词条 | List of Irgun operations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
During the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine against the Mandatory Palestine, the militant Zionist group Irgun carried out 60 attacks against Palestinian people and the British Army.[1] Irgun was described as a terrorist organization by The New York Times,[2][3] the Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry,[4] prominent world figures such as Winston Churchill[5] and Jewish figures such as Hannah Arendt, Albert Einstein, and many others.[6] The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs describes it as "an underground organization."[7] The New York Times at the time cited sources in an investigative piece which linked the Haganah paramilitary group to Irgun attacks such as the King David Hotel bombing.[8] Irgun launched a series of attacks which lasted until the founding of Israel. All told, Irgun attacks against Arab targets resulted in at least 250 Arab deaths during this period. The following is a list of attacks resulting in death attributed to Irgun that took place during the 1930s and 1940s. Irgun conducted at least 60 operations altogether during this period.[9][10][11] During the Arab revolt (1937–39){{details|1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine}}
During the Jewish insurgency (1944–47){{details|Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine}}
During the Civil War (1947–48){{details|1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine}}
See also
References1. ^Arie Perliger and Leonard Weinberg, Jewish Self Defense and Terrorist Groups Prior to the Establishment of the State of Israel: Roots and Traditions. "Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions", Vol. 4, No. 3, 100, (2003); [https://web.archive.org/web/20080202073904/http://terrorismexperts.org/terrorism_research_roots1.htm Online version]. 2. ^Pope Brewer, Sam. [https://www.nytimes.com/1947/12/30/archives/irgun-bomb-kills-11-arabs-2-britons-missile-thrown-from-a-taxi-in.html?sq=terrorist+Irgun&scp=2&st=p IRGUN BOMB KILLS 11 ARABS, 2 BRITONS]. The New York Times. December 30, 1947. 3. ^[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E16F93D55147B93C4A81783D85F438485F9&scp=3&sq=terrorist+Irgun&st=p IRGUN'S HAND SEEN IN ALPS RAIL BLAST]. The New York Times. August 16, 1947. 4. ^Walid Khalidi, From Haven to Conquest, p. 598; updated 1987 to From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948, Institute for Palestine Studies, {{ISBN|978-0-88728-155-6}}. 5. ^{{cite book |title=Churchill and the Jews |author=Martin Gilbert |page=270}} 6. ^{{cite book |title=Prophets Outcast |author=Adam Shatz |pages=65–67}} 7. ^http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/history/modern%20history/centenary%20of%20zionism/lexicon%20of%20zionism#I 8. ^Irgun implicates Haganah in blast By Gene Currivans, The New York Times. July 27, 1947, Sunday Page 11, 628 words, http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00715F7355A147B93C5AB178CD85F438485F9&scp=4&sq=irgun+terrorist&st=p 9. ^Perliger and Weinberg, 101. 10. ^Prof. Yehuda Lapidot, The Irgun website, links to sections on history of Irgun. 11. ^J. Bowyer Bell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mCfwnAn9uBYC&printsec= Terror out of Zion: the fight for Israeli independence] (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977). pp. 181 12. ^Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur, Religious fundamentalism and political extremism, Routledge, p. 101, 2004. 13. ^J. Bowyer Bell, Moshe Arens, Terror out of Zion,[https://books.google.com/books?id=Df_2trrOLPAC&pg=PA39&dq=November+14,+1937+killed+Irgun&ei=TklASr6FOI6yzASEy8Bc p. 39], 1996 edition 14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 {{he icon}}Y. 'Amrami, A. Melitz, דברי הימים למלחמת השחרור ("History of the War of Independence", Shelach Press, 1951. (a sympathetic account of events, mostly related to Irgun and Lehi). 15. ^{{cite book |title=The Seventh Million |author=Tom Segev, Haim Watzman |page=39}} Citing Arnold Zweig's letters to Sigmund Freud 16. ^{{cite news |author= |date=1939-06-19 |title=Haifa Bombs Fell Scores |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/06/19/88165658.html?pageNumber=4 |newspaper=New York Times |location=New York |access-date=2015-09-09 }} 17. ^{{cite news |author= |date=1939-06-20 |title=Bomb Blast Kills 18 Arabs at Haifa |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/06/20/93931349.html?pageNumber=9 |newspaper=New York Times |location=New York |access-date=2015-09-09 }} 18. ^{{cite news|title=18 Arabs Die In Bomb Blast|date=June 19, 1939|work=The Vancouver Sun|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zzFlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MIkNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5544,2680322|accessdate=15 October 2011}} 19. ^Irgun site Restraint and Retaliation section. 20. ^{{cite news |author= |title=23 Die as Violence Grips Palestine |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/07/07/98160960.html?pageNumber=1 |newspaper=New York Times |location=New York |date=1938-07-07 |access-date=2015-09-09 }} 21. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Arabs Clash with British on Trans-Jordan Border: Palestine Violence Grows |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/07/08/98161510.html?pageNumber=1 |newspaper=New York Times |location=New York |date=1938-07-08 |access-date=2015-09-09 }} 22. ^Palestine Post, July 26–27, 1938 23. ^Y. Ben-Ami, Years of Wrath, Days of Glory; Memoirs of the Irgun, Speller and Sons, New York 1982; p 229. Casualty figures from Palestine Post Feb 28, 1939. 24. ^The Irgun web site, "The Split within the Irgun" section 25. ^Palestine Post, June 20–22, 1939 26. ^Palestine Post, June 30, 1939 27. ^Palestine Post, July 5, 1939 28. ^1 {{cite book |title=Churchill and the Jews |author=Martin Gilbert |page=221}} 29. ^Horne, Edward (1982). A Job Well Done (Being a History of The Palestine Police Force 1920 - 1948). The Anchor Press. {{ISBN|978-0-9508367-0-6}}. Page 289. 30. ^The Irgun web site, "The United Resistance" section. 31. ^Horne. Page 294 32. ^Horne. Page 296 33. ^Thurston Clarke, By Blood and Fire, G. P. Puttnam's Sons, New York, 1981 34. ^{{cite book |title=Churchill and the Jews |author=Martin Gilbert |page=253}} 35. ^Horne, page 300: Counts 16 British subjects, 3 policemen (2 Britons and one Arab), one Arab soldier, no British soldiers, and a third of those killed were Jews. 36. ^The Irgun web site, "The Raid on the Jerusalem Railway Station" section. 37. ^{{cite news |publisher=St Petersburg Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19461105&id=vL8wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1E4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7048,7096754 |date=1946-11-05 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |title=Jewish Terrorists Admit Bombing Embassy in Rome}} 38. ^1 2 3 Donald Neff, Hamas: A Pale Image of the Jewish Irgun And Lehi Gangs, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, May/June 2006, p. 14-15. 39. ^1 The Irgun web site, "Raid on the Jerusalem Officers Club" section. 40. ^Haganah Foils Irgun Plot to Bomb British Army Center in Tel Aviv. NY Times. June 19, 1947. Retrieved September 9, 2015 41. ^[https://www.jta.org/1947/06/19/archive/haganah-foils-irgun-attempt-to-blow-up-british-headquarters-in-tel-aviv-one-killed Haganah Foils Irgun Attempt to Blow Up British Headquarters in Tel Aviv; One Killed], June 19, 1947, JTA 42. ^{{cite news|title=BRITISH CONSTABLE SHOT DEAD IN HAIFA; 5 Soldiers, 7 Jews Are Hit in Wide Terrorist Blows Protesting Ship Seizure|date=20 July 1947|first=Gene|last=Currivan|work=New York Times|location=Jerusalem|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/07/20/archives/british-constable-shot-dead-in-haifa-5-soldiers-7-jews-are-hit-in.html?sq=terrorist+1947+july&scp=5&st=p|accessdate=17 August 2011}} 43. ^The Irgun web site, "The Gallows" section. 44. ^1 Irgun Boasts of Alps Blast NY Times, August 19, 1947 45. ^Two Bombs Explode in a Vienna Hotel NY Times, August 5, 1947 46. ^35 Zionist Leaders Detained as Bomb Kills 3 Constables NY Times, August 6, 1947 47. ^Terrorists Wreck Haifa Troop Train NY Times, August 10, 1947 48. ^175 Britons Escape in Rail Blast Near Tunnel in the Austrian Alps NY Times, August 14, 1947 49. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1947/08/16/archives/irguns-hand-seen-in-alps-rail-blast-polish-jew-confesses-he-was.html Irgun's Hand Seen in Alps Rail Blast] NY Times, August 16, 1947 50. ^Terrorists Strike in Palestine Again NY Times, September 30, 1947 51. ^Blast Set by Irgun to Speed Army Exit NY Times, September 30, 1947 52. ^Palestine Post, Dec 14; Milstein, Vol 11, p91 53. ^Uri Milstein, History of Israel's War of Independence, Vol II. p51 54. ^1 2 Palestine Post, Dec 14 55. ^1 Irgun Attacks in Palestine; 21 Arabs, 3 Jews Are Slain NY Times, December 14, 1947 56. ^Haganah kills 10 in raid on Arabs NY Times, December 20, 1947 57. ^Milstein, Vol II, p81. 58. ^Milstein, Vol II, p214. 59. ^Pope Brewer, Sam. IRGUN BOMB KILLS 11 ARABS, 2 BRITONS. The New York Times. December 30, 1947. 60. ^Milstein, Vol II, p91. 61. ^Palestine Post, Jan 2, 1948 62. ^The Scotsman newspaper, Jan 6, 1948 63. ^Palestine Post, Jan 9-10, 1948 64. ^Milstein, Vol II, p53 65. ^Palestine Post, Feb 13, 1948 66. ^Encyclopedia of the Palestine Problem {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620145357/http://palestine-encyclopedia.com/EPP/Chapter07_3of7.htm |date=2010-06-20 }} 67. ^{{cite book | last = Bard| first = Mitchell G., PhD | title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict | year = 2005 | publisher = Alpha | isbn = 1-59257-410-6}} 68. ^Kana'ana, Sharif and Zeitawi, Nihad (1987), "The Village of Deir Yassin", Bir Zeit, Bir Zeit University Press 69. ^{{cite book | last = Morris | first = Benny | authorlink = Benny Morris | title = The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited | year = 2003 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK; New York |isbn = 0-521-81120-1 |id = {{ISBN|0-521-00967-7}} (pbk.)}}: Chapter 4: The second wave: the mass exodus, April—June 1948, Section: Operation Nahshon, page 238 70. ^{{cite book | last = Milstein | first = Uri | authorlink = Uri Milstein | title = History of the War of Independence IV: Out of Crisis Came Decision | publisher = University Press of America, Inc. | origyear = 1987 | year = 1998 |location = Lanhan, Maryland |language=Hebrew, English |translator=Alan Sacks |editor=Alan Sacks | isbn = 0-7618-1489-2}}: Chapter 16: Deir Yassin, Section 12: The Massacre, page 376-381 71. ^{{cite journal| last = Morris | first = Benny | authorlink = Benny Morris | year = 2005 | title = The Historiography of Deir Yassin | journal = Journal of Israeli History | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 79–107 | doi = 10.1080/13531040500040305 }}: page 100-101 72. ^britannica.com 73. ^The Scotsman: 17th, 18th April. Yaakov Meridor was reported to have been in command of the Irgun attackers. Those dead included Lieut-Colonel G.L. Hildebrand, Royal Artillery 74. ^Bell, Bowyer J.: Terror out of Zion (1976) External links
6 : Irgun|Terrorist incidents in the 1930s|Terrorist incidents in the 1940s|Zionist terrorism|Terrorism in Mandatory Palestine|Mandatory Palestine in World War II |
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