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词条 List of genocides by death toll
释义

  1. List of the genocides

  2. Descriptions of the genocides

  3. Images of the genocides

  4. See also

     Political extermination campaigns 

  5. References

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}{{caution|The term genocide is contentious and its academic definition varies. This list only considers mass killings recognized as genocides by the legal definition in significant scholarship and criteria by the UN Genocide Convention}}

This list of genocides by death toll includes death toll estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by genocide. It does not include non strictly-genocidal mass killing (variously called mass murder, crimes against humanity, politicide, policide, classicide, war crimes) such as the Thirty Years War (7.5 million deaths), Japanese war crimes (3 to 14 million deaths), the Red Terror (100,000 to 1.3 million deaths), the Atrocities in the Congo Free State (1 to 15 million deaths), the Great Purge (0.6 to 1.75 million death), or the Great Leap Forward (15 to 55 million deaths).

The United Nations Genocide Convention defines genocide as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group".[1] Various other definitions can be found in scholarly literature and national law of different countries.

List of the genocides

EventLocationFromToLowest
estimate		Highest
estimate		 Proportion of group killed
name=Wannsee|group=N|The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-organized, persecution and murder of approximately 6 million Jews by the German Nazi government and its collaborators. Initially it was carried out in German-occupied Eastern Europe by paramilitary death squads (Einsatzgruppen) by shooting or, less frequently, using ad hoc built gassing vans, and later in extermination camps by gassing.{{r|HoloList}}
By extending its definition the Holocaust may also refer to the other victims of German war crimes during the rule of Nazism, such as the Romani genocide's victims, Poles and other Slavic civilian populations and POWs, victims of Germany's eugenics program, political opponents, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and civil hostages and resisters from all over Europe during World War II.}}		 German-occupied Europe19411945{{nts|5750000}}
[2]		{{nts|6000000}}
[3]		25}}Around 2/3 of the Jewish population of Europe.[3]
name=Wannsee|group=N}} German-occupied Europe19411945{{nts|4,500,000}}
[4]		{{nts|13,700,000}}
[5]		Deaths include 1.3 million Jews, which are included in the deaths of 6 million Jews during the Holocaust,[6] as well as the deaths of more than 3 million Soviet POWs.[6]
group=N|name=NUkraina|In 2003 Holodomor, the man-made famine in Ukraine, was recognized by the United Nations as the result of actions and policies of the Soviet government of Joseph Stalin that caused millions of deaths,{{r|ONU2003}} and in 2008 by the European Parliament as a crime against the Ukrainian people, and against humanity.{{r|EuroParliament}} Holodomor is considered a genocide in Ukraine,{{r|InfoUkes2009}}, Australia,[7] Canada,[8] Colombia,[9] Ecuador,[10] Estonia,[13] Georgia,[13] Hungary,[13] Latvia,[13] Lithuania,[13] Mexico,[13] Paraguay,[13] Peru,[13] Poland,[11] and Vatican City,[12] while the Russian Federation views it as part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932-33.{{r|RussianLawmakers}} Scholars are divided and their debate is inconclusive on whether the Holodomor falls under the definition of genocide.{{r|ExpressNews2005}}}}
(Ukrainian genocide which is part of greater Soviet famine of 1932–33)		 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union19321933{{nts|1800000}}
{{r|Wheatcroft2001}}{{r|VallinEtAll2002}}{{r|MesléEtAll2005}}{{r|MesléVallinEtAll2003}}		{{nts|7500000}}
{{r|Rosefielde1983}}{{r|Nalivajchenko2010}}{{r|Snyder2010}}{{r|Marples2007}}{{r|Britannica}}		12}} Genocide of Ukrainians through artificial starvation by the Soviet regime.[13] At least 10% of Ukraine's population perished.[14] Its characterization as a genocide is disputed by some historians.[15][16][17]
name=Wannsee|group=N}} German-occupied Europe19391945{{nts|1800000}}
[6]		{{nts|3000000}}
[18]		As much as 3 million Christian Poles were killed as part of the Nazi's plan to exterminate the Polish population in order to provide living space for Germans.[18]
group=N|name=NCambodia|The Cambodian genocide was carried out by the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot{{r|Frey2009}} who, planning to create a form of agrarian socialism founded on an extremist ideology coupled with ethnic hostility, forced the urban population to relocate savagely to the countryside, among torture, mass executions, forced labor, and starvation.
{{r|YaleUniv}}{{r|Terry2002}}{{r|Heuveline2001}} The genocide ended in 1979 with the Cambodian invasion by the Vietnamese army.{{r|Mayersan2013}} Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered,{{r|DeMello2013}} where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place.{{r|MapCambo}} On 7 August 2014, two top leaders, Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan, received life sentences for crimes against humanity.{{r|CNN_Aug2014}}}}		 Democratic Kampuchea19751979{{nts|1386734}}
[19][20]		{{nts|3000000}}
{{r|Heuveline2001}}{{r|Shawcross1985}}		Etcheson2005|Heuveline1998}} including:

100% of Cambodian Viets
50% of Cambodian Chinese and Cham
40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai
25% of Urban Khmer
16% of Rural Khmer

group=N|name=NKazakh| Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union19311933{{nts|1300000}}
[21]		{{nts|1750000}}
[22]		12}}Some historians assume that 42% of the entire Kazakh population died in the famine.[22] The two Soviet census show that the number of the Kazakhs in Kazakhstan dropped from 3,637,612 in 1926 to 2,181,520 in 1937.[23]
group=N|name=NArmenia|The extermination of the Armenians, carried out by the Young Turks, led to the coining of the word "genocide". It included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, mass starvation, and occurred concurrently with the Assyrian and Greek genocides. The State of Turkey denies a genocide ever occurred.}} Ottoman Empire
(territories of present-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq)		19151922{{nts|700000}}
[24]		{{nts|1800000}}
{{r|RAdalian}}		 At least 50% of Armenians in Turkey killed[24]
group=N|name=NPKI|The Indonesian genocide,[25][26][41]{{rp|4}} Indonesian Communist Purge, Indonesian politicide,[27][28] or the 1965 Tragedy) were large-scale killings and civil unrest that occurred in Indonesia over several months, targeting communist sympathizers, ethnic Chinese and alleged leftists, often at the instigation of the armed forces and government. It began as an anti-communist purge following a controversial attempted coup d'état by the 30 September Movement in Indonesia. The most widely published estimates were that 500,000 to more than one million people were killed,[29][30][31][32] with some more recent estimates going as high as two to three million.[33][34] The purge was a pivotal event in the transition to the "New Order" and the elimination of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) as a political force, with impacts on the global Cold War. The upheavals led to the fall of President Sukarno and the commencement of Suharto's three-decade authoritarian presidency.}} Indonesia19651966{{nts|500000}}
[35][36][37]		{{nts|3000000}}
[38][39]		 Some scholars now argue that the Indonesian massacres constitute genocide by the legal definition.[40][26][41][42][43]
group=N|name=NRwanda|Some 50 perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide have been found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, but most others have not been charged due to lack of witness accounts. Another 120,000 were arrested by Rwanda; of these, 60,000 were tried and convicted in the Gacaca court system. Perpetrators who fled into Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo) were used as a justification when Rwanda and Uganda invaded Zaire (First and Second Congo Wars). It is recognized by the international community as a genocide.}} Rwanda19941994{{nts|500000}}
[44]		{{nts|1071000}}
{{r|RwandaNews}}		70}}70% of Tutsis in Rwanda killed
1/3 of Twa in Rwanda killed
20% of Rwanda's total population killed
group=N|name=NGreece|For the Greek genocide other sources give 500,000-1,200,000 casualties between Pontic, Cappadocian and Ionians Greeks. The genocide, instigated by the Ottoman government, included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, summary expulsions, arbitrary executions, and destruction of Greek Orthodox cultural, historical and religious monuments.}} Ottoman Empire
(territories of present-day Turkey)		19141922{{nts|500000}}
[45]		{{nts|900000}}
[46]
group=N|name=NZunghar|Zunghar genocide. The Manchu Qianlong Emperor of Qing China issued his orders for his Manchu Bannermen to carry out the genocide and eradication of the Zunghar nation, ordering the massacre of all the Zunghar men and enslaving Zunghar women and children.{{r|Millward2007}} The Qianlong Emperor moved the remaining Zunghar people to the mainland and ordered the generals to kill all the men in Barkol or Suzhou, and divided their wives and children to Qing soldiers.{{r|Sino1|Sino2}} The Qing soldiers who massacred the Zunghars were Manchu Bannermen and Khalkha Mongols. In an account of the war, Wei Yuan wrote that about 40% of the Zunghar households were killed by smallpox, 20% fled to Russia or the Kazakh Khanate, and 30% were killed by the army, leaving no yurts in an area of several thousands of Chinese miles except those of the surrendered.{{r|Zungar2}}{{r|Sino3}}{{r|Latti1950}} Clarke wrote 80%, or between 480,000 and 600,000 people, were killed between 1755 and 1758 in what "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people."{{r|Zungar2|Zungar1}} Historian Peter Perdue has shown that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by the Qianlong Emperor.{{r|Zungar2}} Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars,{{r|Zungar2}} Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence".{{r|Moses2008}}}}Qing Dynasty (Dzungaria)17551758{{nts|480000}}
{{r|Zungar2}}		{{nts|600000}}
{{r|Zungar2}}		80}}80% of 600,000 Zungharian Oirats killed
group=N|name=NGreairi|The Irish Great Famine/Genocide refers to the British creating a Man-Made famine in Ireland from 1845-1849, causing a steep population drop due to mortality and emigration.

It is disputed whether it was a genocide or an unintentional famine by many historians.}}

 Ireland18451849{{nts|775000}}{{nts|1500000}}25}}25% of the Irish population at the time died in the famine or fled the country.
group=N|name=NCircassian|The Circassian genocide refers to the ethnic cleansing, massive annihilation, displacement,[47] destruction and expulsion of the majority of the indigenous Circassians from historical Circassia, which roughly encompassed the major part of the North Caucasus and the northeast shore of the Black Sea. This occurred in the aftermath of the Caucasian War in the last quarter of the 19th century.[48] The displaced people moved primarily to the Ottoman Empire.

Former Russian President Boris Yeltsin's May 1994 statement admitted that resistance to the tsarist forces was legitimate, but he did not recognize "the guilt of the tsarist government for the genocide."[49] In 1997 and 1998, the leaders of Kabardino-Balkaria and of Adygea sent appeals to the Duma to reconsider the situation and to issue the needed apology; to date, there has been no response from Moscow. In October 2006, the Adygeyan public organizations of Russia, Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Syria, the United States, Belgium, Canada and Germany have sent the president of the European Parliament a letter with the request to recognize the genocide against Adygean (Circassian) people.[50]

On May 21, 2011, the Parliament of Georgia passed a resolution, stating that "pre-planned" mass killings of Circassians by Imperial Russia, accompanied by "deliberate famine and epidemics", should be recognized as "genocide" and those deported during those events from their homeland, should be recognized as "refugees". Georgia, which has poor relations with Russia, has made outreach efforts to North Caucasian ethnic groups since the 2008 Russo-Georgian War.[68] Following a consultation with academics, human rights activists and Circassian diaspora groups and parliamentary discussions in Tbilisi in 2010 and 2011, Georgia became the first country to use the word "genocide" to refer to the events.[51][52][53] On 20 May 2011 the parliament of the Republic of Georgia declared in its resolution[54] that the mass annihilation of the Cherkess (Adyghe) people during the Russian-Caucasian war and thereafter constituted genocide as defined in the Hague Convention of 1907 and the UN Convention of 1948.


}}		 Circassia, Caucasus18641867{{nts|400000}}
[55]		{{nts|1500000}}
.[56]		45}}90% to 97% of total Circassian population perished and deported by the Russian forces.[57][58][59]
group=N|name=Ustase|Genocide by the Ustaše including the Serbian Genocide. The government of the Independent State of Croatia murdered Serbs, Jews, Romani, and some dissident Croats and Bosniaks inside its borders, many in concentration camps, most notably Jasenovac camp. Ante Pavelić, the leader of the Ustaše, enacted racial laws similar to those of Nazi Germany, declaring Jews, Romani, and Serbs "enemies of the people of Croatia". He escaped to Spain after the war with the assistance of the Roman Catholic Church and fatally injured there some years later in an assassination attempt.{{r|Fischer2007}}}} Independent State of Croatia (territories of present-day Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbian Syrmia)19411945{{nts|357000}}
{{r|Exclude|AxisYugo}}		{{nts|600000}}
{{r|Exclude|AxisYugo|OtherSources}}		19}} Conservative estimates ranging between 200,000 and 500,000 Serbs killed by the Ustaše.{{sfn|Yeomans|2013|p=18}}{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=719}}{{sfn|Ramet|2006|p=114}}{{sfn|Pavlowitch|2008|p=34}}
(See death toll of Serbian genocide)
group=N|name=Bangla|Bangladesh genocide. Massacres, killings, rape, arson and systematic elimination of religious minorities (particularly Hindus), political dissidents and the members of the liberation forces of Bangladesh were conducted by the Pakistan Army with support from paramilitary militias—the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams—formed by the radical Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami party.{{r|RahmanRep0}}}} East Pakistan19711971{{nts|300000}}{{nts|3000000}}
{{r|BBC0310|BDdeathcount}}		4}}4% of Bangladesh's total population killed[60]
Over 20% of Bengali Hindus killed[61]
(Using 1 to 3 million deaths figures)
(Cathar genocide){{refn>group=N|name=Ncathar|The Albigensian Crusade was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism, a Christian sect, in Languedoc, in southern France. The Catholic Church considered them heretics and ordered that they should be completely eradicated. Raphael Lemkin referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".[62] Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Solveig Björnson describe it as "the first ideological genocide."[63]}}Languedoc, France12091229{{nts|200,000}}
[64]		{{nts|1,000,000}}
[65]
group=N|name=NAssyria|The Assyrian genocide is commonly known as "Seyfo" (which means sword in Assyrian). It occurred concurrently with the Armenian and Greek genocides.}} Ottoman Empire
(territories of present-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq)		19151923{{nts|200,000}}
[66]		{{nts|750000}}
{{r|LookLex}}		75}}
group=N|name=Irish|The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland or Cromwellian war in Ireland (1649–53) refers to the conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Cromwell invaded Ireland with his New Model Army on behalf of England's Rump Parliament in August 1649. Following the Irish Rebellion of 1641, most of Ireland came under the control of the Irish Catholic Confederation. In early 1649, the Confederates allied with the English Royalists, who had been defeated by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. By May 1652, Cromwell's Parliamentarian army had defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country—bringing to an end the Irish Confederate Wars (or Eleven Years' War). However, guerrilla warfare continued for a further year. Cromwell passed a series of Penal Laws against Roman Catholics (the vast majority of the population) and confiscated large amounts of their land. During the Interregnum (1651–1660), this policy was enhanced with the passing of the Act of Settlement of Ireland in 1652. Its goal was a further transfer of land from Irish to English hands. The immediate war aims and the longer term policies of the English Parliamentarians resulted in an attempt by the English to transfer the native population to the western fringes to make way for Protestant settlers. This policy was reflected in a phrase attributed to Cromwell: "To Hell or to Connaught" and has been described by historians as genocide.[67]

The Biblical account of Joshua and the Battle of Jericho was used by Oliver Cromwell to justify genocide against Catholics.[68]{{Rp|3}}[69]


}}		 Ireland16491653{{nts|200000}}
[70]		{{nts|618000}}
[71]		30}}20-40% of the population of Ireland perished during the Cromwellian conquest[70][71]
group=N|name=Wuhu|When he heard of the Jie revolt against him, Ran Min issued his famous "extermination order", in which he called on the Chinese to kill all the Wu Hu. The Wu Hu had conquered Ran Wei half a century earlier. The effect of Ran Min's order was immense; some 200,000 Jie were killed in Yecheng (the Wei capital) in a few days, and brutal fighting broke out between Chinese and Wu Hu throughout North China.[72]}}Northern China350351{{nts|200000}}
[73]		{{nts|200000}}25}}
group=N|name=Chech|Aardakh also known as Operation Lentil ({{lang-ru|Чечевица}}, Chechevitsa; {{lang-ce|Вайнах махкахбахар}} Vaynax Maxkaxbaxar) was the Soviet expulsion of the whole of the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingush) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia during World War II. The expulsion, preceded by the 1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya, was ordered on 23 February 1944 by NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria after approval by Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, as a part of Soviet forced settlement program and population transfer that affected several million members of non-Russian Soviet ethnic minorities between the 1930s and the 1950s.
The deportation encompassed their entire nations, well over 500,000 people, as well as the complete liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Hundreds of thousands[95][96][97][98] of Chechens and Ingushes died or were killed during the round-ups and transportation, and during their early years in exile. The survivors would not return to their native lands until 1957. Many in Chechnya and Ingushetia classify it as an act of genocide, as did the European Parliament in 2004.[74][75]}}
(Soviet deportation of Chechens and other Vainakh populations)		 Soviet Union, North Caucasus19441948{{nts|144704}}
[76]		{{nts|200000}}
[77][78][79][80]		35}}23.5% to almost 50% of total Chechen population killed[76][77][81][82][83]
group=N|name=Porajmos|Porajmos (Romani pronunciation: {{IPA-all|pʰoɽajˈmos}}), or Samudaripen ("Mass killing"), the Romani genocide or Romani Holocaust, was the planned and attempted effort by the government of Nazi Germany and its allies to exterminate part of the Romani people of Europe. On 26 November 1935, a supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws stripping Jews of their German citizenship expanded the category "enemies of the race-based state" to include Romani, the same category as the Jews, and in some ways they had similar fates.{{r|Milton1992}}{{r|USHMM2}} In 1982, West Germany formally recognized that genocide had been committed against the Romani.{{r|teleg012011}} In 2011, the Polish Government passed a resolution for the official recognition of 2 August as a day of commemoration of the genocide.{{r|OsceR}}}} Nazi controlled Europe19351945{{nts|130000}}
[84]		{{nts|500000}}
{{r|alJaz102012}}{{r|EstPlus}}		25}}25% of Romani people in Europe killed
(Punic genocide){{refn>group=N|name=NCarthage| The massacre of Carthiginians (Punics) during their defeat by the Roman Republic is considered a genocide by many scholars.[85][86][87][88][89]}}Carthage (territories of present-day Tunis, Tunisia)149 BC149 BC{{nts|150,000}}
[90][85]		{{nts|150,000}} Population reduced from 500,000 to 55,000. 150,000 died in the fall of Carthage.[90]
group=N|nameN=Poles|The Polish Operation of the NKVD was a mass murder specifically aimed at the Polish ethnic group in the USSR by the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Historian Michael Ellman asserts that the 'national operations', particularly the 'Polish operation', may constitute genocide as defined by the UN convention.[91] His opinion is shared by Simon Sebag Montefiore, who calls the Polish operation of the NKVD 'a mini-genocide.'[92] Polish writer and commentator, Dr Tomasz Sommer, also refers to the operation as a genocide, along with Prof. Marek Jan Chodakiewicz among others.[93][94][95][96][97][98][99]}} Soviet Union19371938{{nts|111091}}
[100]		{{nts|111,091}}
group=N|Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia was a genocide carried out in Nazi German-occupied Poland by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (the UPA) against Poles in the area of Volhynia, Eastern Galicia, parts of Polesia and Lublin region, beginning in 1943 and lasting up to 1945. On 22 July 2016, the Parliament of Poland passed a resolution recognizing the massacres as Genocide[101][102]}}Eastern part of pre-war Poland19431945{{nts|100000}}
[103][104][105]		{{nts|300000}}
[106]		minimum 4 to 20% of pre-war (1931) Second Polish Republic's total Polish population of Voivodeships: stanisławowskie, tarnopolskie and wołyńskie[107]
group=N|name=Jews|It refers to the Jews in Ukraine and southern Russia were killed in pogroms perpetrated by Anton Denikin's armies as well as Petlyura's nationalist-separatists during the White Terror campaign of the Russian Civil War.}} what is now Ukraine and Russia19181923{{nts|100000}}
[108]		{{nts|150000}}
[108]		20}} An estimated 100,000 to 150,000 Jews in Ukraine and southern Russia were killed in pogroms perpetrated by Denikin's forces as well as Petlyura's nationalist-separatists.
group=N|name=Darfur|The Darfur genocide refer to the war crimes and crimes against humanity such as massacre and genocidal rape that occurred within the Darfur region during the War in Darfur perpetrated by Janjaweed militias and the Sudanese government. These atrocities have been

called the first genocide of the 21at century.{{sfn|Williams|2012|p=192}} Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir has been indicted for his role in the genocide by the United Nations.{{sfn|Elhag|2014|p=210}} }}

Darfur, Sudan

2003

Present

{{nts|98,000}}
[109]		{{nts|500,000}}
[110]
group=N|name=timor|The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state sponsored terror by the Indonesian government during their occupation of East Timor. Oxford University held an academic consensus calling the Indonesian Occupation of East Timor genocide and Yale university teaches it as part of their "Genocide Studies" program.[111][112] Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000.[113] The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.[114]}} East Timor19751999{{nts|85320}}
[115]		{{nts|196720}}
[116]		20}} 13% to 44% of East Timor's total population killed
(See death toll of East Timor genocide)
group=N|name=Burundi|Burundian genocide. In the long sequence of civil fights that occurred between Tutsi and Hutu since Burundi's independence in 1962, the 1972 mass killings of Hutu by the Tutsi and the 1993 mass killings of Tutsis by the majority-Hutu populace are both described as genocide in the final report of the International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented to the United Nations Security Council in 1996.}} Burundi19721993{{nts|80000}}
{{r|BurWhite|ICIBFR02_85}}
{{nts|25000}}
[117]		{{nts|210000}}
{{r|BurWhite|ICIBFR02_85}}
{{nts|50000}}
{{r|Totten2004}}		10}}
group=N|name=Libya|

The Pacification of Libya,[118] also known as the Libyan Genocide[119][120][121][122] or Second Italo-Senussi War,[123] was a prolonged conflict in Italian Libya between Italian military forces and indigenous rebels associated with the Senussi Order that lasted from 1923 until 1932,[124][125] when the principal Senussi leader, Omar Mukhtar, was captured and executed.[126] The pacification resulted in mass deaths of the indigenous people in Cyrenaica—one quarter of Cyrenaica's population of 225,000 people died during the conflict.[119] Italy committed major war crimes during the conflict; including the use of chemical weapons, episodes of refusing to take prisoners of war and instead executing surrendering combatants, and mass executions of civilians.[122] Italian authorities committed ethnic cleansing by forcibly expelling 100,000 Bedouin Cyrenaicans, half the population of Cyrenaica, from their settlements that were slated to be given to Italian settlers.[118][127] Italy apologized in 2008 for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule, and went on to say that this was a "complete and moral acknowledgement of the damage inflicted on Libya by Italy during the colonial era."[128]}}

Italian Libya19231932{{nts|80000}}
[122]		{{nts|125000}}
[129]		25}}% of Cyrenaican population killed[122]
group=N|name=Bambu|Effacer le tableau ("erasing the board") is the operational name given to the systematic extermination of the Bambuti pygmies by rebel forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The primary objective of Effacer le tableau was the territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC and ethnic cleansing of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region whose population numbered 90,000 by 2004.[130] {{sfn|Penketh|2004}} }} North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo20022003{{nts|60,000}}
[131][130]		{{nts|70,000}}
[131]		40}}40% of the Eastern Congo's Pygmy population killed{{refn|name=Pygm|group=N|Eastern Pygmy population was reduced to 90,000 after a campaign that killed 60,000[131] implying a 40% decline}}
group=N|name=Isaaq|The Isaaq genocide or "Hargeisa Holocaust"[132][133] was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of Isaaq civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the Somali Democratic Republic under the dictatorship of Siad Barre.[134] The number of civilian deaths in this massacre is estimated to be between 50,000–100,000 according to various sources,[135][136][137] while local reports estimate the total civilian deaths to be upwards of 200,000 Isaaq civilians.[138] This included the leveling and complete destruction of the second and third largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa (90 per cent destroyed)[139] and Burao (70 per cent destroyed) respectively,[140] and had caused 400,000[141][142] Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees, creating the world's largest refugee camp then (1988),[143] with another 400,000 being internally displaced.[144][145][146] In 2001, the United Nations commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia,[134] specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the United Nations Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia.[134]}} Somalia19881991{{nts|50000}}
[147][137]		{{nts|200000}}
[148]		4}}
group=N|name=Kurds|The Kurdish genocide also known as al-Anfal campaign ({{lang-ar|حملة الأنفال}}), {{r|TottenBartrop07}} was a series of genocidal operations{{r|HRW93}} against the Kurdish people and other non-Arab populations in northern Iraq, that was led by the Ba'athist Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and was headed by Ali Hassan al-Majid in the final stages of the Iran–Iraq War. The code name chosen by the former Iraqi Baathist government for this campaign takes its name from Surat al-Anfal, the eighth chapter of the Quran. The Anfal operations also targeted Assyrians, Shabaks, Iraqi Turkmens, Yazidis, Jews, Mandaeans, and many villages belonging to these ethnic groups were also destroyed. The Anfal campaign was recognized as a genocide by Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and South Korea.}} Iraq19861989{{nts|50000}}
{{r|NYTimes0406}}		{{nts|200000}}
{{r|OchseNettle03|HRW93|McDowall04}}		4}}
group=N|name=chet|Massacres of ethnic Croats and Muslims by Serbian Chetniks across large areas of the Independent State of Croatia (modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Sandžak) during World War II in Yugoslavia. Genocidal characteristics of the massacres can be seen through the Moljević plan ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the 1941 'Instructions' issued by Chetnik leader, Draža Mihailović, concerning the cleansing of non-Serbs on the basis of creating a post-war Greater Serbia.{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|p=170}}{{sfn|Lerner|1994|p=105}}{{sfn|Mulaj|2008|p=42}} Death toll by ethnicity includes between 18,000 and 32,000 Croats and 29,000 to 33,000 Muslims.[149][150][151]}}Chetniks Flag.svg}} Independent State of Croatia (territories of present-day Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sandžak)19411945{{nts|47,000}}
[152]		{{nts|65,000}}
[153]		}}
group=N|name=Herero|The Herero and Namaqua Genocide was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century.}} German South-West Africa19041908{{nts|34000}}
{{r|Nuhn89}}		{{nts|110000}}
{{r|WhitakerRep|HereroBiblio}}		70}}60% (24,000 out of 40,000{{r|Nuhn89}}) to 81.25% (65,000[154][155] out of 80,000[156]) of total Herero and 50%{{r|Nuhn89}} of Nama population killed.
group=N|name=Maya|Guatemalan genocide. The government forces of Guatemala and allied paramilitary groups have been condemned by the Historical Clarification Commission for committing genocide against the Maya population{{r|UN0399}}{{r|CEH1999}} and for widespread human rights violations against civilians during the civil war fought against various leftist rebel groups. At least an estimated 200,000 persons lost their lives by arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and other human rights violations.{{sfn|CEH|1999|p=20}} A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.{{sfn|CEH|1999|p=23}}}} Guatemala19621996{{nts|32632}}
{{r|MayaMin}}		{{nts|166000}}
{{r|MayaMax}}		3}}
During the Khmelnytsky Uprising genocidal massacres were perpetrated against Jewish communities in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by Ukrainian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars.[157]}} Ukraine and Belarus (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), Moldova16481657{{nts|18000}}
[158]		{{nts|100000}}
[159][160][161][162][163]		50}}45-50% of the Jewish population of Ukraine was killed.[158]
(Lativian genocide){{refn>group=N|name=Lativia|The Lativian Operation refers to mass arrest and execution of Lativians during the Stalinist Great Purge.}} Soviet Union19371938{{nts|16,573}}
[164]		{{nts|16,573}}
[165]
group=N|name=NCalifor|The California genocide[166][167] refers to the destruction of individual tribes like the Yuki people during the Round Valley Settler Massacres of 1856 - 1859,[168] general massacres perpetrated by settlers chasing the gold rush against Indians like the Bloody Island Massacre, or Klamath River "War of Extermination"[169] along with the overall decline of the Indian population of California due to disease and starvation exacerbated by the massacres.}}1stBearFlag.svg}} California

1846

1873

9,492 - 16,094
[166][167][170]

{{nts|120,000}}
[167][171]		80}}Amerindian population in California declined by 80% during the period
group=N|name=NRohingya| The 2017-18 Rohingya genocide in Myanmar[172][173][174][175] against the Rohingya ethnic minority in Myanmar (Burma) by the Myanmar military and Buddhist extremists. The violence began on 25 August 2017 and has continued since, reaching its peak during the months of August and September in 2017. The Rohingya people are a largely Muslim ethnic minority in Myanmar who have faced widespread persecution and discrimination for several decades. They are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law, and are falsely regarded as Bengali immigrants by much of Myanmar's Bamar majority, to the extent that the government refuses to acknowledge the Rohingya's existence as a valid ethnic group.[176] The Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) is a Rohingya insurgent group that was founded in 2013 to "liberate [the Rohingya] people from dehumanising oppression".[177] On 25 August 2017, ARSA claimed responsibility for coordinated attacks on police posts that reportedly killed twelve security forces. Myanmar's military forces immediately launched a series of retaliatory attacks against Rohingya civilians, and were joined by local Buddhist extremists. Together they burnt down hundreds of Rohingya villages, killed thousands of Rohingya men, women, and children, tortured countless others, and sexually assaulted countless Rohingya women and girls. Several Rohingya refugees say they were forced to witness soldiers throwing their babies into burning houses to die in the fire. Numerous Rohingya refugee women and girls have provided accounts of being brutally gang raped. The violence has resulted in a refugee crisis, with an estimated 693,000 Rohingya fleeing to overcrowded refugee camps in the neighboring country of Bangladesh.}} Myanmar

2017

Present

9,000 - 13,700
[178]

43,000
[179]

group=N|name=Bosnia|The Bosnian genocide comprises localized, in time and place, massacres like in Srebrenica{{r|IWPR1212}} and in Žepa committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995, as well as the scattered ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska{{r|Gutman1993}} during the 1992–95 Bosnian War.{{r|Thackrah08}} Srebrenica marked the most recent act of genocide committed in Europe and was the only theater of that war that fulfilled the definition of genocide as set by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks ("Bosnian Muslims").{{r|BBC310310}}}}Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}19921995{{nts|8373}}
{{r|BosniaLow}}		31,107
{{nts|39199}}
[180]><{{r|BosniaHigh}}		3}}More then 3% of the Bosniak population of Bosnia and Herzegovina perished during the Bosnian War.[181]
group=N|name=Jumma|In Bangladesh, the persecution of the indigenous tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts such as the Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Jumma people and others who are mainly Buddhists, Hindus, Christians, and Animists, has been described as genocidal, with Chackmas reportedly the worst affected.{{sfn|Gray|1994}}{{sfn|O'Brien|2004}}{{sfn|Mey|1984}}{{sfn|Moshin|2003}}{{sfn|Roy|2000}} The Chittagong Hill Tracts are located bordering India, Myanmar and the Bay of Bengal, and is the home to 500,000 indigenous people. The perpetrators were the Bangladeshi military and the Bengali people of the Chittagong division, who together have burned down Chackma homes, killed many Chakmas, and there were some reports of rape of the indigenous women. There are also accusations of Chakmas being forced to convert to Islam. The conflict started soon after Bangladeshi independence, in 1972 when the Constitution imposed Bengali as the sole official language of the country. Subsequently, the government encouraged and sponsored massive settlement by Bangladeshis in the region, which changed the demographics from 98 percent indigenous in 1972 to fifty percent by 1997. The government allocated a full third of the Bangladeshi military to the region to support Bengali settlers, sparking a protracted guerrilla war between Hill tribes and the military.{{sfn|O'Brien|2004}} During this conflict, which officially ended in 1997, a large number of human rights violations against the indigenous peoples have been reported.{{sfn|Chakma|Hill|2013}} Amnesty International estimates that upto 90,000 indigenous families were displaced.[182] Following the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord in 1997, though no further violence have been reported, promised land reforms have only at best been partially fulfilled despite repeated promises by the Bangladeshi government reported Amnesty International in 2013.[182] Chakmas also live in India's Tripura state where a Tripuri separatist movement is going on.[183]}}Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh19771997{{nts|3000}}
[184]		{{nts|5740}}
{{refn|group=N|name=jummassacres|
  • In 1980, Bangladeshi armed forces attacked the village of Kawkhali and left 300 dead.
  • Another massacre occurred on 3 March when the Bangladeshi armed forces killed between 3,000 and 4,000 people.
  • Another massacre occurred on 25 March 1981 in which settlers attacked and killed 500 people in Matiranga.
  • Another massacre occurred in 1989 in Longudu which left 40 Jumma peoples dead and displaced a further 13,000.
  • Another massacre occurred in 1992 in Logang which caused the deaths of hundreds <100-900> of people with reports that hundreds had been burned alive and others shot dead while trying to escape. The incident led to the EU passing a resolution requesting that Bangladesh put a halt to continued violence in the CHT.

>Roy, Rajkumari Chandra (2000). Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 123. ISBN 978-8790730291.

>Jonassohn, Kurt; Karin Solveig Björnson (1998). Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction. p. 257. ISBN 1560003146.

>The Election Archives. Shiv Lal. 2018-01-29. p. 218.

>D'Costa, Bina (2012). Aspinall, Edward; Jeffrey, Robin; Regan, Anthony, eds. Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Others Don't. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 978-0415670319.

>Arens, Jenneke (2010). Samuel Totten, Robert K. Hitchcock, ed. Genocide of indigenous Peoples. Transaction. p. 141. ISBN 978-1412814959.

>Jensen, Marianne (2001). Suhas Chakma, Marianne Jensen, ed. Racism Against Indigenous Peoples. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 209. ISBN 978-8790730468.

>


}}		2}}
name=Ona|group=N}}Chile, Tierra del FuegoLate 19th centuryEarly 20th century{{nts|2500}}
{{r|Chapman}}		{{nts|3900}}
{{r|Gardini}}		84}}84%
The genocide reduced their numbers from around 3,000 to about 500 people. (Now pure Selk'nam are considered extinct.{{r|Gardini}}{{r|Ray2007}}
group=N|name=Yazidis|The Genocide of Yazidis ' by ISIS includes mass killing, rape and enslavement of girls and women, forced abduction, indoctrination and recruitment of Yazidis boys (aged 7 to 15) to be used in armed conflicts, forced conversion to Islam and expulsion from their ancestral land. The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria officially declared in its report that ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidis population.{{r|UNnews0616}} It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings{{r|HRC15616}} but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys are still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people are still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016.}} northern Iraq and Syria2014Present{{nts|2,100}}
[185]		{{nts|4,400}}
[185]{{r|YazidiFigure}}		1}}
group=N|name=Moriori|The genocide of the Moriori began in the fall of 1835. The invasions of the Chatham Islands left the Moriori people and their culture to die off. Those who survived were either kept as slaves or eaten and Moriori were not sanctioned to marry other Moriori or have children within their race. This caused their people and their language to be endangered. There were only 101 Moriori people left out of 2000 who had survived in 1863.[186]}} Chatham Islands, New Zealand18351863{{nts|1900}}
[187][188]		{{nts|1900}}95}}95% of the Moriori population was eradicated by the invasion from Taranaki, a group of Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama people from the Māori tribe.[189][190] All were enslaved and many were cannibalized.[191] They were not permitted to mix with their race.[192] The Moriori language is now extinct.[186][193] There are no Moriori of unmixed ancestry left.[188]
(Genocide of Aboriginal Tasmanians){{refn>group=N|name=Tasm|The extinction of Aboriginal Tasmanians was called an archetypal case of genocide by Rafael Lemkin[194] (coiner of the word genocide) among other historians, a view supported by more recent genocide scholars like Ben Kiernan who covered it in his book Blood and Soil: A History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. This extinction also includes the Black War, which would make the war an act of genocide.[195] Historians like Keith Windschuttle among other historians disagree with this interpretation in discourse known as the History wars.}} Tasmania, AustraliaMid 1820s1832{{nts|400}}
[196]		{{nts|1000}}
[196]

Descriptions of the genocides

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf|website=www.un.org|access-date=2019-01-02|title=OFFICE OF THE UN SPECIAL ADVISER ON THE PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE (OSAPG)|page=1}}
2. ^Gilbert 2001, p. 245.
3. ^Berenbaum, Michael (2006). The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. {{ISBN|978-0-8018-8358-3}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0559/analit01.php|title=The Extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War|last=Zemskov|first=Viktor N.|date=2013|website=|archive-url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0559/analit01.php|archive-date=2012|dead-url=|access-date=}}
5. ^{{Cite book|title=Human losses of the Soviet Union during the second World War|last=|first=|publisher=Russian Academy of Sciences|year=1995|isbn=978-5-86789-023-0|location=St. Petersburg|pages=}}
6. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution|title=Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org|language=en|access-date=2018-12-06}}
7. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/work/journals/2003/jnlp_114.pdf|title=Foreign Affairs: Ukrainian Famine (No. 680)|journal=Journals of the Senate|series=114|pages=2652–53|date=30 October 2003|deadurl=y|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229204050/http://www.aph.gov.au/SENATE/work/journals/2003/jnlp_114.pdf|archivedate=29 December 2004}}
8. ^{{cite journal|url=https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/Chamber/372/Journals/PDF/072jr_2003-06-19.pdf|title=Journals of the Senate No.72, 2nd Session, 37th Parliament|pages=994–995|date=19 June 2003|accessdate=24 July 2016}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://helsinki.org.ua/en/index.php?id=1198597096|title=Columbia declares Holodomor an act of genocide|work=Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union|date=25 December 2007|accessdate=26 March 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219095656/http://helsinki.org.ua/en/index.php?id=1198597096|archivedate=19 February 2009}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.congreso.gov.ec/noticias/contenido.aspx?codigo_bol=5542&sitio=noticias|title=Aprueba resolución: Congreso se solidariza con pueblo Ucraniano|trans-title=Resolution passed: Congress is in solidarity with Ukrainian people|language=es|work=National Congress of Ecuador|date=30 October 2007|accessdate=31 October 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102145045/http://www.congreso.gov.ec/noticias/contenido.aspx?codigo_bol=5542&sitio=noticias|archivedate=2 November 2007}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://ww2.senat.pl/K6/dok/dr/050/a/090s.pdf|title=Sprawozdanie - Komisji Ustawodawczej oraz Komisji Spraw Zagranicznych - o projekcie uchwały w sprawie rocznicy Wielkiego Głodu na Ukrainie|trans-title=Report of the Legislative Committee and Foreign Affairs Committee - on the project resolution concerning the anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine|language=pl|work=Senate of the Republic of Poland|date=14 March 2006|accessdate=24 July 2016}}
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|url=http://www.holodomoreducation.org/news.php/news/4 |title=International Recognition of the Holodomor|publisher=Holodomoreducation.org|date=28 November 2006|accessdate=24 July 2016}}
13. ^{{cite journal|title=Living in "survival mode:" Intergenerational transmission of trauma from the Holodomor genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine|author1=Brent Bezo|author2=Stefania Maggi|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.009|pmid=25931287|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=134|pages=87–94|year=2015}}
14. ^{{cite book|title=Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection [4 volumes]: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB4UBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2064|page=2064|author=Paul R. Bartrop, Steven Leonard Jacobs|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2014|isbn=9781610693646}}
15. ^{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Robert|authorlink1=Robert William Davies|last2=Wheatcroft|first2=Stephen|authorlink2=Stephen G. Wheatcroft|title=The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s1lCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14|year=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-27397-9|page=xiv}}
16. ^{{cite journal |last=Tauger|first=Mark B.|url=https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/download/89/90|title=Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933|journal=The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies|issue=1506|year=2001|pages=1–65|issn=2163-839X|doi=10.5195/CBP.2001.89}}
17. ^{{Cite journal|last1= Ghodsee|first1=Kristen R.|volume = 4| issue = 2|pages=115–142|title = A Tale of "Two Totalitarianisms": The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism| journal = History of the Present| date = 2014|url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/history_of_the_present_galleys.pdf | jstor = 10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115|doi=10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115|author-link=Kristen R. Ghodsee}}
18. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/ww2/poland-genocide.htm|title=Genocide of Poles During World War II|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2018-12-06}}
19. ^Documentation Center of Cambodia
20. ^Yale Cambodian Genocide Program
21. ^{{cite book|last=Snyder|first=Timothy|title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2012|isbn=9780465032976|page=90}}
22. ^1 {{cite book|title=Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives|editor=John Arch Getty, Roberta Thompson Manning|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|isbn=9780521446709|page=265}}
23. ^{{cite book|title=Central Asia on Display: Proceedings of the VIIth Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies|author=European Society for Central Asian Studies|editor=Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, Julia Katschnig|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=2004|isbn=9783825883096|page=236}}
24. ^1 {{cite book|title=Family Politics: Domestic Life, Devastation and Survival, 1900-1950|last=Ginsborg |first=Paul |isbn=9780300211054 |year=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press|page=100}}
25. ^Robert Cribb (2004). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=LoQo50YPzTUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA133#v=onepage&q&f=false The Indonesian Genocide of 1965–1966]." In Samuel Totten (ed). Teaching about Genocide: Approaches, and Resources. Information Age Publishing, pp. 133-143. {{ISBN|159311074X}}
26. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Melvin |first1=Jess |year=2017 |title=Mechanics of Mass Murder: A Case for Understanding the Indonesian Killings as Genocide |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=487–511 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2017.1393942 }}
27. ^{{cite web |last1=Roosa |first1=John |title=The 1965–66 Politicide in Indonesia: Toward Knowing Who Did What to Whom and Why |url=http://aparc.fsi.stanford.edu/southeastasia/events/1965-66-politicide-indonesia-toward-knowing-who-did-what-whom-and-why |website=Stanford}}
28. ^{{cite web |title=The Indonesian Politicide of 1965–66: How Could it Have Happened? |url=https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/events/indonesian-politicide-1965-66-how-could-it-have-happened |publisher=Maastricht University}}
29. ^1 {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html |location= |publisher=Princeton University Press |page= |isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3 |author-link=}}
30. ^{{cite book |last=Melvin |first=Jess |date=2018 |title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694 |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=1 |isbn=978-1-138-57469-4 |author-link=}}
31. ^Mark Aarons (2007). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&lpg=PA80&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide]." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. {{ISBN|9004156917}} p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA80 80].
32. ^The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On, Time
33. ^Indonesia's killing fields. Al Jazeera, 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
34. ^{{cite book |last1=Gellately |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Gellately |last2=Kiernan |first2=Ben |author-link2=Ben Kiernan |date=July 2003 |title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/specter-genocide-mass-murder-historical-perspective |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA290#v=onepage&q&f=false 290–291] |isbn=978-0-521-52750-7 |access-date=19 October 2015}}
35. ^{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html |location= |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=3 |isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3 |author-link=}}
36. ^Mark Aarons (2007). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&lpg=PA80&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide]." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. {{ISBN|9004156917}} p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA80 80].
37. ^The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On, Time
38. ^Indonesia's killing fields. Al Jazeera, 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
39. ^{{cite book |last1=Gellately |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Gellately |last2=Kiernan |first2=Ben |author-link2=Ben Kiernan |date=July 2003 |title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/specter-genocide-mass-murder-historical-perspective |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA290#v=onepage&q&f=false 290–291] |isbn=978-0-521-52750-7 |access-date=19 October 2015}}
40. ^{{cite book |last= Robinson|first=Geoffrey B.|date= 2018|title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html|location= |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=4 |isbn=9781400888863|quote="And while there is still no consensus on the matter, some scholars have described the Indonesian violence as genocide."}}
41. ^{{cite book |last=Melvin |first=Jess |date=2018 |title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694 |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=1 |isbn=978-1-138-57469-4 |author-link=}}
42. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=McGregor |editor1-first=Katharine |editor1-link= |editor2-last=Melvin |editor2-first=Jess |editor2-link= |editor3-last=Pohlman |editor3-first=Annie |editor3-link= |date=2018 |title=The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics and Legacies (Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide) |url=https://www.palgrave.com/de/book/9783319714547 |location= |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-319-71454-7}}
43. ^{{cite news |last=Kwok |first=Yenni |date=20 July 2016 |title=Indonesia's Mass Killings of 1965 Were Crimes Against Humanity, International Judges Say |url=http://time.com/4414438/indonesia-crimes-against-humanity-1965/ |work=Time |access-date=25 December 2018|quote="The tribunal concludes that those acts were intended to annihilate a section of the population and could be categorized as genocide."}}
44. ^See, e.g., [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13431486 Rwanda: How the genocide happened], BBC, 17 May 2011, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), p. 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. Seven out of every 10 Tutsis were killed.
45. ^Bierstadt, Edward Hale (1924), The Great Betrayal; A Survey of the Near East Problem, New York: RM McBride & Co. p. 67
46. ^Jones 2010, p. 166: "An estimate of the Pontian Greek death toll at all stages of the anti-Christian genocide is about 350,000; for all the Greeks of the Ottoman realm taken together, the toll surely exceeded half a million, and may approach the 900,000 killed that a team of US researchers found in the early postwar period. Most surviving Greeks were expelled to Greece as part of the tumultuous 'population exchanges' that set the seal on a heavily 'Turkified' state."
47. ^Coverage of The tragedy public Thought (later half of the 19th century), Niko Javakhishvili, Tbilisi State University, 20 December 2012, retrieved 1 June 2015
48. ^Yemelianova, Galina, Islam nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus. April 2014. pg. 3
49. ^Paul Goble Circassians demand Russian apology for 19th century genocide, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 15 July 2005, Volume 8, Number 23
50. ^Circassia: Adygs Ask European Parliament to Recognize Genocide, unpo.org; accessed April 16, 2018.
51. ^1 [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/world/europe/21georgia.html Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century]. New York Times, May 21, 2011.
52. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/08/09/f-sochi-olympics-russia-circassians.html|title=Russia's Sochi Olympics awakens Circassian anger|first=Amber|last=Hildebrandt|publisher=CBC News|date=2012-08-14|accessdate=2012-08-15}}
53. ^Georgia Recognizes 'Circassian Genocide'. Civil Georgia, 20 May 2011
54. ^Грузия признала геноцид черкесов в царской России // Сайт «Лента.Ру», lenta.ru, May 20, 2011.{{ru icon}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=Russians won't admit expulsion of Circassians was genocide — but Ukrainians should|url=http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/05/21/russians-wont-admit-expulsion-of-circassians-was-genocide-but-ukrainians-should/#arvlbdata|website=Euromaiden Press|date=2016-05-21}}
56. ^Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide". In Levine, Mark D and Penny Roberts, Massacres in History, pg. 154: "The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, be less than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million"
57. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS104971+22-May-2009+PRN20090522|title=145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue|date=May 22, 2009|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=November 28, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702174523/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/22/idUS104971%2B22-May-2009%2BPRN20090522|archivedate=July 2, 2012}}
58. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/world/europe/21georgia.html|title=Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century|author=Ellen Barry|date=May 20, 2011|work=The New York Times}}
59. ^Richmond, Walter. The Circassian Genocide, pg. 132:
"If we assume that Berzhe's middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported."
60. ^Quoting from {{cite web|title=Bangladesh Genocide Archive|url=http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/}}:{{Better source|date=September 2017}}
As R.J. Rummel writes:
"The human death toll over only 267 days was incredible. Just to give for five out of the eighteen districts some incomplete statistics published in Bangladesh newspapers or by an Inquiry Committee, the Pakistani army killed 100,000 Bengalis in Dacca, 150,000 in Khulna, 75,000 in Jessore, 95,000 in Comilla, and 100,000 in Chittagong. For eighteen districts the total is 1,247,000 killed. This was an incomplete toll, and to this day no one really knows the final toll. Some estimates of the democide [Rummel's 'death by government'] are much lower—one is of 300,000 dead—but most range from 1 million to 3 million. ... The Pakistani army and allied paramilitary groups killed about one out of every sixty-one people in Pakistan overall; one out of every twenty-five Bengalis, Hindus, and others in East Pakistan. If the rate of killing for all of Pakistan is annualized over the years the Yahya martial law regime was in power (March 1969 to December 1971), then this one regime was more lethal than that of the Soviet Union, China under the communists, or Japan under the military (even through World War II)." (Rummel, Death By Government, pg. 331.)
1 in 25 is equal to 4%
61. ^Koenraad Elst Was There an Islamic "Genocide of Hindus?" 2 million deaths out of 9.5 million Hindus
62. ^{{cite book|last=Lemkin|first=Raphael|editor-last=Jacobs|editor-first=Steven Leonard|date=2012|title=Lemkin on Genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9pkney_zw8C&pg=PA71|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7391-4526-5|author-link=Raphael Lemkin|page=71}}
63. ^{{cite book|last1=Jonassohn|first1=Kurt|last2=Björnson|first2=Karin Solveig|date=1998|title=Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC&pg=PA50|location=Piscataway, New Jersey|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-2445-3|page=50}}
64. ^{{cite book|last1=Tatz|first1=Colin Martin|author-link1=Colin Tatz|last2=Higgins|first2=Winton|date=2016|title=The Magnitude of Genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1WaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-3161-4|page=214}}
65. ^{{cite book|last=Robertson|first=John M.|date=1902|title=A Short History of Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAQ_AAAAIAAJ|location=London, UK|publisher=Watts & Co.|page=254}}
66. ^Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371.
67. ^genocidal or near-genocidal* {{cite book|editor=Albert Breton|booktitle=Nationalism and Rationality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slwrBIPU7W8C|date=24 November 1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-48098-7|title=Regulating nations and ethnic communities |first1=Brendam |last1=O'Leary |first2=John |last2=McGarry |page=248 |quote="Oliver Cromwell offered the Irish Catholics a choice between genocide and forced mass population transfer. They could go 'To Hell or to Connaught!'"}}* {{cite book|author=Tim Pat Coogan|title=The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33sWKhmPl3UC|date=5 January 2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-29418-2|page=6 |quote=The massacres by Catholics of Protestants, which occurred in the religious wars of the 1640s, were magnified for propagandist purposes to justify Cromwell's subsequent genocide.}}* {{cite book|author=Peter Berresford Ellis|title=Eyewitness to Irish History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVaUkHKOyLAC|date=9 February 2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-05312-6}} "It was to be the justification for Cromwell's genocidal campaign and settlement."* {{harvnb|Levene|2005}} "[The Act of Settlement of Ireland], and the parliamentary legislation which succeeded it the following year, is the nearest thing on paper in the English, and more broadly British, domestic record, to a programme of state-sanctioned and systematic ethnic cleansing of another people. The fact that it did not include 'total' genocide in its remit, or that it failed to put into practice the vast majority of its proposed expulsions, ultimately, however, says less about the lethal determination of its makers and more about the political, structural and financial weakness of the early modern English state."
68. ^{{Cite book|title=Why Some Wars Become Genocidal and Others Don't |author=Daniel Chirot |publisher=Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington |url=http://jsis.artsci.washington.edu/jsis/Chirot-War.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817014618/http://jsis.artsci.washington.edu/jsis/Chirot-War.pdf |archivedate=August 17, 2008 }}
69. ^{{cite book|page=337|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Rqd1zRZp-kMC&pg=RA1-PA337&lpg=RA1-PA337&dq=oliver+cromwell+joshua+ireland#v=onepage&q=oliver%20cromwell%20joshua%20ireland&f=false|title=The Bible: Authorized King James Version with Apocrypha|author1=Robert Carrol|author2=Stephen Prickett|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780192835253}}
70. ^1 Mícheál Ó Siochrú/RTÉ ONE, Cromwell in Ireland Part 2. Broadcast 16 September 2008.
71. ^1 {{harvnb|Kenyon|Ohlmeyer|1998|p=278}}. Scott Wheeler, Cromwell in Ireland.
72. ^Li and Zheng, pg 402
73. ^Li and Zheng, pg 402
74. ^UNPO: Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944
75. ^Press-Release: February 23, World Chechnya Day - Save Chechnya Campaign {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227054740/http://savechechnya.org/archives/410|date=2013-02-27}}
76. ^1 Wood, Tony. Chechnya: the Case for Independence, pp. 37-38
77. ^1 2 Nekrich, Punished Peoples
78. ^Dunlop. Russia Confronts Chechnya, pp 62-70
79. ^Gammer. Lone Wolf and the Bear, pp166-171
80. ^Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates
81. ^1 Dunlop. Russia Confronts Chechnya, pp. 62-70
82. ^1 Gammer. Lone Wolf and the Bear, pp. 166-71
83. ^1 Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates, hawaii.edu; accessed 16 April 2018.
84. ^{{cite book|last1=Niewyk|first1=Donald L.|last2=Nicosia|first2=Francis R.|title=The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QQ7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|accessdate=5 July 2016|year=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50590-1|page=47}}
85. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|date=2004-08-01|title=The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC|journal=Diogenes|language=en|volume=51|issue=3|pages=27–39|doi=10.1177/0392192104043648|issn=0392-1921}}
86. ^{{Cite journal|last=Leavesley|first=Jordana|title=Melos and Carthage: Genocide in the Ancient World|url=https://www.academia.edu/31572631|language=en}}
87. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHIABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25|title=Genocide|last=Rubinstein|first=William D.|date=2014-07-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317869962}}
88. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGHGPgj1_tIC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34|title=The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing|last=Mann|first=Michael|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521538541}}
89. ^{{Citation|title=Carthage: The Roman Holocaust (TV Movie 2004)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0409797|accessdate=2017-08-13}}
90. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://necrometrics.com/romestat.htm|title=Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era|website=necrometrics.com|access-date=2017-08-13}}
91. ^Michael Ellman, Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33 Revisited PDF file
92. ^Simon Sebag Montefiore. Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar, pg. 229. Vintage Books, New York 2003; {{ISBN|1-4000-7678-1}}
93. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.rp.pl/artykul/594183.html|title=Nieopłakane ludobójstwo (Genocide Not Mourned)|publisher=Rzeczpospolita|date=2011-01-15|accessdate=April 28, 2011|author=Prof. Marek Jan Chodakiewicz}}
94. ^{{cite web|url=http://m.se.pl/wydarzenia/opinie/zbrodnia-wieksza-niz-katyn_157172.html|title=Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków z lat 1937-38 to zbrodnia większa niż Katyń (Genocide of Poles in the years 1937-38, a Crime Greater than Katyn)|publisher=Super Express|accessdate=April 28, 2011|author=Franciszek Tyszka}}
95. ^{{cite web|url=http://historyton.pl/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=11729|title=Rozstrzelać Polaków. Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim (To Execute the Poles. Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union)|publisher=Historyton|accessdate=April 28, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003143755/http://historyton.pl/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=11729|archivedate=October 3, 2011}}
96. ^{{cite web|url=http://info.wiara.pl/doc/578542.Publikacja-na-temat-eksterminacji-Polakow-w-ZSRR-w-latach-30|title=Publikacja na temat eksterminacji Polaków w ZSRR w latach 30 (Publication on the Subject of Extermination of Poles in the Soviet Union during the 1930s)|author=Andrzej Macura, Polska Agencja Prasowa|publisher=Portal Wiara.pl|date=2010-06-24|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}
97. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.polishclub.org/2011/03/22/prof-iwo-cyprian-pogonowski-rozkaz-n-k-w-d-no-00485-z-dnia-11-viii-1937-a-polacy|title=Rozkaz N.K.W.D.: No. 00485 z dnia 11-VIII-1937, a Polacy|publisher=Polish Club Online|date=22 March 2011|accessdate=April 28, 2011|author=Prof Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski|quote=See also, Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim (Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union), article published by The Polish Review vol. LV, No. 4, 2010.}}
98. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naukowa.pl/Historia,7kt/Rozstrzelac-Polakow.-Ludobojstwo-Polakow-w-Zwiazku-Sowieckim-w-latach-1937-1938.-Dokumenty-z-Central,328396ks|title=Sommer, Tomasz. Book description (Opis)|publisher=Księgarnia Prawnicza, Lublin|work=Rozstrzelać Polaków. Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim w latach 1937-1938. Dokumenty z Centrali (Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union)|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}
99. ^{{cite web|url=http://globalizacja.org/node/364|title=Konferencja "Rozstrzelać Polaków – Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim" (Conference on Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union), Warsaw|publisher=Instytut Globalizacji oraz Press Club Polska in cooperation with Memorial Society|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}
100. ^Goldman, Wendy Z. (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=D0_HYK8R-8IC&lpg=PA217&pg=PA217#v=onepage Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia.] New York: Cambridge University Press; {{ISBN|978-0-521-19196-8}}. pg. 217.
101. ^"Senate recognizes Volhynia massacre to be genocide." http://tass.ru/en/world/887135 http://tass.ru/en/world/887135
102. ^Radio Poland "Polish MPs adopt resolution calling 1940s massacre genocide" http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/263005,Polish-MPs-adopt-resolution-calling-1940s-massacre-genocide
103. ^The Reconstruction of Nations, 2004
104. ^W kręgu Łun w Bieszczadach, 2009, page 13
105. ^Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła", 2011, pages 447-448
106. ^Terles In Ethnic Cleansing p61
Czesław Partacz Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. Przykład ludobójstwa na Kresach Południowo-Wschodniej Polski w latach 1939-1946
Lucyna Kulińska "Dzieci Kresów III", Kraków 2009, p. 467
Józef Turowski, Władysław Siemaszko: Zbrodnie nacjonalistów ukraińskich dokonane na ludności polskiej na Wołyniu 1939–1945. Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce – Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Środowisko Żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Armii Krajowej w Warszawie, 1990Hochspringen ↑ Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko [2000]: Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–1945. Borowiecky, Warszawa 2000, {{ISBN|83-87689-34-3}}, S. 1056.
107. ^Grzegorz Hryciuk Przemiany narodowościowe i ludnościowe w Galicji Wschodniej i na Wołyniu w latach 1931–1948, Toruń 2005, Wyd. Adam Marszałek , {{ISBN|83-7441-121-X}} s.139, Robert Potocki, Polityka państwa polskiego wobec zagadnienia ukraińskiego w latach 1930–1939, Lublin 2003, wyd. Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, {{ISBN|83-917615-4-1}}, s.47-50.
108. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6RAAAAAYAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union|first=Michael T.|last=Florinsky|page=258|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1961|accessdate=2009-07-22}}
109. ^http://www.cedat.be/sites/default/files/ID%20214%20%20Counting%20the%20death%20(2).pdf
110. ^Quantifying Genocide in Darfur
Dr.Eric Reeves, 28 April 2006
111. ^{{cite web|last=Payaslian|first=Simon|title=20th Century Genocides|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml|publisher=Oxford bibliographies|ref= {{sfnref|Payaslian}}}}
112. ^{{cite web|title=Genocide Studies Program: East Timor|url=http://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/east-timor|website=Yale.edu}}
113. ^Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report Chega!
114. ^Chega! The CAVR Report {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm|date=May 13, 2012}}
115. ^Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.*This estimates comes from taking the minimum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the minimum starved.
Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report Chega!
Chega! The CAVR Report {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm|date=May 13, 2012}}
116. ^Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings*This estimates comes from taking the maximum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the maximum starved.
Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report Chega!, cavr-timorleste.org; accessed April 16, 2018.
Chega! The CAVR Report {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm|date=May 13, 2012}}
117. ^Totten, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA346&lpg=PT347#PPA403,M1 p. 331]
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119. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGHGPgj1_tIC&pg=PA309|title=The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing|last=Mann|first=Michael|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780521538541|location=|page=309}}
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130. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Penketh |first1=Anne |title=Extermination of the pygmies |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221123504/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/extermination-of-the-pygmies-552332.html |accessdate=2018-12-21 |agency=The Independent |date=2004-07-07}}
131. ^1 2 "Between October 2002 and January 2003, two the rebel groups, the MLC and RCD-N in the East of the Congo launched a premeditated, systematic genocide against the local tribes and Pygmies nicknamed operation "Effacer le Tableau" ("erase the board"). During their offensive against the civilian population of the Ituri region, the rebel groups left more than 60,000 dead and over 100,000 displaced. The rebels even engaged in slavery and cannibalism. Human Rights Reports state that this was due to the fact that rebel groups, often far away from their bases of supply and desperate for food, enslaved the Pygmies on captured farms to grow provisions for their militias or when times get really tough simply slaughter them like animals and devour their flesh which some believe gives them magical powers.11. Fatality Level of Dispute (military and civilian fatalities): 70,000 estimated"see:{{cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/pygmy.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025741/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/pygmy.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict |author=Raja Seshadri |date=7 November 2005 |work=Case Study 163 |publisher=The Inventory of Conflict & Environment, American University |accessdate=21 July 2012}}
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135. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgOwSXB164C&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23|title=Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention|last=Peifer|first=Douglas C.|date=2009-05-01|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9781437912814}}
136. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149|title=Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa|last=Straus|first=Scott|date=2015-03-24|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801455674}}
137. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZybbAAAAMAAJ|title=Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity|last=Jones|first=Adam|date=2017-01-22|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=9781842771914}}
138. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html|title=Investigating genocide in Somaliland|date=February 2014|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=April 16, 2018}}
139. ^{{Cite book|title=Somaliland: Time for African Union Leadership|publisher=International Crisis Group|year=2006|isbn=|location=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/somaliland-time-for-african-union-leadership.pdf|pages=5}}
140. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA152|title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation|last=Tekle|first=Amare|date=1994-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415974}}
141. ^{{Cite journal|year=|title=Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics|url=https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf|page=10}}
142. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-s0VcsSW2rAC&pg=PA154|title=The New Africa: Dispatches from a Changing Continent|last=Press|first=Robert M.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=9780813017044}}
143. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WV0TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57|title=The Early Morning Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances|last=Lindley|first=Anna|date=2013-01-15|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781782383284|language=en}}
144. ^{{cite book|last1=Gajraj|first1=Priya|title=Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics|date=2005|publisher=World Bank|page=10|url=https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf}}
145. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52m9OsGODRUC&pg=PA227|title=Racism and Ethnicity: Global Debates, Dilemmas, Directions|last=Law|first=Ian|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405859127}}
146. ^{{cite journal|title=Africa Watch|journal=Volume 5|date=1993|page=4}}
147. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149|title=Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa|last=Straus|first=Scott|date=2015-03-24|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801455674|language=en}}
148. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html|title=Investigating genocide in Somaliland|access-date=April 16, 2018}}
149. ^Geiger, Vladimir {{cite journal|title=Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators|journal=Revue für Kroatische Geschichte = Revue d'Histoire Croate|volume=VIII|issue=1|pages=77–121|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en|year=2012|last1=Geiger|first1=Vladimir}}
150. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TtWycwryensC&pg=PA430&lpg=PA430&dq=chetnik+genocide#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=978-0-203-89043-1|title=Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts|page=430|author1=Samuel Totten|author2=William S. Parsons|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=11 January 2011}}
151. ^{{cite book|last=Redžić|first=Enver|title=Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War|year=2005|publisher=Tylor and Francis|location=New York|isbn=978-0714656250|page=84|url=https://books.google.com/?id=pVCx3jerQmYC&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=Chetniks+extermination#v=onepage&q=genocide&f=false}}
152. ^Geiger, Vladimir {{cite journal|title=Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators|journal=Revue für Kroatische Geschichte = Revue d'Histoire Croate|volume=VIII|issue=1|pages=77–121|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en|year=2012|last1=Geiger|first1=Vladimir}}
153. ^Geiger, Vladimir {{cite journal|title=Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators|journal=Revue für Kroatische Geschichte = Revue d'Histoire Croate|volume=VIII|issue=1|pages=77–121|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en|year=2012|last1=Geiger|first1=Vladimir}}
154. ^{{cite news|title=Germany admits Namibia genocide|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3565938.stm|accessdate=20 February 2016|agency=BBC|date=August 14, 2004}}
155. ^{{cite news|title=German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum|accessdate=20 February 2016|agency=The Guardian|date=August 16, 2004}}
156. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/section5.htm|title=UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985|quote=paragraphs 14 to 24, pages 5 to 10|publisher= Prevent Genocide International}}
157. ^* "A series of massacres perpetrated by the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki saw the death of up to 100,000 Jews and the destruction of perhaps 700 communities between 1648 and 1654 ..." Samuel Totten. Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources, Information Age Publishing, 2004, {{ISBN|1-59311-074-X}}, p. 25..
158. ^1 Stampfer, Shaul: Jewish History, vol 17: "What Actually Happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648?", pages 165–178. 2003. Abstract free
159. ^Edward H. Flannery. The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism, Paulist Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-8091-4324-0}}, p. 158 and footnote 33, p. 327.
160. ^Max I. Dimont, Jews, God, and History, Signet Classic, 2004, {{ISBN|0-451-52940-5}}, p. 247.
161. ^Martin Gilbert, Jewish History Atlas, London, 1976, p. 530, cited in Herbert Arthur Strauss. Hostages of modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism 1870–1933/39, Walter de Gruyter, 1993, p. 1013, {{ISBN|3-11-013715-1}} (footnote 3).
162. ^Other 1960s–1980s estimates of Jews killed* "In 1648, under the leadership of Chmielnicki, they ravaged the land with fire and sword. Their hatred of the Jews was boundless and they rarely attempted to persuade the unfortunate to convert. These persecutions were characterized by hitherto-unknown atrocities. Children were torn apart or thrown into the fire before the eyes of their mothers, women were burned alive, men were skinned and mutilated. People must have thought hell had let loose all the tormenting monsters that medieval painters had portrayed dragging the condemned to eternal punishment. The roads were choked with thousands of refugees trying to escape the murderous hordes. The famous rabbis of the Talmud schools died by the hundreds as martyrs for their faith. The total number of the dead was estimated at about one hundred thousand." Hannah Vogt. The Jews: A Chronicle for Christian Conscience, Association Press, 1967, p. 72.* "In their revolt, the Ukrainians slaughtered over one hundred thousand Jews." Richard L. Rubenstein. Power Struggle: An Autobiographical Confession, Scribner, 1974, p. 95.* "Thus, when in 1648, the Ukrainians under Chmielnicki rose against Polish dominion the Jews were to bear the main brunt of their fury. Within eighteen months over three hundred Jewish townships were destroyed and over one hundred thousand Jews—about a fifth of Polish Jewry—perished. It was the greatest calamity the Jews were to experience until the rise of Hitler". Chaim Bermant. The Jews, Redwood Burn, 1978, {{ISBN|0-297-77419-0}}, p. 12.* "Under the leadership of the barbaric Bogdan Chmielnitski, they exploded in a revolt of terrible violence in which their anger at their Polish lords also turned against Jewish 'infidels,' some of whom had been used by the Poles as tax collectors... In the ten years between 1648 and 1658 no fewer than 100,000 Jews were killed." David Bamberger. My People: Abba Eban's History of the Jews, Behrman House, 1978, {{ISBN|0-87441-263-3}}, pp. 184–185.* "... set off bloody massacres, led by Bogdan Chmielnicki (1593–1657), in which nearly 300,000 Eastern European Jews were killed or uprooted." Gertrude Hirschler. Ashkenaz: The German Jewish Heritage, Yeshiva University Museum, 1988, p. 64.
163. ^Sources estimating 100,000 Jews killed* "Bogdan Chmelnitzki leads Cossack uprising against Polish rule; 100,000 Jews are killed and hundreds of Jewish communities are destroyed." Judaism Timeline 1618–1770, CBS News. Accessed May 13, 2007.* "The peasants of Ukraine rose up in 1648 under a petty aristocrat Bogdan Chmielnicki. ... It is estimated that 100,000 Jews were massacred and 300 of their communities destroyed". Oscar Reiss. The Jews in Colonial America, McFarland & Company, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7864-1730-7}}, pp. 98–99.* "Moreover, Poles must have been keenly aware of the massacre of Jews in 1768 and even more so as the result of the much more widespread massacres (approximately 100,000 dead) of the earlier Chmielnicki pogroms during the preceding century." Manus I. Midlarsky. The Killing Trap: genocide in the twentieth century, Cambridge University Press, 2005,{{ISBN|0-521-81545-2}}, p. 352.* "... as many as 100,000 Jews were murdered throughout the Ukraine by Bogdan Chmielnicki's Cossack soldiers on the rampage." Martin Gilbert. Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past, Columbia University Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0-231-10965-2}}, p. 219.* "A series of massacres perpetrated by the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki saw the death of up to 100,000 Jews and the destruction of perhaps 700 communities between 1648 and 1654 ..." Samuel Totten. Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources, Information Age Publishing, 2004, {{ISBN|1-59311-074-X}}, p. 25.* "In response to Poland having taken control of much of the Ukraine in the early seventeenth century, Ukrainian peasants mobilized as groups of cavalry, and these "cossacks" in the Chmielnicki uprising of 1648 killed an estimated 100,000 Jews." Cara Camcastle. The More Moderate Side of Joseph De Maistre: Views on Political Liberty And Political Economy, McGill-Queen's Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7735-2976-4}}, p. 26* "Is there not a difference in nature between Hitler's extermination of three million Polish Jews between 1939 and 1945 because he wanted every Jew dead and the mass murder 1648–49 of 100,000 Polish Jews by General Bogdan Chmielnicki because he wanted to end Polish rule in the Ukraine and was prepared to use Cossack terrorism to kill Jews in the process?" Colin Martin Tatz. With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide, Verso, 2003, {{ISBN|1-85984-550-9}}, p. 146.* "... massacring an estimated one hundred thousand Jews as the Ukrainian Bogdan Chmielnicki had done nearly three centuries earlier." Mosheh Weiss. A Brief History of the Jewish People, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7425-4402-8}}, p. 193.
164. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/nkvd-mass-secret-national-operations-august-1937-november-1938|title=The NKVD Mass Secret National Operations (August 1937 - November 1938)|publisher=MassViolence.org|work=Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence|date=20 May 2010|accessdate=11 December 2017|author=Werth, Nicolas|pages=4 of 10|format=PDF|issn=1961-9898}}
165. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/nkvd-mass-secret-national-operations-august-1937-november-1938|title=The NKVD Mass Secret National Operations (August 1937 - November 1938)|publisher=MassViolence.org|work=Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence|date=May 20, 2010|accessdate=11 December 2017|author=Werth, Nicolas|pages=4 of 10|format=PDF|issn=1961-9898}}
166. ^1 Benjamin Madley
An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe,1846-1873
167. ^1 2 {{Cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/indiancountry/history/calif.html | title=Retired Site | PBS Programs | PBS}}
168. ^Blood and Soil A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
Chapter 8 Genocide in the United States
Ben Kiernanpages: 310 - 363
169. ^Heizer 1993, Crescent City Herald, quoted in Sacramento newspaper pages: 35 - 36
170. ^Only the range of deaths caused by massacred
171. ^The total population decline of the period overall
172. ^{{cite journal |url=https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/05/23/the-rohingya-crisis-bears-all-the-hallmarks-of-a-genocide |title=The Rohingya crisis bears all the hallmarks of a genocide |journal=The Economist |author=R.C. |date=23 May 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018}}
173. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/interview/rohingya-crisis-and-meaning-genocide |title=The Rohingya Crisis and the Meaning of Genocide |author=Camilla Siazon |date=8 May 2018 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=25 August 2018}}
174. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.apnews.com/187143b5b0f94011b886bc6f8979afc0/UN-official-says-Rohingya-crisis-has-'hallmarks-of-genocide' |title=UN official says Rohingya crisis has 'hallmarks of genocide' |author=Associated Press |date=1 February 2018 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=25 August 2018}}
175. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/23/opinions/myanmar-rohingya-genocide/index.html |title=There's only one conclusion on the Rohingya in Myanmar: It's genocide |author=Azeem Ibrahim |date=23 October 2017 |publisher=Cable News Network |access-date=25 August 2018}}
176. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561 |title=Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis |author=BBC |date=24 April 2018 |publisher=BBC |access-date=25 August 2018}}
177. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/rohingya-bangladesh-08232017154833.html |title=Southeast Asia's Newest Rebel Group Calls Bangladesh 'Great Neighbor' |author=BenarNews |date=23 August 2017 |publisher=Radio Free Asia |access-date=25 August 2018}}
178. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/rohingya-death-toll-in-the-thousands-says-msf/9260552 |title=Rohingya death toll likely above 10,000, MSF says amid exodus |author=James Bennett |date=14 December 2017 |publisher=ABC |access-date=25 August 2018}}
179. ^{{cite web |url=http://time.com/5187292/rohingya-crisis-missing-parents-refugees-bangladesh/ |title=More Than 43,000 Rohingya Parents May Be Missing. Experts Fear They Are Dead |author=Laignee Barron |date=8 March 2018 |publisher=Time |access-date=25 August 2018}}
180. ^{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C&lpg=PA140|title=Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative|chapter=Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995|first=Marie–Janine|last=Calic|publisher=Purdue University Press|location=West Lafayette, IN|year=2012|editor-first1=Charles W.|editor-last1=Ingrao|editor-first2=Thomas A.|editor-last2=Emmert|pages=139–40|isbn=978-1-55753-617-4}} Footnotes in source identify numbers as June 2012.
181. ^http://www.icty.org/x/file/About/OTP/War_Demographics/en/bih_casualty_undercount_conf_paper_100201.pdfTHE 1992-95 WAR IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: CENSUS-BASED MULTIPLE SYSTEM ESTIMATION OF CASUALTIES’ UNDERCOUNT1Jan Zwierzchowski* and Ewa Tabeau** 1 February 2010Conference Paper for the International Research Workshop on ‘The Global Costs of Conflict’The Households in Conflict Network (HiCN) and The German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) 1–2 February 2010, Berlin Page 15
182. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/06/bangladesh-indigenous-peoples-engulfed-chittagong-hill-tracts-land-conflict/|title=Bangladesh: Indigenous Peoples engulfed in Chittagong Hill Tracts land conflict|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-04}}
183. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/tipraland-movement-autonomy-is-core-to-tripuras-tribal-politics-but-gaining-power-in-state-assembly-would-be-wiser-3822603.html | title=Tipraland movement: Autonomy is core to Tripura's tribal politics, but gaining power in state Assembly would be wiser}}
184. ^Jonassohn, Kurt; Karin Solveig Björnson (1998). Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction. p. 257. ISBN 1560003146.
185. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Cetorelli|first1=Valeria|title=Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=14|issue=5|pages=e1002297|date=9 May 2017|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297|pmid=28486492|pmc=5423550}}
186. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://moriorigenocides.weebly.com/the-genocide.html|title=The Genocide|website=Moriori Genocide|access-date=2018-10-19}}
187. ^Kopel et al., 2003.
188. ^1 Tommy Solomon {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123025254/http://www.education-resources.co.nz/t-solomon.htm |date=23 January 2016 }}
189. ^King, M. The Silence Beyond. Penguin, 2011; p. 190.
190. ^{{cite web | author=Denise Davis & Māui Solomon | title=Moriori: The impact of new arrivals | work=The Encyclopedia of New Zealand | date=28 Oct 2008 | publisher=NZ Ministry for Culture and Heritage | url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en |accessdate=2009-02-07}}
191. ^Michael King (2000). Moriori: a People Rediscovered; revised ed. Published by Viking. {{ISBN|0-14-010391-0}}. Original edition 1989; pp. 57-58.
192. ^Murihiku timeline (Abandoned website) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120210004503/http://www.murihiku.com/TimeLine.htm Backup copy] at the Wayback Machine.
193. ^{{Cite journal | last=King| first=Michael | title=Moriori: A People Rediscovered | publisher=Viking| location =Auckland | year=1989 | page=136 }}
194. ^Henry Reynolds, "Genocide in Tasmania?",in A. Dirk Moses (ed.) Genocide and settler society:frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian History. Berghan Books, 2004 p.128
195. ^{{harvnb|Clements|2014|p=4}}
196. ^1 {{harvnb|Clements|2013|pp=329–331}}
197. ^For a listing of the number of murdered Jews, detailed by country, see {{cite book |last=Dawidowicz |first=Lucy |authorlink=Lucy Dawidowicz |year=2010 |title=The War Against the Jews: 1933-1945 |publisher=Open Road Media |isbn=978-1453203064 |at=Appendix A|title-link=The War Against the Jews }}
198. ^{{cite book |last=Reitlinger |first=Gerald |author-link=Gerald Reitlinger |year=1953 |title=The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945 |location=New York City |publisher=Beechhurst Press }}
199. ^Early efforts by scholars to determine the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis were limited by a lack of access to pertinent records. The genocide seldom entered Western discourse, both due to ignorance and to the Cold-War politics which made West Germany a new ally of the United States.The first significant work on the subject published in English was Gerald Reitlinger's Final Solution (1953), which, relying almost exclusively on German documentation, estimated 4.9 million dead. This figure is now considered extremely conservative. Raul Hilberg's 1961 The Destruction of the European Jews became a classic in the field of Holocaust literature and made the genocide of the Jews known to the wider public, Hilberg estimated its victims to be 5.1 million lives, or 4.9 - 5.4 million broadly construed. The trial of Adolph Eichmann further raised awareness of the genocide, Eichmann also provided documentation and testimony which revised the number of the dead.The first work to arrive at a figure comparable to modern estimates was Lucy Dawidowicz's The War Against the Jews, published in 1975, the book provided detailed listings by country of the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust which are still used as a reference in modern Holocaust studies. Dawidowicz researched birth and death records in many cities of prewar Europe to come up with a death toll of 5,933,900 Jews. After the opening of Soviet records, scholarship arrived at a death toll of about 6 million Jews. Gutman and Rozett's Encyclopedia of the Holocaust was published in 1990 and estimated slightly over 5.9 million Jews were murdered.Wolfgang Benz's The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide, published 1995, gave a toll of 6.2 million.
200. ^{{cite book|author=Benz, Wolfgang|title=The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|year=1999|isbn=0-231-11214-9|pp=152–53}}
201. ^{{cite book|last=Wheatcroft|first=Stephen G.|year=2001|chapter=Current knowledge of the level and nature of mortality in the Ukrainian famine of 1931–3|chapterurl=http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/SGW-UkranianFamine_mortality.pdf |editor=V. Vasil'ev |editor2=Y. Shapovala|title=Komandiri velikogo golodu: Poizdki V.Molotova I L.Kaganovicha v Ukrainu ta na Pivnichnii Kavkaz, 1932–1933 rr.|location=Kyiv|publisher=Geneza|ref=harv}}
202. ^{{cite journal|url=http://ncua.inform-decisions.com/eng/files/VallinNewEstimate.pdf|last1=Vallin|first1=Jacques|author2=France Meslé|author3=Serguei Adamets|author4=Serhii Pyrozhkov|title=A new estimate of Ukrainian population losses during the crises of the 1930s and 1940s|journal=Population Studies|volume=56|issue=3|year=2002|pages=249–264|issn=0032-4728|doi=10.1080/00324720215934|pmid=12553326|accessdate=13 August 2016|ref=harv}}
203. ^{{cite journal|last1=Meslé|first1=France|author2=Gilles Pison|author3=Jacques Vallin|title=France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History|journal=Population and Societies|issue=413|date=May 2005|pp=1–4|url=http://www.ined.fr/fichier/t_publication/47/publi_pdf2_pop.and.soc.english.413.pdf|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121234431/http://www.ined.fr/fichier/t_publication/47/publi_pdf2_pop.and.soc.english.413.pdf|archivedate=21 November 2006|ref=harv}}
204. ^{{cite book|last1=Meslé|first1=France|last2=Vallin|first2=Jacques|others=Contributions by Vladimir Shkolnikov, Serhii Pyrozhkov, Serguei Adamets|year=2003|title=Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXème siècle|publisher=Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED) |isbn=978-2733201527|language=fr|ref=harv}}
205. ^{{cite journal|last=Rosefielde|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Rosefielde|year=1983|title= Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929–1949|journal=Soviet Studies|volume=35|issue=3|pages=385–409|jstor=151363|doi=10.1080/09668138308411488|ref=harv}}
206. ^{{cite web|date=14 January 2010|script-title=ru:Наливайченко назвал количество жертв голодомора в Украине|trans-title=Nalyvaichenko called the number of victims of Holodomor in Ukraine|publisher=LB.ua|language=ru|url=http://lb.ua/news/2010/01/14/19793_nalivaychenko_nazval_kolichestvo_zh.html|accessdate=July 21, 2012}}
207. ^{{cite book|last=Snyder|first=Timothy|authorlink=Timothy D. Snyder|year=2010|title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin|location=London, UK|publisher=The Bodley Head|isbn=978-0224081412|p=53|quote=One demographic retrojection suggests a figure of 2.5 million famine deaths for Soviet Ukraine. This is too close to the recorded figure of excess deaths, which is about 2.4 million. The latter figure must be substantially low, since many deaths were not recorded. Another demographic calculation, carried out on behalf of the authorities of independent Ukraine, provides the figure of 3.9 million dead. The truth is probably in between these numbers, where most of the estimates of respectable scholars can be found. It seems reasonable to propose a figure of approximately 3.3 million deaths by starvation and hunger-related disease in Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933.|ref=harv}}
208. ^{{cite book|last=Marples|first=David R.|authorlink=David R. Marples|title=Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGPjqNGPc40C&pg=PA50|accessdate=13 August 2016|year=2007|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-7326-98-1|page=50|ref=harv}}
209. ^{{cite web|title=Ukraine - The famine of 1932–33|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-famine-of-1932-33|quote=The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians. ... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine. ... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself.}}
210. ^{{Wikisource-inline|Joint Statement on Holodomor}}.
211. ^European Parliament resolution on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine (1932–1933)
212. ^{{cite web|date=April 26, 2009|title=The Artificial Famine/Genocide (Holodomor) in Ukraine 1932-33|publisher=InfoUkes|url=http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine}}
213. ^{{cite news|date=April 2, 2008|title=Russian lawmakers reject Ukraine's view on Stalin-era famine|website=Sputnik International|publisher=RIA Novosti|url=http://sputniknews.com/world/20080402/102830217.html}}
214. ^{{cite web|author=David Marples|date=November 30, 2005|title=The great famine debate goes on...|publisher=ExpressNews|url=http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=7176|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615015541/http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=7176|archivedate=June 15, 2008}}
215. ^The CGP, 1994–2008 Cambodian Genocide Program, Yale University.
216. ^{{cite book|last=Terry|first=Fiona|year=2002|title=Condemned to Repeat?: The Paradox of Humanitarian Action|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801487965|p=116|ref=harv}}
217. ^{{cite book|last=Heuveline|first=Patrick|year=2001|chapter=The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia|editor1-last=Reed|editor1-first=Holly E.|editor2-last=Keely|editor2-first=Charles B.|title=Forced Migration and Mortality|location=Washington, DC|publisher=National Academy Press|ref=harv}}
218. ^{{cite book|authorlink=William Shawcross|year=1985|title=The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust, and Modern Conscience|publisher=Touchstone|p=115–16|ref=harv}}
219. ^{{cite book|last=Etcheson|first=Craig|year=2005|title=After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0275985134|p=119|ref=harv}}
220. ^{{cite journal|last=Heuveline|first=Patrick|year=1998|title='Between One and Three Million': Towards the Demographic Reconstruction of a Decade of Cambodian History (1970-79)|journal=Population Studies|volume=52|issue=1|pages=49–65|doi=10.1080/0032472031000150176|pmid=11619945|jstor=2584763|ref=harv}}
221. ^{{cite book|last=Frey|first=Rebecca Joyce|year=2009|title=Genocide and International Justice|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0816073108|p=83|ref=harv}}
222. ^{{cite book|last=Mayersan|first=Deborah|year=2013|chapter="Never Again" or Again and Again|editor1-last=Mayersen|editor1-first=Deborah|editor2-last=Pohlman|editor2-first=Annie|title=Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia: Legacies and Prevention|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415645119|p=182|ref=harv}}
223. ^{{cite book|last=DeMello|first=Margo|year=2013|title=Body Studies: An Introduction|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415699303|p=86|ref=harv}}
224. ^Documentation Center of Cambodia - Mapping of mass graves.
225. ^{{cite news|last=McKirdy|first=Euan|date=April 7, 2014|title=Top Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of crimesagainst humanity, sentenced to life in prison|agency=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/07/world/asia/khmer-rouge-trial-verdict|accessdate=August 10, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928164859/http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/07/world/asia/khmer-rouge-trial-verdict|archivedate=September 28, 2015}}
226. ^{{cite web|last=Adalian|first=Rouben Paul|authorlink=Rouben Paul Adalian|title=Armenian Genocide|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Armenian National Institute|url=http://www.armenian-genocide.org/genocide.html|date=2004|accessdate=August 13, 2016}}
227. ^Assyrian Genocide; Lexicorient
228. ^See, e.g., [https://web.archive.org/web/20130509201153/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13431486 Rwanda: How the genocide happened], BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and [https://www.un.org/en/africarenewal/subjindx/121rwan.htm OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide], Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of 10 Tutsis were killed.
229. ^{{cite book |last=Perdue |first=Peter C. |year=2005 |title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674016842 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC }}
230. ^{{cite book|last=Millward|first=James A.|title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA95|accessdate=August 13, 2016|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13924-3|page=95}}
231. ^大清高宗純皇帝實錄, 乾隆二十四年
232. ^平定準噶爾方略
233. ^Wei Yuan, 聖武記 Military history of the Qing Dynasty, vol.4. "計數十萬戶中，先痘死者十之四，繼竄入俄羅斯哈薩克者十之二，卒殲於大兵者十之三。除婦孺充賞外，至今惟來降受屯之厄鲁特若干戶，編設佐領昂吉，此外數千里間，無瓦剌一氊帳。"
234. ^{{cite book|last=Lattimore|first=Owen |year=1950 |title=Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia|publisher=Little, Brown|p=126}}
235. ^{{cite thesis|last=Clarke|first=Michael Edmund|year=2004|title=In the Eye of Power|type=doctoral thesis|location=Brisbane|p=37|publisher=Griffith University|url=http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229114046/http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf|archivedate=February 29, 2012}}
236. ^{{cite book|last=Moses|first=A. Dirk|year=2008|title=Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1845454524|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC|ref=harv}}
237. ^{{cite journal|last=Milton|first=Sybil|date=February 1992|title=Nazi Policies towards Roma and Sinti 1933-1945|journal=Journal of Gypsy Lore Society|series=5|volume=2|issue=1|pp=1–18|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077550120;view=1up;seq=3|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}
238. ^{{cite web|title=Holocaust Encyclopedia - Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939-1945|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM)|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219|accessdate=August 9, 2011}}
239. ^{{cite news|date=January 27, 2011|title=Holocaust Memorial Day: 'Forgotten Holocaust' of Roma finally acknowledged in Germany|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8284274/Holocaust-Memorial-Day-Forgotten-Holocaust-of-Roma-finally-acknowledged-in-Germany.html|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}
240. ^{{cite web|date=July 29, 2011|title=OSCE human rights chief welcomes declaration of official Roma genocide remembrance day in Poland|work=OSCE|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/81364|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}
241. ^{{cite news|date=October 25, 2012|title=Germany unveils Roma Holocaust memorial: Memorial commemorates the 500,000 Roma victims of the Nazi Holocaust during World War II|publisher=aljazeera.com|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2012/10/2012102495451994466.html|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}
242. ^Some estimates are higher, e.g. Sybil Milton: "Something between a half-million and a million-and-a-half Romanies and Sinti were murdered in Nazi Germany and Occupied Europe between 1939 and 1945" in {{cite journal|editor-last=Latham|editor-first=Judith|year=1995|title=First US Conference on Gypsies in the Holocaust|journal=Current Affairs Bulletin|issue=3–23928}}
243. ^{{cite book|last=König|first=Ulrich|year=1989|title=Sinti und Roma unter dem Nationalsozialismus|location=Bochum|publisher=Brockmeyer|quote=The count of half a million Sinti and Roma murdered between 1939 and 1945 is too low to be tenable.}}
244. ^Excluding the Jews and Roma people sent to the German extermination camps.
245. ^{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005456|title=Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia - Croatia|encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|date=2010|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}
246. ^Other sources give higher numbers for Serbian deaths, as in {{cite book|last=Ball|first=Howard|title=Genocide: A Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpVo-cu8wNUC&pg=PA124|accessdate=August 13, 2016|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-488-7|page=124}}
247. ^{{cite book|editor-last=Fischer|editor-first=Bernd J.|editor-link=Bernd Jürgen Fischer|year=2007|title=Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South-Eastern Europe|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=978-1557534552|pages=207–10|ref=harv}}
248. ^{{cite book|year=1974|accessdate=13 August 2016|title=Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report|url=http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm|chapter=Part 5: Chapter 2, paragraph 33|chapter-url=http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm|ref={{SfnRef|Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report|1974}}}}
249. ^{{cite web |date=25 March 2010|title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history – Asia|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201|accessdate=April 16, 2018}}
250. ^While the official Pakistani government report ({{harvnb|Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report|1974}}) estimated that the Pakistani army was responsible for 26,000 killings in total, other sources have proposed various estimates ranging between 200,000 and 3 million. Indian Professor Sarmila Bose recently expressed the view that a truly impartial study has never been done, while Bangladeshi ambassador Shamsher M. Chowdhury has suggested that a joint Pakistan-Bangladeshi commission be formed to properly investigate the event.
Chowdury, Bose comments – Dawn Newspapers Online.
Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh – Matthew White's website.
251. ^White, Matthew. Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century: C. Burundi (1972-73, primarily Hutu killed by Tutsi) 120,000
252. ^International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraph 85. "The Micombero regime responded with a genocidal repression that is estimated to have caused over a hundred thousand victims and forced several hundred thousand Hutus into exile"
253. ^{{cite book |last1=Totten |first1=Samuel |last2=Parsons |first2=William S. |last3=Charny |first3=Israel W. |year=2004 |title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415944304 |p=331 }}
254. ^{{cite book |last=Nuhn |first=Walter |year=1989 |title=Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904 |location=Koblenz |publisher=Bernard & Graefe |isbn=978-3-7637-5852-4 |language=de |ref=harv }}
255. ^According to the 1985 United Nations' Whitaker Report, some 65,000 Herero (80 percent of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) were killed between 1904 and 1907.
256. ^{{harvnb|Moses|2008|p=296}}.
{{cite book |last=Sarkin-Hughes |first=Jeremy |year=2008 |title=Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904-1908 |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Praeger Security International |isbn=978-0313362569 |p=142 }}
{{cite book |last=Schaller |first=Dominik J. |year=2008 |title=From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa |location=NY |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-8454-5452-4 |p=296 }}
{{cite book |last1=Friedrichsmeyer |first1=Sara L. |last2=Lennox |first2=Sara |last3=Zantop |first3=Susanne M. |year=1998 |title=The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0472096824 |p= 87 }}
{{harvnb|Nuhn|1989}}.
{{cite book|last=Hoffmann|first=Anette|editor1=Marie-Aude Baronian|editor2=Stephan Besser|editor3=Yolande Jansen|title=Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LItBN2keNpQC&pg=PA33|accessdate=13 August 2016|year=2007|publisher=Rodopi|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-90-420-2129-7|page=33}}
257. ^{{cite book |last1=Totten |first1=Samuel |last2=Bartrop |first2=Paul R. |year=2007 |title=Dictionary of Genocide |volume=1 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0313346422 |p=252 |quote=Kurdish Genocide in Northern Iraq, (U.S. Response to). Well aware of the genocidal Al-Anfal campaign waged against the Kurds in northern Iraq by Iraqi president Saddam Hussein. }}
258. ^{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=5 April 2006|title=Hussein Charged With Genocide in 50,000 Deaths|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/05/world/middleeast/05iraq.html|accessdate=12 August 2016|subscription=yes}}
259. ^{{cite book |last1=Ochsenwald |first1=William |last2=Nettleton Fisher |first2=Sydney |author-link1=William L. Ochsenwald |year=2003 |title=The Middle East: A History |edition=6th |publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education |isbn=978-0072442335 |p=659 }}
260. ^{{cite book|last=Black|first=George|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/i/iraq/iraq.937/anfalfull.pdf|title=Genocide in Iraq: the Anfal campaign against the Kurds|publisher=Human Rights Watch|location=New York|date=July 1993|accessdate=12 August 2016|isbn=978-1-56432-108-4}}
261. ^{{cite book|last=McDowall|first=David|title=A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgDi9qFT41oC&pg=PA359|edition=3rd|year=2004|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-416-0|page=359}}
262. ^{{cite web|date=1 March 1999|title=Press Briefing: Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission|work=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1999/19990301.guate.brf.html|accessdate=13 August 2016|ref=harv}}
263. ^{{cite web|year=1999|title=Guatemala Memory of Silence|location=Guatemala City|work=Commission for Historical Clarification Conclusions and Recommendations|url=http://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/migrate/uploads/mos_en.pdf|accessdate=13 August 2016|ref=harv }}
264. ^Namely the 83% of the "fully identified" 42,275 civilians killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War. See {{harvnb|CEH|1999|p=17}}, and {{cite web|date=1 March 1999|title=Press Briefing: Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission|work=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1999/19990301.guate.brf.html|accessdate=13 August 2016}}
265. ^Applying the same proportion as for the fully identified victims to the estimated total amount of person killed or disappeared during the Guatemalan civil war (at least 200.000). See {{harvnb|CEH|1999|p=17}}.
266. ^{{cite web|last=Irwin|first=Rachel|date=13 December 2012|title=Genocide Conviction for Serb General Tolimir|publisher=Institute for War and Peace Reporting|issue=769|url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/genocide-conviction-serb-general-tolimir|accessdate=13 August 2016}}
267. ^{{cite book |last=Gutman |first=Roy |year=1993 |title=A Witness to Genocide |publisher=Lisa Drew Books |isbn=978-0020329954 }}
268. ^{{cite book|last=Thackrah|first=John Richard|title=Routledge Companion to Military Conflict since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwQa3JwHtiIC&pg=PA81|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-01470-7|pages=81–82}}
269. ^{{cite news|date=31 March 2010|title=Serbian MPs offer apology for Srebrenica massacre|agency=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8594625.stm|accessdate=13 August 2016}}
270. ^The figure considers only the estimated number of killed people in Srebrenica massacre based on the list of missing persons.{{cite web |title=Preliminary List of Missing Persons from Srebrenica 1995 |publisher=Potočari Memorial Center |url=http://www.potocarimc.ba/_ba/liste/nestali_a.php|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418221608/http://www.potocarimc.ba/_ba/liste/nestali_a.php |archivedate=18 April 2014}} The International Commission on Missing Persons recovered and identified 6,930 remains.{{cite web |url=http://www.icmp.int/news/facts-and-figures-on-srebrenica/ |title=Facts and Figures on Srebrenica |work=icmp.int|date=31 July 2015 |accessdate=24 June 2016}}
271. ^The two figures consider all Bosniak civilians killed during the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina. For the second figure, see: {{cite web|last1=Ball|first1=Patrick|last2=Tabeau|first2=Ewa|last3=Verwimp|first3=Philip|title=The Bosnian Book of Dead: Assessment of the Database|location=Falmer|publisher=The Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex|url=http://www.hicn.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/rdn5.pdf|date=17 June 2007|accessdate=12 August 2016}}
272. ^{{cite book |last=HRC |year=2016 |title=They came to destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis |publisher=Human Rights Council Thirty-second session Agenda item 4 |pp=8–9, 21, 36 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A_HRC_32_CRP.2_en.pdf |ref=harv }}
273. ^{{cite news |date=16 June 2016 |title=UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria: ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidis |agency=United Nations - Office of the High Commissioner |url=http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20113&LangID=E }}
274. ^It is impossible to ascertain a precise figure which anyway is higher than some thousands ({{harvnb|HRC|2016}}).
275. ^{{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Anne |year=2010 |title=European Encounters with the Yamana People of Cape Horn, Before and After Darwin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-052151379-1 |edition=1st |ref=harv}}
276. ^{{cite journal |last=Gardini |first=Walter |title=Restoring the Honour of an Indian Tribe-Rescate de una tribu |journal=Anthropos |date=1984 |volume=79 |issue=4/6 |pp=645–7 |language=de }}
277. ^{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Leslie |year=2007 |title=Language of the Land: The Mapuche in Argentina and Chile |location=Copenhagen |publisher=IWGIA (International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs) |isbn=978-879156337-9 |p=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HS_rlyC8y8sC&q=Selk%27nam#v=snippet&q=Selk%27nam }}
{{#tag:ref|refcontent|name=NHolo|group=N}}-->{{refn|name=Ona|group=N|The Selk'nam Genocide was the genocide of the Selk'nam people, indigenous inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego in South America, from the second half of the 19th to the early 20th century. Spanning a period of between ten and fifteen years the Selk'nam, which had an estimated population of some three thousand, saw their numbers reduced to 500.{{r|Chapman}}}}
}}

Images of the genocides

{{Gallery
|align=center
|width=180 |lines=4
|File:Pyotr Nikolayevich Gruzinsky - The mountaineers leave the aul.jpg|Expulsion of Circassian during the Circassian genocide
|File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg|Emaciated corpses of children in Warsaw Ghetto during the Holocaust
|File:GolodomorKharkiv.jpg|Starved victims of the Holodomor
|File:Choeungek2.JPG|Skulls of Khmer Rouge victims of the Cambodian genocide
|File:Morgenthau336.jpg|Victims of Armenian genocide
|File:Nyamata Memorial Site 13.jpg|Rwandan genocide skulls
|File:Smyrna-vict-families-1922.jpg|Greek genocide victims
|File:Executed prisoners in Jasenovac.jpg|Victims of The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia
|File:Exhumation in San Juan Comalapa Guatemala 03.jpg|Excavation of the corpses of victims of the Guatemalan genocide
|File:Srebrenica 2005 burial.jpg|Bosnian genocide corpses
|File:Popper en caceria.jpg|Julius Popper carrying out Selk'nam genocide
|File:Halabja cemetery.jpg|Anfal genocide graves
|File:Sebastião Gomes grave.jpg|East Timor genocide graves
|File:Battle of Oroi-Jalatu.jpg|Portrays Dzungar genocide
|File:cathars expelled.JPG|Portrays Cathar genocide
|File:Darfur report - Page 6 Image 1.jpg|Mother with sick baby during Darfur genocide
|File:Exhumed remains of victims Isaaq genocide 2.jpg|Exhumed remains of the Isaaq genocide in 2014
|File:Ericksen Hottentotte 7 Shark Island p. 142.jpg|Heads used for medical experimentation during the Herero and Namaqua genocide
|File:Al-Magroon Concentration Camp.jpg|Concentration camp during the Libyan Genocide
|File:Kutupalong Refugee Camp (John Owens-VOA).jpg|Rohingya refugees in a refugee camp after fleeing the Rohingya genocide in Myanmar
}}

See also

  • Genocidal massacre
  • Genocide of indigenous peoples
  • Genocides in history
  • Hamoodur Rahman Commission
  • List of ongoing military conflicts
  • List of anthropogenic disasters and atrocities by death toll
  • List of wars by death toll

Political extermination campaigns

  • Anti-communist mass killings
  • Dirty War
  • Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
  • Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong (1949–1951)
  • Mass killings under Communist regimes
  • Operation Condor
  • Qey Shibir
  • White Terror (Spain)

References

{{reflist|30em|refs=[197][201][202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214][215][216][217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239][240][241][242]

[244][245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261][262][263][264][265][266][267][268][269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276][277]
}}{{Subject bar |portal1=Genocide |portal2=War |portal3=Politics |portal4=Human Rights |portal5=Religion }}{{Subject bar |commons=y |commons-search=Genocide |wikt=y |wikt-search=genocide |q=y |q-search=Genocide }}{{Massacres}}

4 : Genocides|History-related lists|Lists by death toll|Politics-related lists
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