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词条 Sex therapy
释义

  1. Practice

      Symptoms  

  2. Aging and sexuality

      Older adults  

  3. History

  4. See also

  5. References

Sex therapy is a strategy for the improvement of sexual function and treatment of sexual dysfunction. This includes sexual dysfunctions such as premature ejaculation or delayed ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, lack of sexual interest or arousal, and painful sex (vaginismus and dyspareunia). It includes dealing with problems imposed by atypical sexual interests (paraphilias), gender dysphoria and transgender issues, very high sex drive or hypersexuality, a lack of sexual confidence, recovering from sexual assault, and sexual issues in aging, illness, or disability.[1]

Practice

Modern sex therapy often integrates psychotherapeutic techniques and medical ones,[2] such as Viagra (sildenafil) to increase erectile response and Paxil (paroxetine) to treat premature ejaculation. Sex therapists assist those experiencing problems in overcoming them, in doing so possibly regaining an active sex life. The transformative approach to sex therapy aims to understand the psychological, biological, pharmacological, relational, and contextual aspects of sexual problems.[3]

Sex therapy requires rigorous evaluation that includes a medical and psychological examination. The reason is that sexual dysfunction may have a somatic base or a psychogenic basis. A clear example is erectile dysfunction (sometimes still called "impotence"), whose etiology may include, firstly, circulatory problems, and secondly, performance anxiety. Sex therapy is frequently short term, with duration depending on the causes for therapy.[4]

Sex therapy can be provided by licensed psychologists or physicians, who have undergone training and become certified.[5] In the United States, the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT) oversees clinical training for a sexual health practitioner to become a certified sex therapist (CST). Any licensed mental health counselor can practice sex therapy.

Sex therapy is distinct from sex surrogates. Whereas sex therapists discuss and instruct clients in sex-based exercises to be performed at home between sessions, sexual surrogates participate in the exercises with their clients as part of helping them to practice and develop improved skills. Therapists and surrogates sometimes collaborate on cases. Certified sex therapists do not have sexual contact with their clients.[6]

Symptoms

Sex therapy sessions are focused on the individual's symptoms rather than on underlying psychodynamic conflicts. The sexual dysfunctions which may be addressed by sex therapy include non-consummation, premature ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, low libido, unwanted sexual fetishes, sexual addiction, painful sex, or a lack of sexual confidence, assisting people who are recovering from sexual assault, problems commonly caused by stress, tiredness, and other environmental and relationship factors. Sex therapy can either be on an individual basis or with the sex partner.[7] Sex therapy can be conducted with any adult, including older adults; any gender expression; and LGBTQ-identified people.[8]

A therapist's misunderstanding of these conflicts can lead to resistance or serve as a barrier to improving sexual dysfunctions that are directly or indirectly related to sex.[9] The interest in sex therapy among couples has increased along with the number of sexuality educators, counselors, and therapists.[9] Today, sexual problems are no longer regarded as symptoms of hidden deviant, pathological, or psychological defects in maturity or development.[10] Sex therapy has also influenced the emergence of sexual medicine and exploring integrative approaches to sex therapy, in addition to reducing or eliminating sexual problems and increasing sexual satisfaction for individuals of all stages of life. Health therapists, educators, and counselors are conducting research and administering surveys to fully understand normative sexual function – what most people do and experience as they grow older and live longer.[11]

Aging and sexuality

{{See also|Sexuality in older age}}

Both physical and emotional transformation throughout various stages of life can affect the body and sexuality. The subsequent decline in hormone levels and changes in neurological and circulatory functioning may lead to sexual problems such as erectile dysfunction or vaginal pain.[12] These physical changes often affect the intensity of youthful sex and may give way to more subdued responses during middle and later life.[13] Issues with low libido and sexual dysfunction are usually considered to be a byproduct of old age. The emotional byproducts of maturity, however — increased confidence, better communication skills, and lessened inhibitions — can help create a richer, more nuanced, and ultimately satisfying sexual experience.[14] During AARP's last surveys in 1999, 2004, and 2009 statistics well-being among older adults has increased; however, overall sexual satisfaction has decreased.[15] Nevertheless, older adults believed that an active sexual life offers great pleasure but contributes materially to overall emotional and physical health.[15]

Older adults

Over the years, little attention has been paid to older adults and sexuality. As the population of older adults and life expectancy continues to grow, there is information about sex therapy but it is often not easily accepted. Cultural and sexual roles are always changing throughout the lifecourse. As people age, they are often viewed as asexual or as incapable of possessing sexual desires. The presence of sexual dysfunction during old age can be impacted by health problems. There are many endocrine, vascular and neurological disorders that may interfere in sexual function, along with some medications and surgeries.[16] Older men experience changes that occur in sexual physiology and affect both erectile function and ejaculation.[17] While older women experience physiological effects of aging after menopause, resulting in the decreased production of estrogen. This leads to increased vaginal dryness, general atrophy of vaginal tissue, and genital changes (reduced size of clitoral, vulvar, and labial tissue).[18] Cognitive changes and decline is another factor that influences sexual activity. Dementia, Alzheimer's and other mental health disorders may have an effect on sexual behavior, producing disinhibition or relationship difficulties with subsequent effects on couple's sexual relationships.[19]

Sex therapy with older adults looks at factors which influence sexuality in older adults, including sexual desire, sexual activity, the value of sexuality, and health.[20] It can include sensate focus, communication, and fantasy exercises as well as psychodynamic therapy.[21]

Sex therapy for older adults is similar to sex therapy with other populations. It includes the use of water-based personal lubricants (for decreased vaginal lubrication), hormone therapy, and medications.[22] Sex therapists working with older adults should know about sexuality and aging.[23] They should also be aware of how stereotypes affect their clients.[24] This is especially true for LGBT-identified clients.[22]

Older adults may also need more education about their sexuality and sexual functioning.[25] Curriculum for this includes communication, masturbation, body image, and spirituality.[26] It also teaches about talking to a doctor about sexual activity.[27] It is optimal that sex education for older adults include information about sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs), such as HIV/AIDS.[28]

History

Sex therapy has existed in different cultures throughout time, including ancient India, China, Greece, and Rome.[29] It has taken the form of manuals, spells, anaphrodisiacs[30] or aphrodisiacs, and tantric yoga, among others.[31] Much of sex therapy and sexual dysfunction in Western cultures was limited to scientific discussion, especially throughout the 19th century and into the early 20th century.[32]

Sexologists such as Henry Havelock Ellis and Alfred Kinsey began conducting research in the area of human sexuality during the first half of the 20th century.[33][34] This work was groundbreaking and controversial in the scientific arena.[35]

In the 1950s, sex therapy was concerned with “controlling sexual expression” and repressing what was then-considered deviant behaviors, such as homosexuality or having sex too often.[36] Masters and Johnson are credited with revolutionizing sex therapy in the mid-century and included couple therapy and behavioral interventions that focused on being present in the moment such as sensate focus exercises.[37][38] Dr. Helen Singer Kaplan modified some of Masters and Johnson's ideas to better suit her outpatient practice, including introducing medication.[39][40] Both integrated cognitive behavior therapy into their practice and Kaplan used psychodynamic therapy as well.[41] The work of Jack Annon in 1976 also saw the creation of the PLISSIT model that sought to create a structured system of levels for the therapist to follow.[42]

The mid-1980s saw the medicalization of sex therapy, with a primary focus on male sexual dysfunction.[43] The 1990s brought penile injections and medications such as Viagra as well as the marketing of antidepressants for their delayed ejaculation side-effects.[44] Hormone therapy was introduced to assist both male and female sexual dysfunction.[45] Dilators were used to treat women with vaginismus and surgical procedures to increase the size of the vaginal opening and treat vulval pain were also introduced.[46]

See also

{{Portal|Sexuality|Psychology}}
  • Certified Sex Addiction Therapist
  • Certified Sex Therapist
  • List of sex therapists
  • Sensate focus
  • Society for Sex Therapy and Research

References

1. ^Binik, Y. M., & Hall, K. S. K. (2014). Principles and practice of sex therapy (5th ed.). NY: Guildford,
2. ^Bancroft, J. (2009). Human Sexuality and Its Problems (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier.
3. ^{{cite book|last=Leiblum|first=Sandra|title=Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, Fourth Edition, Chapter 1: Sex Therapy Today, Current Issues and Future Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/?id=IoG26ZJ-gkkC&pg=PA3&dq=sex+therapy+#v=onepage&q=sex%20therapy&f=false|publisher=Guilford Press|accessdate=15 March 2014|isbn=978-1-60623-827-1|date=2006-11-30}}
4. ^{{cite web|last=Mayo Clinic|title=Sex Therapy Definition|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/sex-therapy/basics/definition/prc-20020669|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
5. ^{{cite web|last=Mayo Clinic|title=Sex Therapy Definition|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/sex-therapy/basics/definition/prc-20020669|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
6. ^{{cite web|last=Mayo Clinic|title=Sex Therapy Definition|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/sex-therapy/basics/definition/prc-20020669|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
7. ^{{cite web|last=Mayo Clinic|title=Sex Therapy Definition|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/sex-therapy/basics/definition/prc-20020669|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
8. ^{{cite web|last=Mayo Clinic|title=Sex Therapy Definition|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/sex-therapy/basics/definition/prc-20020669|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
9. ^1 {{cite book|doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-3000-4_25|chapter=The New Sex Therapy|title=The Interface Between the Psychodynamic and Behavioral Therapies|pages=363|year=1980|last1=Kaplan|first1=Helen Singer|isbn=978-1-4613-3002-8}}
10. ^{{cite book|last=Leiblum|first=Sandra|title=Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, Fourth Edition, Chapter 1: Sex Therapy Today, Current Issues and Future Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/?id=IoG26ZJ-gkkC&pg=PA3&dq=sex+therapy+#v=onepage&q=sex%20therapy&f=false|publisher=Guilford Press|accessdate=15 March 2014|isbn=978-1-60623-827-1|date=2006-11-30}}
11. ^{{cite book|last=Leiblum|first=Sandra|title=Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, Fourth Edition, Chapter 1: Sex Therapy Today, Current Issues and Future Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/?id=IoG26ZJ-gkkC&pg=PA3&dq=sex+therapy+#v=onepage&q=sex%20therapy&f=false|publisher=Guilford Press|accessdate=15 March 2014|isbn=978-1-60623-827-1|date=2006-11-30}}
12. ^{{cite web|last=Harvard Health Publications|title=Sexuality in Midlife and Beyond|url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/special_health_reports/Sexuality_in_Midlife_and_Beyond|publisher=Harvard Health|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
13. ^{{cite web|last=Harvard Health Publications|title=Sexuality in Midlife and Beyond|url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/special_health_reports/Sexuality_in_Midlife_and_Beyond|publisher=Harvard Health|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
14. ^{{cite web|last=Harvard Health Publications|title=Sexuality in Midlife and Beyond|url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/special_health_reports/Sexuality_in_Midlife_and_Beyond|publisher=Harvard Health|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
15. ^1 {{cite web|last=Garrett|first=Mario|title=Sex, Romance, and Relationships of Older Adults|publisher=Psychology Today|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/iage/201305/sex-romance-and-relationships-older-adults|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
16. ^{{cite web|last=Hillman|first=Jennifer|title=Sexual Issues and Aging Within the Context of Work With Older Adult Patients|url=http://www.globalaging.org/health/us/2009/elderly%20sexuality.pdf|publisher=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice|accessdate=15 March 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502114805/http://www.globalaging.org/health/us/2009/elderly%20sexuality.pdf|archivedate=2 May 2013|df=}}
17. ^{{cite web|last=Hillman|first=Jennifer|title=Sexual Issues and Aging Within the Context of Work With Older Adult Patients|url=http://www.globalaging.org/health/us/2009/elderly%20sexuality.pdf|publisher=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice|accessdate=15 March 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502114805/http://www.globalaging.org/health/us/2009/elderly%20sexuality.pdf|archivedate=2 May 2013|df=}}
18. ^{{cite web|last=Hillman|first=Jennifer|title=Sexual Issues and Aging Within the Context of Work With Older Adult Patients|url=http://www.globalaging.org/health/us/2009/elderly%20sexuality.pdf|publisher=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice|accessdate=15 March 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502114805/http://www.globalaging.org/health/us/2009/elderly%20sexuality.pdf|archivedate=2 May 2013|df=}}
19. ^{{cite web|last=Hillman|first=Jennifer|title=Sexual Issues and Aging Within the Context of Work With Older Adult Patients|url=http://www.globalaging.org/health/us/2009/elderly%20sexuality.pdf|publisher=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice|accessdate=15 March 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502114805/http://www.globalaging.org/health/us/2009/elderly%20sexuality.pdf|archivedate=2 May 2013|df=}}
20. ^{{cite web|last=Kontula|first=O|title=The Impact of Aging on Human Sexual Activity and Sexual Desire|url=http://lifeworksrecovery.com/certified-addiction-therapist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806035103/http://www.lifeworksrecovery.com/certified-addiction-therapist/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=6 August 2016|publisher=Journal of Sex Research|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
21. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14681990410001715445|title=Sex and death: The ramifications of illness and aging in older couple relationships|journal=Sexual and Relationship Therapy|volume=19|issue=3|pages=319|year=2004|last1=Evans|first1=Sandra}}
22. ^1 .{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Carol|title=Nursing for Wellness in Older Adults: Chapter 26, Sexual Function|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yUx01gmNLboC&pg=PA555&lpg=PA555&dq=sex+therapy+and+older+adults#v=onepage&q=sex%20therapy%20and%20older%20adults&f=false|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|accessdate=15 March 2014|isbn=978-0-7817-7175-7|year=2009}}
23. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14681990410001715445|title=Sex and death: The ramifications of illness and aging in older couple relationships|journal=Sexual and Relationship Therapy|volume=19|issue=3|pages=319|year=2004|last1=Evans|first1=Sandra}}
24. ^{{cite web|last=Hillman|first=Jennifer|title=Sexual Issues and Aging Within the Context of Work With Older Adult Patients|url=http://www.globalaging.org/health/us/2009/elderly%20sexuality.pdf|publisher=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice|accessdate=15 March 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502114805/http://www.globalaging.org/health/us/2009/elderly%20sexuality.pdf|archivedate=2 May 2013|df=}}
25. ^{{cite web|last=Brick|first=Peggy|title=Older, Wiser, Sexually Smarter|url=http://www.sexedstore.com/service_item/older-wiser-sexually-smarter|publisher=The Center for Family Life Education, Planned Parenthood of Greater Northern New Jersey, Inc.|accessdate=15 March 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318185157/http://www.sexedstore.com/service_item/older-wiser-sexually-smarter|archivedate=18 March 2014|df=}}
26. ^{{cite web|last=Brick|first=Peggy|title=Older, Wiser, Sexually Smarter|url=http://www.sexedstore.com/service_item/older-wiser-sexually-smarter|publisher=The Center for Family Life Education, Planned Parenthood of Greater Northern New Jersey, Inc.|accessdate=15 March 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318185157/http://www.sexedstore.com/service_item/older-wiser-sexually-smarter|archivedate=18 March 2014|df=}}
27. ^{{cite web|last=Brick|first=Peggy|title=Older, Wiser, Sexually Smarter|url=http://www.sexedstore.com/service_item/older-wiser-sexually-smarter|publisher=The Center for Family Life Education, Planned Parenthood of Greater Northern New Jersey, Inc.|accessdate=15 March 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318185157/http://www.sexedstore.com/service_item/older-wiser-sexually-smarter|archivedate=18 March 2014|df=}}
28. ^{{cite journal|pmid=11357895|year=2001|author1=Xu|first1=F|title=Sexually transmitted diseases of older persons in Washington State|journal=Sexually transmitted diseases|volume=28|issue=5|pages=287–91|last2=Schillinger|first2=J. A.|last3=Aubin|first3=M. R.|last4=St Louis|first4=M. E.|last5=Markowitz|first5=L. E.}}
29. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/aps.1315|title=The History and Evolution of Sex Therapy and its Relationship to Psychoanalysis|journal=International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies|volume=10|pages=53|year=2013|last1=Berry|first1=Michael D.}}
30. ^Lawless, Julia. The Encyclopedia of essential oils: the complete guide to the use of aromatic oils in aromatherapy, herbalism, health, and well being. Conari Press, 2013
31. ^{{cite web|last=Goodwach|first=Raie|title=Sex Therapy: Historical Evolution, Current Practice. Part 1|url=http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/975.pdf|publisher=Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
32. ^{{cite web|last=Goodwach|first=Raie|title=Sex Therapy: Historical Evolution, Current Practice. Part 1|url=http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/975.pdf|publisher=Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
33. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/aps.1315|title=The History and Evolution of Sex Therapy and its Relationship to Psychoanalysis|journal=International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies|volume=10|pages=53|year=2013|last1=Berry|first1=Michael D.}}
34. ^{{cite web|last=Goodwach|first=Raie|title=Sex Therapy: Historical Evolution, Current Practice. Part 1|url=http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/975.pdf|publisher=Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
35. ^{{cite web|last=Goodwach|first=Raie|title=Sex Therapy: Historical Evolution, Current Practice. Part 1|url=http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/975.pdf|publisher=Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
36. ^{{cite web|last=Goodwach|first=Raie|title=Sex Therapy: Historical Evolution, Current Practice. Part 1|url=http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/975.pdf|publisher=Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
37. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/aps.1315|title=The History and Evolution of Sex Therapy and its Relationship to Psychoanalysis|journal=International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies|volume=10|pages=53|year=2013|last1=Berry|first1=Michael D.}}
38. ^{{cite web|last=Goodwach|first=Raie|title=Sex Therapy: Historical Evolution, Current Practice. Part 1|url=http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/975.pdf|publisher=Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
39. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/aps.1315|title=The History and Evolution of Sex Therapy and its Relationship to Psychoanalysis|journal=International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies|volume=10|pages=53|year=2013|last1=Berry|first1=Michael D.}}
40. ^{{cite web|last=Goodwach|first=Raie|title=Sex Therapy: Historical Evolution, Current Practice. Part 1|url=http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/975.pdf|publisher=Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
41. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/aps.1315|title=The History and Evolution of Sex Therapy and its Relationship to Psychoanalysis|journal=International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies|volume=10|pages=53|year=2013|last1=Berry|first1=Michael D.}}
42. ^{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Sally |year=2006 |title=Rehabilitation: The Use of Theories and Models in Practice |url=https://books.google.com/?id=YUUkOKycse8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Rehabilitation:+the+use+of+theories+and+models+in+practice#v=onepage&q=PLISSIT&f=false |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-443-10024-6 |accessdate=December 16, 2013}}
43. ^{{cite web|last=Goodwach|first=Raie|title=Sex Therapy: Historical Evolution, Current Practice. Part 1|url=http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/975.pdf|publisher=Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
44. ^{{cite web|last=Goodwach|first=Raie|title=Sex Therapy: Historical Evolution, Current Practice. Part 1|url=http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/975.pdf|publisher=Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
45. ^{{cite web|last=Goodwach|first=Raie|title=Sex Therapy: Historical Evolution, Current Practice. Part 1|url=http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/975.pdf|publisher=Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
46. ^{{cite web|last=Goodwach|first=Raie|title=Sex Therapy: Historical Evolution, Current Practice. Part 1|url=http://www.anzjft.com/pages/articles/975.pdf|publisher=Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited|accessdate=15 March 2014}}
Bibliography
  • Kaplan, Helen Singer, The New Sex Therapy: Active Treatment Of Sexual Dysfunctions, New York, Brunner/Mazel, 1974. {{ISBN|0-87630-083-2}}
  • Robboy, Alex Caroline, "How to Become a Sex Therapist"
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