| 词条 | Atlantic goliath grouper |
| 释义 |
| name = Atlantic goliath grouper | image = itajara.JPG | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | taxon = Epinephelus itajara | authority = (Lichtenstein, 1822) }} The Atlantic goliath grouper or itajara (Epinephelus itajara), also known as the jewfish,[2] is a large saltwater fish of the grouper family found primarily in shallow tropical waters among coral and artificial reefs at depths from {{convert|5|to|50|m|abbr=on}}. Its range includes the Florida Keys in the US, the Bahamas, most of the Caribbean and most of the Brazilian coast. On some occasions, it is caught off the coasts of the US states of New England off Maine and Massachusetts. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, it occurs from the Congo to Senegal. DescriptionYoung Atlantic goliath grouper may live in brackish estuaries, oyster beds, canals, and mangrove swamps, which is unusual behavior among groupers. They may reach extremely large sizes, growing to lengths up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and can weigh as much as {{convert|360|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The world record for a hook-and-line-captured specimen is {{convert|308.44|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, caught off Fernandina Beach, Florida, in 1961.[3] They are usually around {{convert|180|kg|lb|abbr=on}} when mature. Considered of fine food quality, Atlantic goliath grouper were a highly sought-after quarry for fishermen. It is a relatively easy prey for spear fishermen because of the grouper's inquisitive and generally fearless nature. They also tend to spawn in large aggregations, returning annually to the same locations. This makes them particularly vulnerable to mass harvesting while breeding.[4] Until a harvest ban was placed on the species, its population was in rapid decline. The fish is entirely protected from harvest and is recognized as a Vulnerable species by the IUCN.[1] The US began protection in 1990, and the Caribbean in 1993. The species' population has been recovering since the ban; with the fish's slow growth rate, however, some time will be needed for populations to return to their previous levels. Goliath groupers eat crustaceans, other fish, octopodes, young sea turtles, sharks, and barracudas. They are known to attack divers, and have even been seen attacking large lemon sharks.{{citation needed|date= August 2015}} [5]ReproductionGoliath groupers are believed to be protogynous hermaphrodites, which refer to organisms that are born female and at some point in their lifespans change sex to male. Most grouper follow this pattern, but this has not yet been verified for the goliath.[6] Males can be sexually mature at about {{convert|115|cm}}, and ages 4–6 years. Females mature around {{convert|125|cm}}, and about 6–8 years.[7] ConservationIn May 2015, the Atlantic goliath grouper was successfully bred in captivity for the first time.[8][9][10] Since Epinephelus itajara are Vulnerable it is important that conservation efforts for the E. itajara are focused on their habitat. Tidal pools act as nurseries for juvenile E. itajara. In tidal pools juvenile E.itajara are able to utilize rocky crevices for shelter. Besides shelter, tidal pools provide E. itajara with plenty of prey such as lobster and porcelain crab.[11] ParasitesAs with other fish, the Atlantic goliath grouper is the host of several species of parasites, including the diplectanid monogenean Pseudorhabdosynochus americanus on its gills.[12] EtymologyThe Atlantic goliath grouper has historically been referred to as the "jewfish". The name's origin is unclear, and may have referred to the flesh having a "clean" taste comparable to kosher food; it has also been suggested that this name is simply a corruption of jawfish.[13] In 2001, the American Fisheries Society stopped using the term because of concerns that it was culturally insensitive.[13] References1. ^1 Bertoncini, A.A., Aguilar-Perera, A., Barreiros, J., Craig, M.T., Ferreira, B. & Koenig, C. 2018. Epinephelus itajara. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T195409A46957794. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T195409A46957794.en. Downloaded on 25 December 2018. 2. ^https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2001-07-23-0107230219-story.html 3. ^{{cite web|title=IGFA World Record - All Tackle Records - Grouper, goliath|url=http://wrec.igfa.org/WRecordsList.aspx?lc=AllTackle&cn=Grouper,%20goliath|website=IGFA Online|publisher=International Game Fish Association|accessdate=4 May 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web|first=Jennifer S.|last=Holland|title=Big Fish|publisher=National Geographic|year=2014|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/07/goliath-grouper/holland-text}} 5. ^{{cite web |last1=Herraria |first1=Carla |title=Think Sharks Are Scary? This Goliath Grouper Attack Is Terrifying |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/30/goliath-grouper-attack_n_5632612.html |website=Huffpost |publisher=Verizon Media |accessdate=23 February 2019}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/goliathgrouper/goliathgrouper.html |title=FLMNH Ichthyology Department: Goliath Grouper |publisher=Flmnh.ufl.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-10-31}} 7. ^Bullock et al. (1992). Age, Growth, and Reproduction of Jewfish Epinephelus itajara in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Fishery Bulletin 90 (2):243-249. Retrieved August 21, 2014. 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/otras-ciudades/en-cartagena-logran-reproducir-en-cautiverio-al-pez-mero-guasa/15989735|title=Hito de la ciencia nacional: reproducen en cautiverio al mero guasa - Otras ciudades - El Tiempo|first=Casa Editorial El|last=Tiempo|publisher=|date=2015-06-22}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/estilo-de-vida/ciencia/colombianos-logran-salvar-al-mero-guasa-de-la-extincion/15990678|title=Colombianos logran salvar al mero guasa de la extinción - Ciencia - El Tiempo|first=Casa Editorial El|last=Tiempo|publisher=|date=2015-06-22}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.asp?monthyear=6-2015&day=23&id=77398&l=s&country=&special=&ndb=1&df=0|title=FIS - Noticias - Logran reproducir mero guasa en cautiverio|publisher=}} 11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Lobato |first1=Cleonice Maria Cardoso |last2=Soares |first2=Bruno Eleres |last3=Begot |first3=Tiago Octavio Ruffeil |last4=Montag |first4=Luciano Fogaça de Assis |title=Tidal pools as habitat for juveniles of the goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein 1822) in the Amazonian coastal zone, Brazil |journal=Natureza & Conservação |date=January 2016 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=20–23 |doi=10.1016/j.ncon.2015.12.001 }} 12. ^{{cite journal|last1=Kritsky|first1=Delane C.|last2=Bakenhaster|first2=Micah D.|last3=Adams|first3=Douglas H.|title=Pseudorhabdosynochus species (Monogenoidea, Diplectanidae) parasitizing groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Epinephelini) in the western Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters, with descriptions of 13 new species|journal=Parasite|volume=22|year=2015|pages=24|issn=1776-1042|doi=10.1051/parasite/2015024|url=http://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/full_html/2015/01/parasite150040/parasite150040.html|pmid=26272242|pmc=4536336}} {{open access}} 13. ^1 {{cite news |title=Big fish get a giant name |first=Mike |last=Brassfield |url= http://www.sptimes.com/News/052401/State/Big_fish_get_a_giant_.shtml |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |date=May 24, 2001 |accessdate=August 21, 2014}} External links{{Commons category|Epinephelus itajara}}
5 : Epinephelus|Fish of the Atlantic Ocean|Sport fish|Fish described in 1822|Fish of Cuba |
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