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词条 List of Jewish diaspora languages
释义

  1. Afro-Asiatic languages

     Cushitic languages  Semitic languages  Arabic languages  Aramaic languages  Canaanite languages  Other Afro-Asiatic languages 

  2. Dravidian languages

  3. Indo-European languages

     Iranian languages  Romance languages  Other Indo-European languages 

  4. Kartvelian languages

  5. Turkic languages

  6. Uralic languages

  7. Doubted languages{{Clarify|reason=What does "doubted languages" mean? This should be explained in an introductory paragraph for this section, as well as some indication, if they're doubted, as to why we're mentioning languages the existence of which is doubted.|date=March 2019}}

      Austronesian languages   Malayo-Polynesian languages  Indo-European languages   Armenian languages   Baltic languages   Germanic languages    Indo-Arian languages    Iranian languages   Romance languages  Slavic languages  Kartvelian languages  North Caucasian languages  Abkhazo-Adyghean languages  Turkic languages  Karluk languages  Kipchak languages  Oghur languages  Vasconic languages 

  8. See also

  9. References

This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.[1]

Afro-Asiatic languages

Cushitic languages

  • Kayla{{cn|date=September 2016}}
  • Qwara[2]

Semitic languages

Arabic languages

  • Judeo-Arabic[1]
  • Judeo-Andalusian Arabic (extinct)
  • Judeo-Iraqi Arabic
  • Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
  • Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic
  • Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
  • Judeo-Yemeni Arabic
  • Karaite Egyptian Arabic, based on old Egyptian Arabic

Aramaic languages

  • Judeo-Aramaic[1]
  • Hulaulá (Persian Kurdistani Jewish Neo-Aramaic)[3]
  • Jewish Palestinian Aramaic (extinct)
  • Galilean dialect (extinct)
  • Lishana Deni (Zakho Jewish Neo-Aramaic)[3]
  • Lishan Didan (Persian Azerbaijani Jewish Neo-Aramaic)[3]
  • Lishanid Noshan (Arbil Jewish Neo-Aramaic)
  • Kareo-Aramaic (a Karaite variety of Aramaic) (extinct)

Canaanite languages

  • Judeo-Phoenician (extinct)
  • Judeo-Punic (extinct)
  • Judeo-Ugaritic[4] (extinct)

Other Afro-Asiatic languages

  • Judeo-Berber[1] (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)
  • Judeo-Coptic (extinct)

Dravidian languages

  • Judeo-Malayalam[1] (almost extinct)
  • Judeo-Telugu, a variety of Telugu

(both written in local alphabets)

Indo-European languages

Iranian languages

  • Judeo-Bukharic (Bukhari, Bukhori, Judeo-Tajik)[5] (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of Samarkand)
  • Judeo-Golpaygani[5] (almost extinct)
  • Judeo-Hamedani[5]
  • Judeo-Kurmanji (mostly as a second language in addition to Judeo-Aramaic)
  • Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi, Jidi)[5]
  • Judeo-Shirazi[5][6]
  • Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)[7]

Romance languages

  • Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)
  • Judeo-Andalusian (extinct)
  • Judeo-Aragonese (extinct)
  • Judeo-Navarro-Aragonese with a significant Jewish koiné of Tudela (extinct)
  • Judeo-Asturleonese (extinct)
  • Judeo-Catalan and Judeo-Valencian (extinct)
  • Judeo-Emilian-Romagnol (almost extinct)
  • Judeo-Franco-Provençal (including the Savoyard dialect) (extinct)
  • Judeo-French (Zarphatic)[1]: a group of Jewish northern oïl languages and their dialects (extinct)
  • Judeo-Gascon[8] (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct)
  • Judeo-Italian[1] with a wide range of dialects and city koinés
  • Judeo-Ligurian (almost extinct)
  • Judeo-Lombard (almost extinct)
  • Judeo-Piedmontese (almost extinct)
  • Judeo-Portuguese[1] (almost extinct) and Judeo-Galician (extinct)
  • Judeo-Provençal[1] (extinct)
  • Judeo-Sicilian[9][10] (extinct)
  • Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)[1]
  • Haketia
  • Tetuani
  • Judeo-Venetian (almost extinct)

Other Indo-European languages

  • Judeo-Czech (Knaanic)[11][12] (extinct)
  • Judeo-Greek (Romaniyot, Yevanic)[1]
  • Judeo-Koiné Greek, based on Koine Greek
  • Karaite Greek, a Karaite variety of Greek
  • Judeo-Marathi
  • Yiddish[1]

Kartvelian languages

  • Judeo-Georgian[1]
  • Judeo-Mingrelian (almost extinct)

Turkic languages

  • Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)
  • Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak)[13] (almost extinct)
  • Judeo-Turkish[14]
  • Karaim[1] (almost extinct)
  • Kareo-Turkish (a Karaite variety of Ottoman Turkish)

Uralic languages

  • Judeo-Hungarian[15] (Magyaric/Magyarit).

Doubted languages{{Clarify|reason=What does "doubted languages" mean? This should be explained in an introductory paragraph for this section, as well as some indication, if they're doubted, as to why we're mentioning languages the existence of which is doubted.|date=March 2019}}

Austronesian languages

Malayo-Polynesian languages

  • Judeo-Malay (could be used in old-settled Jewish community, approximately till the 18th century)

Indo-European languages

Armenian languages

  • Judeo-Armenian[16] (although it was common to use Aramaic or Persian varieties among this Jewish community)

Baltic languages

  • Judeo-Samogitian[17][18]

Germanic languages

  • Judeo-Danish[19]
  • Judeo-Dutch[20]
  • Judeo-Frisian[21]

Indo-Arian languages

  • Judeo-Gujarati[22]
  • Judeo-Hindustani[23]

Iranian languages

  • Judeo-Alan (could be used by Jews of Khazar Khaganate in areas influenced by the Alans) (extinct)
  • Judeo-Ossetic (extinct)
  • Judeo-Pashto (mostly as the second language in addition to Judeo-Tajik) (almost extinct)

Romance languages

  • Judeo-Rhaeto-Romance
    • Judeo-Friulian

Slavic languages

  • Judeo-Old Polish
  • Judeo-Old Russian
  • Judeo-Sorbian[24]

Kartvelian languages

  • Judeo-Laz
  • Judeo-Svan

North Caucasian languages

Abkhazo-Adyghean languages

  • Judeo-Abkhazian
  • Judeo-Circassian[25]

Turkic languages

Karluk languages

  • Judeo-Uzbek (mostly as a second language in addition to Judeo-Bukharic)

Kipchak languages

  • Judeo-Cuman (extinct)
  • Judeo-Karachay-Balkar
  • Judeo-Kumyk

Oghur languages

  • Khazar language (extinct)

Vasconic languages

  • Judeo-Basque[26]

See also

  • Jewish languages

References

1. ^10 11 12 13 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sG3sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=jewish+languages+diaspora&source=bl&ots=X7d4nI1A5h&sig=vlzayCZ-RoS6Q4Q44UIOb7dAcd0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip_9bU_rXRAhXFJcAKHdtcCloQ6AEIhQEwEA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages|last=Rubin|first=Aaron D.|last2=Kahn|first2=Lily|date=2015-10-30|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004297357|language=en}}
2. ^{{Cite journal|title = A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)|url = http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/northeast_african_studies/v013/13.2.hudson.pdf|accessdate = 2015-10-09|year = 2013|series = New series|last = Hudson|first = Grover|work = Northeast African Studies | volume = 13 | number = 2}}
3. ^{{Cite book|title = The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&pg=PA709&lpg=PA709&dq=hulaula+jews&source=bl&ots=t4KdS7MDtr&sig=H1ewli6FyDJBRnCms97Caqq02OQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEEQ6AEwB2oVChMI7v_-4vCFxwIVxiQeCh1S9Az2#v=onepage&q=hulaula%2520jews&f=false|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|date = 2011-12-23|isbn = 9783110251586|first = Stefan|last = Weninger|page = 709|ref = weninger}}
4. ^https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ugaritic
5. ^{{Cite book|title = The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xk9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA351&lpg=PA351&dq=%2522judeo+golpaygani%2522&source=bl&ots=qgwWW6rBZp&sig=UiLQynfmO7B-MbhqA21_T1bRgko&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBWoVChMIp7yI-PGFxwIVCageCh2kjQkn#v=onepage&q=%2522judeo%2520golpaygani%2522&f=false|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 2014-03-27|isbn = 9781139917148|first = Bernard|last = Spolsky|page = 241}}
6. ^ Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. [https://www.academia.edu/12266165/Judeo-Iranian_Languages].
7. ^ Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74.[https://www.academia.edu/19729244/Juhuri_from_the_Caucasus_to_New_York_City].
8. ^Nahon, Peter, 2018. Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Paris:Classiques Garnier.
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=ZQd2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=Judeo-Sicilian&source=bl&ots=p0k7vt8ctZ&sig=ACfU3U1Rf0J_M0jamtug5lVYeCLt3JTsmw&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB44TvovrgAhXKD5oKHdi0CYEQ6AEwBXoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sicilian&f=false|title=Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present|last1=Hary|first1=Benjamin|last2=Benor|first2=Sarah Bunin|date=5 November 2018|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|via=Google Books}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=uGwxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=Judeo-Sicilian+translation&source=bl&ots=G1qiLszl5E&sig=ACfU3U2irwgLXiC8b7n2tv9reEzxrLnsoA&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf6ZqVp_rgAhViwMQBHaMzAhYQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sicilian+translation&f=false|title=Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages|last1=Weiss|first1=Hillel|last2=Katsman|first2=Roman|date=17 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|via=Google Books|last3=Kotlerman|first3=Ber}}
11. ^{{Cite book|title = International Encyclopedia of Linguistics|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&pg=RA3-PA83&lpg=RA3-PA83&dq=knaanic+czech&source=bl&ots=4Y3Hc0XddZ&sig=L_gPcPRQn3nrHslCdNpzuxznKOs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CF4Q6AEwDGoVChMIpYWK1o2HxwIVxjs-Ch3gWAjL#v=onepage&q=knaanic%2520czech&f=false|publisher = Oxford University Press|date = 2003-01-01|isbn = 9780195139778|language = en|page = 83}}
12. ^{{Cite journal|url = http://www.dovidkatz.net/dovid/PDFLinguistics/2014_Knaanic_Medieval_Modern_Scholarly_Imagination.pdf|title = Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination|last = Katz|first = Dovid|date = October 2012|journal = Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 1 August 2015|editor-first = Ondřej|editor-last = Bláha|editor2-first = Robert|editor2-last = Dittman|editor3-first = Lenka|editor3-last = Uličná|pages = 164, 173}}
13. ^{{Cite web|title = YIVO {{!}} Krymchaks|url = http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krymchaks|website = www.yivoencyclopedia.org|accessdate = 2015-08-01}}
14. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR6&lpg=PR6&dq=%22handbook+of+jewish+languages%22+rubin+%22judeo+turkish%22&source=bl&ots=6EyYdjGD2n&sig=ACfU3U3N05kQio4iGI_RKBr8fV4H-p1quQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLg5j7-IHhAhXQqFkKHSUkCTkQ6AEwB3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=judeo-turkish&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition|date=2017-09-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004359543|language=en}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ru/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=Judeo-Hungarian+language&source=bl&ots=YtxbUHG5Sw&sig=9SabIVPCHzn0s52AAjrs1OR7IUQ&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxjJn_uK7eAhWGVSwKHVkDC2gQ6AEwB3oECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Hungarian+language&f=false|title=Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment|first=Paul|last=Wexler|date=14 March 2019|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|via=Google Books}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA749&lpg=PA749&dq=Judeo-Armenian&source=bl&ots=6EyYbdDB0m&sig=ACfU3U02r3YtifOD1e6Zs-JPLVHGBs9uVg&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitrP-xpPrgAhWx4aYKHQB-CYkQ6AEwCHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Armenian&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition|date=1 September 2017|publisher=BRILL|via=Google Books}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.lt/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA749&lpg=PA749&dq=catechism+Samgitian&source=bl&ots=6EyYbdDB0m&sig=ACfU3U02r3YtifOD1e6Zs-JPLVHGBs9uVg&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitrP-xpPrgAhWx4aYKHQB-CYkQ6AEwCHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=catechism+Samogitian&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition|date=1 September 2017|publisher=BRILL|via=Google Books}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.lt/books?id=tS-PMqoj1EIC&pg=PA430&lpg=PA430&dq=catechism+Samogitian&source=bl&ots=1BCazud0a1&sig=ACfU3U2OAVeWSbwNLZC0mkQa95IO3dapWw&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU-6bAqvrgAhWhyaYKHeMmADEQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=catechism+Samogitian&f=false|title=Synagogues in Lithuania N-Ž: A Catalogue|first1=Aliza|last1=Cohen-Mushlin|first2=Sergey|last2=Kravtsov|first3=Vladimir|last3=Levin|first4=Giedrė|last4=Mickūnaitė|first5=Jurgita|last5=Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė|date=14 March 2019|publisher=VDA leidykla|via=Google Books}}
19. ^https://books.google.it/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Danish&source=bl&ots=YtyeOJM5Qu&sig=ACfU3U14z_5oMuV_nfQCZY0h8KzDgVLvYg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih0aevi5jhAhXCwsQBHWraAH0Q6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Danish&f=false
20. ^https://books.google.it/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Dutch&source=bl&ots=YtyeOJM5Qu&sig=ACfU3U14z_5oMuV_nfQCZY0h8KzDgVLvYg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih0aevi5jhAhXCwsQBHWraAH0Q6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Dutch&f=false
21. ^https://books.google.it/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Frisian&source=bl&ots=YtyeOJM5Qu&sig=ACfU3U14z_5oMuV_nfQCZY0h8KzDgVLvYg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih0aevi5jhAhXCwsQBHWraAH0Q6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Frisian&f=false
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/judeo-persian/|title=Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian|website=blogs.bl.uk}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gorgiaspress.com/a-unique-hebrew-glossary-from-india-an-analysis-of-judeo-urdu|title=A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India|website=Gorgias Press LLC}}
24. ^https://books.google.it/books?id=YJpdiPiG2g4C&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=Judeo-Sorbian&source=bl&ots=5Z9ZwwlLL1&sig=ACfU3U2iHYW4FbdGgEvT_73E-45iY9Ys8w&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQjciIjJjhAhVb6qYKHUX9DT0Q6AEwA3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sorbian&f=false
25. ^https://books.google.it/books?id=YXRsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143&dq=Circassian-speaking+Jewish+community&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOj_DxhpjhAhWCepoKHVLcBCAQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=Circassian-speaking%20Jewish%20community&f=false
26. ^https://books.google.it/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Basque&source=bl&ots=YtyeOJM5Qu&sig=ACfU3U14z_5oMuV_nfQCZY0h8KzDgVLvYg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih0aevi5jhAhXCwsQBHWraAH0Q6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Basque&f=false

2 : Lists of languages|Jewish languages

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