact Disc (CD) (= 120 mm)
- 15 cm = 1.5 dm — length of a Bic pen with cap on
- 22 cm = 2.2 dm — diameter of a typical soccer ball
- 30.48 cm = 3.048 dm — 1 foot
- 30 cm = 3 dm — typical school-use ruler length (= 300 mm)
- 60 cm = 6 dm — standard depth (front to back) of a domestic kitchen worktop in Europe (= 600 mm)
- 90 cm = 9 dm — average length of a rapier, a fencing sword[36]
- 91.44 cm = 9.144 dm — one yard
- Cigarettes 100 mm (4 in) in length
Nature- {{citation needed span|text=10 cm = 1 dm — diameter of the human cervix upon entering the second stage of labour|date=June 2011}}
- {{citation needed span|text=15 cm = 1.5 dm — approximate size of largest beetle species|date=February 2009}}
- {{citation needed span|text=29 cm = 2.9 dm — length of average human foot|date=July 2009|reason=Also, are we only considering adult men or also adult women?}}
- 29.98 cm = distance light travels in one nanosecond
- {{citation needed span|text=31 cm = 3.1 dm — wingspan of largest butterfly species Ornithoptera alexandrae|date=February 2009}}
- {{citation needed span|text=50 to 65 cm — a pizote's tail|date=February 2009}}
- 66 cm — length of the longest pine cones (produced by the sugar pine[37])
Longer- 1 metre
- 1 decametre
- 1 hectometre
- 1 kilometre
- 1 myriametre
- 100 kilometres
- 1 megametre
- 10 megametres
- 100 megametres
1 gigametre{{Orders of magnitude (length) imagemap astronomical-scale}}Lengths starting at 109 metres (1 gigametre (Gm) or 1 million kilometres). Distances shorter than 109 metres- 1.4 Gm — Diameter of Sun[38]
- 1.5 Gm — (proposed) Expected orbit from Earth of the James Webb Space Telescope
- 2.19 Gm — Closest approach of Comet Lexell to Earth, happened on 1 July 1770; closest comet approach on record
- 3 Gm — Total length of "wiring" in the human brain.[39]
- 4.2 Gm — Diameter of Algol B
- 5.0 Gm — Closest approach of Comet Halley to Earth, happened on 10 April 837
- 5.0 Gm — (proposed) Size of the arms of the giant triangle shaped Michelson interferometer of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) planned to start observations in or around 2015.
- 7.9 Gm — Diameter of Gamma Orionis
- 9.0 Gm — Estimated diameter of the event horizon of Sagittarius A, the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy
Longer- 10 gigametres
- 100 gigametres
- 1 terametre
- 10 terametres
- 100 terametres
- 1 petametre
- 10 petametres
- 100 petametres
- 1 exametre
- 10 exametres
- 100 exametres
- 1 zettametre
- 10 zettametres
- 100 zettametres
- 1 yottametre
- 10 yottametres
- 100 yottametres
- 1 kilometer
See also- Length
- Orders of magnitude (length)
Notes1. ^{{cite web |author=Carl R. Nave |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/cowan.html#c1 |title=Cowan and Reines Neutrino Experiment |accessdate=2008-12-04}} ({{val|6.3|e=-44|u=cm2}}, which gives an effective radius of about {{val|2|e=-23|u=m}}) 2. ^1 {{cite web |author=Carl R. Nave |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/neutrino3.html#c2 |title=Neutron Absorption Cross-sections |accessdate=2008-12-04}} (area for 20 GeV about {{val|1|e=-41|u=m2}} gives effective radius of about {{val|2|e=-21|u=m}}; for 250 GeV about {{val|1.5|e=-40|u=m2}} gives effective radius of about {{val|7|e=-21|u=m}}) 3. ^{{cite journal |doi= 10.1038/nature09250 |title= The size of the proton |author1=Randolf Pohl |author2=Aldo Antognini |author3=François Nez |author4=Fernando D. Amaro |author5=François Biraben |author6=João M. R. Cardoso |author7=Daniel S. Covita |author8=Andreas Dax |author9=Satish Dhawan |author10=Luis M. P. Fernandes |author11=Adolf Giesen |author12=Thomas Graf |author13=Theodor W. Hänsch |author14=Paul Indelicato |author15=Lucile Julien |author16=Cheng-Yang Kao |author17=Paul Knowles |author18=Eric-Olivier Le Bigot |author19=Yi-Wei Liu |author20=José A. M. Lopes |author21=Livia Ludhova |author22=Cristina M. B. Monteiro |author23=Françoise Mulhauser |author24=Tobias Nebel |author25=Paul Rabinowitz |display-authors =etal |date= 8 July 2010|journal=Nature |volume=466 |issue= 7303 |pages =213–216 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/abs/nature09250.html | accessdate=2010-07-09 |pmid= 20613837 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..213P}} 4. ^NIST. CODATA Value: classical electron radius. Retrieved 2009-02-10 5. ^1 {{cite web |author=Carl R. Nave |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/crosec.html |title= Scattering Cross Section |accessdate=2009-02-10}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web |author=Mark Winter |title=WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Hydrogen / radii |url=http://www.webelements.com/hydrogen/atom_sizes.html |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-12-06| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081218213512/http://www.webelements.com/hydrogen/atom_sizes.html| archivedate= 18 December 2008 }} 7. ^1 {{cite web |author=Mark Winter |title=WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Helium / radii |url=http://www.webelements.com/helium/atom_sizes.html |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-12-06| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081219030040/http://www.webelements.com/helium/atom_sizes.html| archivedate= 19 December 2008 }} 8. ^http://rdmag.com/Community/Blogs/RDBlog/Twists-and-turns-keep-TEM-on-top/ 9. ^{{cite web |author=Mark Winter |title=WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Sulfur / Radii |url=http://www.webelements.com/sulfur/atom_sizes.html |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-12-06| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081211084435/http://www.webelements.com/sulfur/atom_sizes.html| archivedate= 11 December 2008 }} 10. ^{{cite web |author=Mark Winter |title=WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Periodicity / Van der Waals radius / periodicity |url=http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/van_der_waals_radius/ |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-12-06| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081219170602/http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/van_der_waals_radius/| archivedate= 19 December 2008 }} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Resolution of an Electron Microscope |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2000/IlyaSherman.shtml |work= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gOzHewWJ?url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2000/IlyaSherman.shtml |archivedate=2009-04-29 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-04-25 |df= }} 12. ^{{cite book|title=Industrial metrology|author=Graham T. Smith|pages=253|publisher= Springer|year=2002|isbn=978-1-85233-507-6}} 13. ^1 2 3 Annis, Patty J. October 1991. Kansas State University. Fine Particle POLLUTION. Figure 1. (tobacco smoke: 10 to {{val|1000|u=nm}}; virus particles: 3 to 50 nm; bacteria: 30 to {{val|30000|u=nm}}; cooking oil smoke: 30 to {{val|30000|u=nm}}; wood smoke: 7 to {{val|3000|u=nm}}) 14. ^Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy 15. ^{{cite book | author = Stryer, Lubert | title = Biochemistry | publisher = W.H. Freeman | location = San Francisco | year = 1988 | isbn = 0-7167-1843-X }} 16. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Kojima S, Blair D |title=The bacterial flagellar motor: structure and function of a complex molecular machine |journal=Int Rev Cytol |volume=233 |pages=93–134 |year=2004|pmid=15037363 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7696(04)33003-2 |series=International Review of Cytology |isbn=978-0-12-364637-8}} 17. ^Microbiology Text.com 18. ^http://www.physorg.com/news172852816.html accessed 2009.09.21 19. ^{{cite web|url =http://www.helpwithpcs.com/courses/hard-drive-mechanics.htm |website = Help With PCs|title = Hard drive basics: Capacities, RPM speeds, interfaces and mechanics}} 20. ^Electrospray versus Nebulization for Aerosolization and Filter Testing with Bacteriophage Particles. In-Depth Article. Retrieved September 15, 2010. Aerosol Science and Technology, Volume 43, Issue 4 April 2009, pages 298 - 304. 21. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=51ozlZRBvQwC&pg=SL24-PA111 |title =Textbook Of Pharmacology |editor1-first= SD|editor1-last= Seth|editor2-first = Vimlesh|editor2-last = Seth|chapter = Antiretroviral Drugs and Drug Therapy of HIV/AIDS|last1= Sinha|first1= Sanjeev|last2=Bhoveshwaranath|first2= G|last3= Gupta|first3= Sneha |page = X.111}} 22. ^{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=D.J.|title=Human sperm accumulation near surfaces: a simulation study|journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics|year=2009|volume=621|pages=295|doi=10.1017/S0022112008004953|url=http://eprints.maths.ox.ac.uk/860/1/human_sperm.pdf|accessdate=20 May 2012|bibcode = 2009JFM...621..289S }} 23. ^DNA From The Beginning, section 6: Genes are real things., "Amination" section, final slide 24. ^{{cite web |author=Gordon Ramel |title=Spider Silk |url=http://www.earthlife.net/chelicerata/silk.html |quote=garden spider silk has a diameter of about 0.003 mm ... Dragline silk (about .00032 inch (.008 mm) in Nephila) |accessdate=2008-12-04| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081204080140/http://www.earthlife.net/chelicerata/silk.html| archivedate= 4 December 2008 | deadurl= no}} 25. ^1 {{cite web |author=IST - Innovative Sintering Technologies Ltd. |title=Fibreshape applications |url=http://www.istag.ch/fibres/applications.html |quote=Histogram of cotton thickness |accessdate=2008-12-04}} 26. ^{{cite book |author=Morton Lippmann |title=Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2000 |isbn=0-471-29298-2 |id={{ISBN|978-0-471-29298-2}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7eCXlRbCeGAC|pages=453 |quote=20 µm .. 5 µm |accessdate=2008-12-04}} 27. ^1 2 The diameter of a human hair ranges from 17 to 181 µm. {{cite web|url=https://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/BrianLey.shtml|title=Diameter of a human hair|first=Brian|last=Ley|year=1999|website=The Physics Factbook|editor-last=Elert|editor-first=Glenn|accessdate=2018-12-08}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=Apple – iPhone 4S – See everything clearly with the Retina display|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/features/retina-display.html|work=Apple Inc. Official Website|publisher=Apple Inc.|accessdate=10 March 2012}} 29. ^{{cite web|url = http://www2.oakland.edu/biology/lindemann/spermfacts.htm |title = Sperm Facts|website = Dr. Charles Lindmann's Lab|publisher = Oakland University|last = Lindemann|first = Charles}} 30. ^{{cite web|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20011102080548/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2157.html|title = House Dust Mites|id= HYG-2157-97|last = Lyon|first = William F.|website = Ohio State University Extension| url = http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2157.html|deadurl = yes|archivedate= 2 November 2001}} 31. ^{{cite journal|pmc=1723104 | pmid=10381661 | volume=83 | issue=7 | title=Evaluation of corneal thickness and topography in normal eyes using the Orbscan corneal topography system |date=July 1999 | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | pages=774–8 | doi=10.1136/bjo.83.7.774}} 32. ^{{cite web |title= USGA: Guide to the Rules on Clubs and Balls |url= http://www.usga.org/Rule-Books/Rules-on-Clubs-and-Balls/Appendix-III-%e2%80%93-The-Ball/ |publisher= USGA |accessdate=2011-09-30}} 33. ^{{cite web |title= Official Rules |url= http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/official_info/official_rules/objectives_1.jsp |publisher= MLB |accessdate=2011-09-30}} 34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dimensionsguide.com/credit-card-dimensions/ |title=Credit Card Dimensions |accessdate=2011-09-30 }} 35. ^1 2 m is an abbreviation of metre; cm of centimetre; dm of decimetre; m2 is short for square metre; m3 is short for cubic metre 36. ^http://www.2-clicks-swords.com/article/what-is-a-rapier.html 37. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/Spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/pinus/lambertiana.htm | title=Pinus lambertiana |author1=Bohun B. Kinloch, Jr. |author2=William H. Scheuner |lastauthoramp=yes| accessdate=8 June 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110608015717/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/Spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/pinus/lambertiana.htm| archivedate= 8 June 2011 | deadurl= no}} 38. ^Sun Fact Sheet 39. ^Neuroscience: The Science of the Brain {{cite web|url=http://www.braincampaign.org/Pub/Pub_Main_Display.asp?LC_Docs_ID%3D2769 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-06-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202081347/http://www.braincampaign.org/Pub/Pub_Main_Display.asp?LC_Docs_ID=2769 |archivedate=2011-02-02 |df= }} p.44
References{{Reflist|2}} 1 : Length |