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词条 List of extraterrestrial orbiters
释义

  1. Sun

  2. Mercury

  3. Venus

  4. Moon

  5. Mars

  6. Minor planets and comets

  7. Jupiter

  8. Saturn

  9. References

  10. See also

List of extraterrestrial orbiters is a listing of spacecraft that achieved an extraterrestrial orbit.

Sun

{{main article|List of artificial objects in heliocentric orbit}}

First artificial object on heliocentric orbit was Luna 1 (1959).

Mercury

MissionCountry/AgencyOrbital insertionCurrent StatusNotes
MESSENGERUSA}} USA18 March 2011Deliberately crashed into surface 30 April 2015. Impact probably around 54.4° N, 149.9° W, near the crater Janáček.First Mercury orbiter

Venus

MissionCountry/AgencyOrbital insertionCurrent StatusNotes
Venera 9USSR}} USSR 22 October 1975First Venus orbiter
Venera 10USSR}} USSR 23 October 1975
Pioneer Venus OrbiterUSA}} USA4 December 1978Contact lost 8 October 1992; atmospheric entry disintegration on 22 October 1992.
Venera 15USSR}} USSR10 October 1983Contact lost July 1984
Venera 16USSR}} USSR11 October 1983Contact lost July 1984
MagellanUSA}} USA7 August 1990Deliberately deorbited into Venus' atmosphere. Contact lost 13 October 1994.
Venus Express ESA 11 April 2006 Mission ended December 2014
AkatsukiJapan}} Japan7 December 2015Active

Moon

MissionCountry/AgencyOrbital insertionCurrent statusNotes
Luna 10[1]USSR}} USSR 3 April 1966 Contact lost 30 May 1966 First moon orbiter
Lunar Orbiter 1USA}} USA 14 August 1966 Impacted lunar surface 29 October 1966 First U.S. extraterrestrial orbiter
Luna 11[2]USSR}} USSR 27 August 1966 1 October 1966
Luna 12USSR}} USSR 25 October 1966 19 January 1967
Lunar Orbiter 2USA}} USA Launched 6 November 1966 Impacted lunar surface 11 October 1967
Lunar Orbiter 3USA}} USA 8 February 1967 Impacted lunar surface 9 October 1967
Lunar Orbiter 4USA}} USA Launched 4 May 1967 Contact lost 17 July 1967, impacted lunar surface 6 October 1967
Explorer 35USA}} USA Launched 19 July 1967 Deactivated 24 June 1973; impacted lunar surface in the middle to late 1970s
Lunar Orbiter 5USA}} USA 5 August 1967 Deorbited; impacted lunar surface 31 January 1968
Luna 14USSR}} USSR 10 April 1968
Luna 19USSR}} USSR 2 October 1971 Mission terminated 20 October 1972
Explorer 49USA}} USA Launched 10 June 1973 Contact lost August 1977
Luna 22{{flagicon|USSR}} USSR 2 June 1974 Mission terminated November 1975
Apollo 8USA}} USA Launched 21 December 1968; entered orbit after 69 hrs Left orbit after 10 orbits; splashdown on Earth First manned lunar orbit
Apollo 10USA}} USA Launched 18 May 1969 Left orbit 26 May 1969
Apollo 11USA}} USA July 19, 1969 July 21, 1969; Lunar module ascent stage abandoned in orbit, impact site unknown Human Moon landing
Apollo 12USA}} USA November 18, 1969 November 21, 1969 Human Moon landing
Apollo 14USA}} USA February 4, 1971 February 7, 1971 Human Moon landing
Apollo 15USA}} USA July 29, 1971 August 4, 1971 Human Moon landing
Apollo 15 subsatellite (PFS-1)USA}} USA August 4, 1971 January 1973
Apollo 16USA}} USA April 19, 1972 April 25, 1972; Lunar module ascent stage abandoned in orbit, impact site unknown Human Moon landing
Apollo 16 subsatellite (PFS-2)USA}} USA April 24, 1972 May 29, 1972
Apollo 17USA}} USA December 11, 1972 December 14, 1972 Human Moon landing
Hiten and Hagoromo{{flagicon|Japan}} Japan Hiten: 15 February 1993 Hiten was deliberately deorbited and impacted the lunar surface 10 April 1993 First Japanese lunar orbiter
Clementine{{flagicon|USA}} USA Launched 25 January 1994 Left lunar orbit and entered heliocentric orbit; contact lost June 1994
Lunar ProspectorUSA}} USA Launched 7 January 1998 Deliberately deorbited; impacted lunar surface 31 July 1999
SMART-1 ESA 11 November 2004Deliberately deorbited; impacted lunar surface 3 September 2006
SELENE (Kaguya, Okina & Ouna)Japan}} Japan 3 October 2007 Deliberately deorbited; impacted lunar surface 10 June 2009
Chang'e 1PRC}} PRC 5 November 2007 Deliberately deorbited 1 March 2009; impacted the Moon's surface. First Chinese lunar orbiter
Chang'e 2{{flagicon|PRC}} PRC 6 October 2010 Left lunar orbit 8 June 2011; currently in deep-space orbit
Chandrayaan-1India}} India 8 November 2008 Contact lost 29 August 2009 First Indian lunar orbiter
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter[3]{{flagicon|USA}} USA 23 June 2009 Active
ARTEMIS P1{{flagicon|USA}} USA 2 July 2011 Active
ARTEMIS P2[4]{{flagicon|USA}} USA 17 July 2011 Active
Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL){{flagicon|USA}} USA 31 December 2011 / 1 January 2012 Both spacecraft were deliberately deorbited and impacted on the lunar surface 17 December 2012
LADEEUSA}} USA 6 October 2013 Deliberately deorbited 18 April 2014
Chang'e 3{{flagicon|PRC}} PRC 6 December 2013 Landed on lunar surface 14 December 2013 First Chinese lunar landing
Chang'e 5-T1{{flagicon|PRC}} PRC 13 January 2015 Active
Chang'e 4{{flagicon|PRC}} PRC 12 December 2018 Landed on lunar surface 3 January 2019 First lunar far-side landing

Mars

MissionCountry/AgencyOrbital insertionCurrent StatusNotes
Mariner 9USA}} USA14 November 1971Deactivated 27 October 1972. In derelict orbit around Mars, expected to decay no sooner than 2022.[5]First spacecraft to orbit another planet
Mars 2 orbiterUSSR}} USSR27 November 1971 [6]Mission terminated 22 August 1972; spacecraft in derelict orbitFirst Soviet spacecraft to orbit Mars
Mars 3 orbiterUSSR}} USSR2 December 1971[6]
Mars 5 orbiter[7]USSR}} USSR12 February 1974
Viking 1 orbiterUSA}} USA19 June 1976Mission terminated 17 August 1980, spacecraft in derelict high altitude orbit.
Viking 2 orbiterUSA}} USA7 August 1976Mission terminated 25 July 1978, spacecraft in derelict high altitude orbit.
Phobos 2[8]USSR}} USSR29 January 1989Contact lost 27 March 1989
Mars Global SurveyorUSA}} USA11 September 1997Contact lost 2 November 2006; mission officially ended January 2007
2001 Mars OdysseyUSA}} USA24 October 2001ActiveLongest-surviving, continuously active spacecraft in orbit around another planet
Mars Express ESA20 December 2003Active
Mars Reconnaissance OrbiterUSA}} USA10 March 2006Active
MAVENUSA}} USA22 September 2014Active
Mars Orbiter MissionIndia}} ISRO24 September 2014ActiveIndia's first interplanetary mission
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter ESA19 October 2016ActiveCarried Schiaparelli EDM lander

Minor planets and comets

MissionCountry/AgencyObjectOrbital insertionCurrent StatusNotes
NEAR ShoemakerUSA}} USA433 Eros14 February 2000 (Valentine's Day)Landed 12 February 2001 on the surface of Eros.First spacecraft to orbit an asteroid
DawnUSA}} USA4 Vesta16 July 2011Left Vesta orbit 5 September 2012
DawnUSA}} USACeres9 March 2015Mission concluded 1 November 2018First spacecraft to achieve orbit around two separate objects and to orbit a dwarf planet.
Rosetta ESA67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko6 August 2014On 30 September 2016, ended its mission by landing on the comet in its Ma'at region.First spacecraft to orbit a comet. Philae lander module successfully landed on 12 November 2014
Hayabusa2Japan}} Japan162173 Ryugu27 June 2018Active
OSIRIS-RExUSA}} USA101955 Bennu31 December 2018Active

Jupiter

MissionCountry/AgencyOrbital insertionCurrent StatusNotes
GalileoUSA}} USA8 December 1995Intentionally deorbited and incinerated in Jupiter's atmosphere 21 September 2003First Jupiter orbiter
JunoUSA}} USA4 July 2016Active

Saturn

MissionCountry/AgencyOrbital insertionCurrent StatusNotes
Cassini-HuygensUSA}} USA /
ESA		1 July 2004Intentionally deorbited and incinerated in Saturn's atmosphere 15 September 2017First Saturn orbiter

References

1. ^NSSDC - Luna 10
2. ^NSSDC - Luna 11
3. ^Where is LRO?
4. ^{{cite web|last=Hendrix|first=Susan|title=Second ARTEMIS Spacecraft Successfully Enters Lunar Orbit|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/news/P2-lunarOrbit.html|work=The Sun-Earth Connection: Heliophysics|publisher=NASA}}
5. ^NASA - This Month in NASA History: Mariner 9 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514043808/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask-academy/issues/volume4/ata_4-9_mariner_9_prt.htm |date=2013-05-14 }}, November 29, 2011 — Vol. 4, Issue 9
6. ^1 NASA Mars log
7. ^Historic Spacecraft - Mars Probes
8. ^Encyclopedia Astronautica Fobos 1F {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010222505/http://astronautix.com/craft/fobos1f.htm |date=2011-10-10 }}

See also

  • Lunar orbit
  • Circumlunar trajectory
  • List of asteroids visited by spacecraft
  • List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies
  • List of interplanetary voyages
{{Spacecraft by destination}}

5 : Lists of space missions|Lists of satellites|Orbiters (space probe)|Satellites by orbit|Space probes
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