请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 List of massacres in India
释义

  1. Pre-colonial India

  2. Colonial India

  3. Independent India

  4. See also

  5. References

{{for|other topics with similar names|Indian massacre (disambiguation)}}{{Expand list|date=May 2011}}{{more citations needed|date=November 2014}}

A massacre is the deliberate slaughter of members of one group by one or more members of another more powerful group. A massacre may be indiscriminate or highly methodical in application. A massacre is a single event, though it may occur during the course of an extended military campaign or war. A massacre is separate from a battle (an event in which opposing sides fight), but may follow in its immediate aftermath, when one side has surrendered or lost the ability to fight, yet the victors persist in killing their opponents.

Pre-colonial India

Name/PlaceDateLocationDeathsNotesReference(s)
Bakthiyar's invasion of Bihar1202GahadavalaUnknown Bakhtiyar Khalji attacked a fort, which he discovered was a Vihara, likely Nalanda. He also captured Vikramashila and wrought havoc there.[1]
Massacre in south Delhi1265South Delhi,{{flagicon image |Delhi_Sultanate_Flag_(catalan_atlas).png}} Delhi Sultanate100,000 Hindu Rajputs of MewatAlmost all the Rajputs of Mewat were completely exterminated by Delhi Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban during the massacre.[2][3]
Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)1303Chittor, Guhila kingdom30,000Alauddin Khalji ordered the massacre of 30,000 people of Chittor after besieging and capturing it, according to Amir Khusrau.[4]
Massacre of Srirangam1323Srirangam, Pandyan kingdom12,000 Hindu ascetics12,000 Hindu ascetics at or around the temple were slaughtered by Muhammad bin Tughluq's soldiers while they city was sacked.[5]
Mass killings in Bengal by Firuz Shah Tughlaq1353–13?? Bengal Sultanate180,000 HindusFiruz Shah invaded Bengal after it rebelled and paid for the 180,000 heads of Hindus massacred by his soldiers.[6]
Battle of Mudgal1365MudgalUnknownBukka Raya I seized the town and put the garrison to the sword.[7]
Massacres around Vijayanagara1365–1367Areas surrounding Vijayanagara,Vijayanagara Empire500,000 Hindus500,000 inhabitants were massacred in all the districts surrounding Vijayanagara by the Bahmani Sultanate soldiers. In Raichur Doab alone, 70,000 Hindus were massacred by the army of the Bahmani Sultanate in response to killing of the garrison of Mudgal.[8][9][10]
Battle of Bhatner1398Bhatner fort,{{flagicon image |Delhi_Sultanate_Flag_(catalan_atlas).png}} Delhi Sultanate10,000 Hindus10,000 Hindu inhabitants were killed after some of them started resisting the demand of paying ransom to Timurid forces.[11][12]
Execution of slaves by Timurid forces1398Loni, Ghaziabad,{{flagicon image |Delhi_Sultanate_Flag_(catalan_atlas).png}} Delhi Sultanate100,000 Hindu captivesBefore the battle of Delhi commenced, Timur ordered his soldiers to kill all the 100,000 captives they caught to avoid a rebellion before the attack on Delhi.[13]
Timurid campaign in Haryana1398Haryana (then part of{{flagicon image |Delhi_Sultanate_Flag_(catalan_atlas).png}} Delhi Sultanate)UnknownThousands of residents who fled mostly non-Muslim town of Sarsuti (Sirsa) were chased and killed by Timur's forces. In Fatehabad, a large number of civilians staying behind were killed. Thousands of Ahirs resisting him at Ahruni were killed. In addition to 200 Jats at Tohana and further 2000 who fled were killed with their wives and children taken captive. Reaching Kaithal, he massacred or plundered many people. On the way he was joined by another wing of his army from Kabul which massacred or plundered villages that resisted. From there he went to the fort of Assandh whilst destroying all villages along the way.[14][15]
Timurid massacre of Delhi1398Delhi,{{flagicon image |Delhi_Sultanate_Flag_(catalan_atlas).png}} Delhi SultanateUnknownHindus of the city were killed or enslaved. After the massacre ended, the survivors either died of famine and disease and Timur's forces further enslaved many people.[16][17][18][19]
Battle of Meerut1399Meerut,{{flagicon image |Delhi_Sultanate_Flag_(catalan_atlas).png}} Delhi SultanateUnknown (all of the inhabitants)The massacre took place during the battle for Meerut for with all the Hindus and the inhabitants of the fort being put to sword.[20][21][22]
Battle of Ahmednagar1559-60Ahmednagar SultanateUnknownAccording to Firishta, the Vijayanagar army of Ram Raya allied with Bijapur laid waste to the Ahmednagar's country so thoroughly that from Parenda to Junnar and from Ahmednagar to Daulatabad, not a vestige of population left. They also massacred and looted Muslims in Ahmednagar. During the siege of Ahmednagar fort, Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur and Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda also laid waste to the adjacent territory.[23][24][25]
Massacre of Garha1560Garha-Katanga Kingdom (now Narsinghpur district)48,000 Hindu peasants and RajputsOrdered by Emperor Akbar, in the early years of his reign.[26]
Sack of Vijayanagara1565Vijayanagara,Vijayanagara EmpireUnknownVijayanagara was sacked and razed by Deccan Sultanates after Battle of Talikota. Widespread destruction of Hindu temples and buildings also took place in the city, destroying most of the large temple centres.[27][28]
Siege of ChittorgarhFebruary 1568Chittor Fort,{{flagicon image |Drapeau_Udaipur_Mew%C3%A2r.png}} Udaipur State30,000 HindusAbout 30,000 non-combatants were ordered to be executed while 8,000 Rajput women immolated themselves as part of jauhar.[29]
Massacres during Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire1738–1740Northern India,Mughal Empire300,000 IndiansPersian invaders massacred Indian civilians.[30]
Maratha expeditions in Bengal1741–1751Bengal SubahUnknown (Est. 400,000 people)A 1755 Dutch account estimates that over 400,000 people were killed in Bengal and Bihar including textile workers, merchants and other inhabitants.[31]
Chhōtā Ghallūghārā1746Lahore10,000 Sikhs7,000 Sikhs were killed in battle with armies of Diwan of Lahore. 3,000 were captured and executed in Lahore.[32][33]
Massacres after the Battle of Panipat1761Panipat, Haryana,{{flagicon image |Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg}} Maratha Empire40,000–70,000 Maratha (Hindu) soldiersAbout 22,000 Maratha women and young children enslaved by the Afghans.[34][35]{{page number needed>date=June 2017}}
Vaḍḍā Ghallūghārā1763PunjabEst. 25,000–30,000 Sikhs Perpetrated by Afghan Muslim forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani.[33]
Mangalore Christian massacre 1784–1799 Srirangapatna,{{flagicon image |Flag_of_Mysore.svg}} Kingdom of Mysore 5,600 Christians Persecution of Mangalore Catholic Christians by Tipu Sultan.[36]
Massacre of Mandyam Iyengars 1784–1799 Srirangapatna, Mandya district,{{flagicon image |Flag_of_Mysore.svg}} Kingdom of Mysore 700-800 Iyengars About 800 men, women and children of Mandyam Iyengar community were killed by Tipu Sultan at Srirangapatna.[37][38][39]{{better source>date=May 2018}}

Colonial India

Name/PlaceDateLocationDeathsNotesReference(s)
Delhi Palace, peepal tree massacre16 May 1857Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Mughal Empire~ 40 - 52 EuropeansBahadur Shah's palace servants executed the European civilians captured in the previous day's riots.
Massacres by General NeillJune–July 1857Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg}} Company rule in IndiaThousands of Indian mutineers, suspected rebels and civiliansThe massacres at Allahabad took place before the Bibighar massacre; the ones at Kanpur after it[40]
Siege of Cawnpore,5–25 June 1857Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg}} Company rule in India~ 1,000Europeans soldiers, merchants, engineers, their wives and children, along with the East India Company sepoys, who were either Christian or refused to mutiny, and join Nana Sahib
Satichaura Ghat massacre27 June 1857Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg}} Company rule in India~ 200 British officersMassacre by Nana Sahib's forces[41]
Bibighar massacre15 July 1857Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg}} Company rule in India~ 200 British women and childrenThe victims were prisoners under Nana Sahib's forces. The massacre was carried out by a group of butchers, but who ordered it remains unclear.[42]
Kuka (Namdhari) massacre at Malerkotla17–18 January 1872British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Raj~ 65 Kuka (Namdhari) KilledMr. Cowan (the Deputy Commissioner of Ludhiana) and Mr. Forsyth (the Commissioner of Ambala) ordered the Namdharis to be blown away with guns, without any trial, on 17 and 18 January 1872 respectively.[43]
Jallianwala Bagh massacre13 April 1919British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Raj379-381 dead, ~1,100 Indians.Reginald Edward Harry Dyer ordered a unit of the British Indian Army to open fire on a unarmed, nonviolent group of protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims.
Moplah RebellionOct 1921British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Raj2,337–10,000 Hindus (100,000 Hindus permanently migrated). Khilafat Movement considered as main cause.
Kohat riots9–11 September 1924British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Raj155 Hindus and Sikhs were killed (100,000 Hindus permanently migrated).
Calcutta riots 15 July 1926British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Raj 100+ dead, 200+ injured A Muslim mob attacked a Hindu possession, later broken up by a mounted police charge on the Muslim rioters. [44]
United Provinces riots 1923 to 1927British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Raj thousands dead and injured 88 separate communal riots, including the: 4 September 1927 Nagpur riots, 3–7 May 1927 Lahore, November 1927 Lahore. [45][46][47]
Nagpur riots4 September 1927British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Raj22 killed, 100+ injured
Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre23 April 1930British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Raj1 British Indian Army dispatch rider, and ~ 20 - 230 protestersAfter a British Indian Army despatch rider was killed and burned in the Bizarre two armoured cars were ordered to drive in and open fire on the protesters.
Calcutta Riots15 August – 17 September 1946British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Raj7,000 to 10,000 Hindus and Muslims.Hindus and Muslims clashed during a protest by All India Muslim League termed as Direct Action Day.[48]
Noakhali riotsSeptember–October 1946British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Raj5,000 HindusMuslim community attacked Hindu community for seizing wealth and forced conversion to Islam. Around 1,50,000 to 750,000 survivors were sheltered in temporary relief camps[49][50][51]
Bihar Massacre30 October – 7 November 1946British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Raj2,000–3,000 MuslimsBy Hindus in reaction to Noakhali riots[52]
Garhmukteshwar Anti-Muslim ViolenceNovember 1946British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Rajat least 214 MuslimsPartition of the country into India and Pakistan was looming.[53]
Partition of India1947British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} British Raj, {{flagicon image |Flag_of_India.svg}} Dominion of India and {{flagicon image | Flag_of_Pakistan.svg}}Dominion of Pakistan~ 200,000 - 2,000,000 peopleMassacre of Sikhs and Hindus by Muslims in West Punjab and of Muslims by Sikhs and Hindus in East Punjab. The communal violence resulted in the murder of 20,000–25,000 Muslims in Delhi by Hindus. UNHCR estimates 14 million were displaced by the violence.
[54][55][56][57]

Independent India

Name/PlaceDateLocationDeathsNotesReference(s)
Jammu massacresSeptember to November 1947Jammu-Kashmir-flag-1936-1953.gif}} Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=167}}[58]

20,000+ Hindus and Sikhs{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=56}}{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=97}}[59]

[58][60][61][62][63]
Anti-Brahmin riots of 1948January 1948Paschim MaharashtraUnknownPost the Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi on 30 January 1948, at the hands of Nathuram Godse, a Chitpavan Brahmin, there were heavy reprisals on the community by Congress supporters in notable regions of Western Maharashtra like Pune, Satara, Kolhapur, Sangli, Ahmednagar, Solapur. Pre-existing social tensions between the castes, resentment among non-Brahmins, especially Marathas, towards the socio-political dominance of Brahmins in the region was said to be a major cause. Aspects of the violence included arson, looting of Brahmin households, assaults on Brahmins, the nature of which turned fatal in numerous instances.[64][65]
Hyderabad massacre of 19481948Hyderabad_State_Flag.gif}} Hyderabad State27,000 - 40,000 Militant Razakars killed[68]Killed by army and police in the state to control rioting Muslims who were part of a radical militia called Razakars hired by Nizam Government, many were arrested after the Nizam was defeated.[66]
1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation 7 November 1966 New Delhi 375-5000 Hindus killed Hindu Sadhus and protestors killed by government[67]
Kilvenmani massacre25 December 1968Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu44 killedStriking agricultural workers murdered by a gang, allegedly by their landlords.
1969 Gujarat riots1969GujaratOfficially 660 total; 430 Muslims, 24 Hindus, 58 others/unidentified casualtiesHindu-Muslim riots. 1074 injured and over 48,000 lost their property. Unofficial reports claim as high as 2000 deaths. Muslim community suffered the majority of the losses. Out of the 512 deaths reported in the police complaints, 430 were Muslims. Property worth 42 million rupees destroyed during the riots, with Muslims losing 32 million worth of property.[68][69][70]
Turkman gate demolition and rioting1976DelhiOfficially 6, unofficially 15 killed by police (nearly all Muslims).Killing of Delhi residents who refused to move residence.[71]
Marichjhapi incidentJanuary 31, 1979West BengalOfficial figures 2, Hindustan Times quotes 50 to 1000 Hindu refugees. Actual numbers estimated to be around 3000-5000.Killing of refugees who came from East Pakistan.[72]
Moradabad riots1980Uttar Pradesh Officially 400; unofficial estimates as high as 2500. Started as a Muslim-Police conflict; later turned into a Hindu-Muslim riot.[73]
Mandai massacre1980Tripura255-500 Bengali Hindu refugees[74]
Nellie massacre18 February 1983Assam2,191 Bengali MuslimsIn Assam[75]
Train Passenger massacre I (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)23 February 1984Punjab11 Hindus
1984 anti-Sikh riots31 October – 4 November 1984Primarily Delhi but also other parts of India2,800 to 8,000 Sikhs all over IndiaSeries of pogroms by Congress supporters after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Hondh-Chillar massacre (part of the 1984 anti-Sikh riots)2 November 1984Hondh-Chillar, Haryana32 SikhsRioting by Indian National Congress Party members after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Desri Ground massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)28 March 1986Ludhiana, Punjab13 Hindus
Mallian massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)29 March 1986Jalandhar, Punjab20 Hindu labourers
Bus Passenger massacre III (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)25 July 1986Mukatsar, Punjab15 Hindus
Bus Passenger massacre IV (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)30 November 1986Khudda, Punjab24 Hindus
Hashimpura massacre22 May 1987Meerut, Uttar Pradesh42 Muslims
Bus Passenger massacre V (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)July 1987Fatehbad, Haryana80 Hindus
Jagdev Kalan massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)6 August 1987Punjab13 Hindus
Rajbah massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)31 March 1988Punjab18 Hindus belonging to 1 family
Train Passenger massacre II (part of the 1991 Punjab killings)15 June 1988Ludhiana, Punjab80 (mostly Hindus)
Train Passenger massacre III (part of the 1991 Punjab killings)December 1988Ludhiana, Punjab49 (mostly Hindus)
Hazaribagh massacreSeptember 1989Hazaribag53 Hindus and 20 Muslims
Bhagalpur riotsOctober 1989Bhagalpur, BiharThe total dead numbered around 1000, around 900 were Muslims; it was difficult to establish the religious identity of other victims.Two false rumors about the killing of Hindu students started circulating: one rumor stated that nearly 200 Hindu university students had been killed by the Muslims, while another rumor stated that 31 Hindu boys had been murdered with their bodies dumped in a well at the Sanskrit College.
1990 Kashmiri Hindus killings1990sKashmir ValleyOfficially 219 Hindus[76]; though estimates as high as 1,341 have been reported[77]Large numbers had fled since 1989 to escape targeted killings and abductions. 219 were killed from 1989 to 2004 according to government of Jammu and Kashmir, while an organization of the community in Kashmir carried out a survey whose data stated that 399 had been killed since 1990 with an estimated 75% killed in 1990 alone.[78][76][79][80]
Gawakadal massacre20 January 1990Srinagar, Kashmir50 Kashmiri ProtestorsIndian Forces opened fire, with heavy guns, on a group of Kashmiri protesters, who were pelting stones at the police
Ayodhya police firingOctober 30, 1990Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh16 Hindus (official figure)Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav ordered the police to open fire on kar sevaks who reached Ayodhya. The dead bodies were allegedly thrown in Saryu river.[81][82][83]
1991 Anti-Tamil violence of Karnataka12–13 December 1991Mainly Bangalore, Mysore but also other parts of southern Karnataka18 Tamilsviolent attacks originated in the demonstrations organised against the orders of the Cauvery Water Tribunal
Bombay riotsDecember 1992 – January 1993Mumbai575 Muslims, 275 Hindus, 45 unknown and 5 othersHindu-Muslim communal riot as an effect of Demolition of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.
Sopore massacre6 January 1993Sopore, Kashmir55 Kashmiri studentsSecurity forces fired on procession.
Bijbehara MassacreOctober 22, 1993Bijbehara, Kashmir55 Kashmiri protestorsIndian armed forces fired upon unarmed Kashmiri protestors resulting in 55 civilian deaths.
1997 Ramabai killings11 July 1997Ramabai colony, Mumbai10 people of the Dalit casteA team of State Reserve Police Force members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent desecration of a statue of Dalit activist B. R. Ambedkar.
Laxmanpur Bathe massacre1 December 1997Arwal district, Bihar58 people of the Dalit casteUpper caste Ranvir Sena enter village at night and kill 58 Dalits, were sympathizers of the Maoists behind the killing of 37 upper caste men in Bara in Gaya district in 1992.[84]
1998 Wandhama massacre25 January 1998Wandhama, Jammu and Kashmir23 Kashmiri PanditUnknown militants
1998 Prankote massacre17 April 1998Jammu and Kashmir26 Hindus
1998 Chapnari massacre19 June 1998Chapnari, Jammu and Kashmir25 HindusAllegedly perpetrated by Pakistani-backed insurgents.
1998 Chamba massacre3 August 1998Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh35 HindusAttack by Islamic militant group
Chittisinghpura massacre20 March 2000Chittisinghpura, Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir36 SikhsAttack by Islamic militant group
Gouranga Tilla massacre2000Tripura16 non-tribal Hindus[85]
Bagber massacre20 May 2000Tripura25 non-tribal Hindus[85]
Nanoor massacre27 July 2000West Bengal11 labourers
2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre1 August 2000Jammu and Kashmir30 (Hindu pilgrims)Attack by Muslim militants
2001 Kishtwar massacre3 August 2001Jammu and Kashmir19 HindusAttack by Muslim militants
Godhra massacre27 February 2002Godhra, Gujarat59 Hindus Hindu passengers (mostly women and children) burnt alive and pelted with rocks. Different commissions were set up; one was by the Government of Gujarat to investigate the train burning spent 6 years going over the details of the case, and concluded that the fire was arson committed by a mob of 1000–2000 people. But some reports say the cause of the Godhra train fire is still uncertain. The court convicted 31 muslims and another 63 were acquitted due to lack of evidence.[86][87][88]
2002 Gujarat Violence28 February 2002AhmedabadAs per government reports, 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus killed, 223 reported missing, 2,500 injured. Unofficial estimates by groups like Human Rights watch put the death toll to over 2,000.[89][90]Communal violence[91]
Gulbarg Society massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat violence)28 February 2002Ahmedabad69 (mostly Muslims)
Naroda Patiya massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat violence)28 February 2002Naroda, Ahmedabad97 Muslims[92][93][94]
March 2002 Raghunath attack (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks)30 March 2002Jammu & Kashmir11 Hindus killed, 20 injured (Hindu devotees)Muslim militant
2002 Qasim Nagar massacre13 July 2002Jammu and Kashmir29 HindusTerrorist attack
Akshardham Temple attack24 September 2002Gujarat29 killed, 79 injured (Hindus) Terrorist attack
November 2002 Raghunath temple attack (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks)24 November 2002Jammu & Kashmir14 killed, 45 injured (mostly Hindu devotees)Blamed on Lashkar-e-Taiba[95]
2003 Nadimarg Massacre23 March 2002Jammu and Kashmir24 HindusTerrorist attack
2002 Kaluchak massacre14 May 2002Jammu and Kashmir31 Terrorist attack on a tourist bus and Army's family quarter.
Marad MassacreMay 2003Kerala8 killed, 58 injured - A.
2006 Varanasi bombingsMarch 2006Uttar Pradesh28 killed, 101 injured - Devotees of Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple targetedTerrorist attack on a Hindu temple.
2006 Doda massacre30 April 2006Jammu & Kashmir35 Hindus Terrorist attack
2007 Samjhauta Express bombings18 February 2007Diwana station68 people mostly Pakistani nationals and some Indians including some Railway employees[96]
26/11 Mumbai attacks26 November 2008MumbaiOver 164 killed, over 600 injured11 coordinated attacks by Pakistani terrorists; casualties include people of various nationalities, and Israeli victims were reportedly tortured before being killed.[97]
April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada6 April 2010Chhattisgarh76Maoist militant ambushed CRPF
2010 Dantewada bus bombing17 May 2010Chhattisgarh44Maoist militant attacked a civilian bus.
2012 Assam violenceJuly 2012Assam77Racial sentiments of the majority Assamese and Bodo community towards the local Bengali speaking Bangladeshi Muslim community leads to several attempts to deport the minority Bengali Muslums to Bangladesh forcefully, thus with a protest in defence from the other party, Communal violence broke out between Assamese, Bodos (Tribal, Christian, and Hindu faith) and Bengali speaking Bangladeshi Muslims.
2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley25 May 2013Chhattisgarh2828 people from a Congress Party motorcade
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots25 August 2013 – 17 September 2013Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh42 Muslims and 20 Hindus killed and 93 injuredEve-teasing of Hindu Girls, murder of a Muslim boy, then public lynching of the murderers (two Hindu boys) triggered communal riot between the Hindu and the Muslim community.
2017 Amarnath Yatra attack10 July 2017Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir8 Hindu pilgrimsA bus carrying Hindu pilgrims of Amarnath Yatra was attacked by Lashkar-e-Taiba, resulting in deaths of 8 pilgrims.[98]
2017 Haryana riots25-26 August 2017Panjab, Haryana, Chandigarh district, Northern India41+ killed and 300+ injured546 Arrested, Nearly 1000 Detained, Caused by Rape conviction of Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh, Charged Honeypreet Insan, Rioting and arson

See also

  • Religious violence in India
    • Violence against Muslims in India
    • Anti-Christian violence in India
    • Persecution of Hindus
  • Caste-related violence in India
  • List of Indian battles
    • List of battles of Rajasthan
  • List of riots in India
    • List of riots in Mumbai
  • Terrorism in India
  • 1925 Indian riots

References

1. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC | title=Volume 1 of Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals | publisher=Har-Anand Publications | author=Chandra, Satish | authorlink=Satish Chandra | year=2004 | isbn=978-8124110645 | page=41}}
2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Vdv7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA280&dq=Balban+massacred+100,000+Hindus+south+of+Delhi#v=onepage&q=Balban%20massacred%20100,000%20Hindus%20south%20of%20Delhi&f=false|title=The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products|last=Hunter|first=W. W.|date=2013-11-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136383014|location=|pages=280|language=en}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zHRt7nErl1QC&pg=PA88&dq=Balban+massacred+100,000+Hindus+south+of+Delhi#v=onepage&q=Balban%20massacred%20100,000%20Hindus%20south%20of%20Delhi&f=false|title=Swaraj: The Problem of India|last=Ellam|first=J. E.|date=1930|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=|location=|pages=88|language=en}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA30&dq=khilji+chittor+30,000&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw69aBhezYAhXIpI8KHTwaDzMQ6AEIIzAA#v=onepage&q=khilji%20chittor%2030%2C000&f=false|title=The State at War in South Asia|last=Barua|first=Pradeep|publisher= University of Nebraska Press|pages=30, 317}}
5. ^{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6teBA7bmFwC&pg=PA69&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwif--766tDUAhUFpY8KHfL3DUQQ6AEIITAA#v=onepage&f=false|title=Singing the Body of God: The Hymns of Vedantadesika in Their South Indian Tradition|last=Hopkins|first=Steven Paul|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=69}}
6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=N1j1QdPMockC&pg=PA60&dq=180,000+massacred+bengal#v=onepage&q=180,000%20massacred%20bengal&f=false|title=Death by Government|last=Rummel|first=R. J.|date=2011-12-31|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781412821292|location=|pages=60|language=en}}
7. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA279#v=onepage&f=false|title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781317208716|location=|pages=279}}
8. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=5NZRDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT174#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Hindu Nationalism, History and Identity in India: Narrating a Hindu past under the BJP|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=9781317208716|location=|pages=174|quote=Accordingly, the Hindu ruler Bukka put an entire garrison, excluding one man, 'to sword'. ...Bahmani Sultan's answer to this was to massacre half a million inhabitants around the city of Vijayanagar.|author=Lars Tore Flåten}}
9. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=980SAvbmpUkC&pg=PT214&dq=Vijayanagara+massacre+70,000#v=onepage&q=Vijayanagara%20massacre%2070%2C000&f=false|title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India|publisher=|year=2011|isbn=978-9814311670|location=|pages=192|author=Lars Tore Flåten}}
10. ^{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History Of India Volume III|author=Wolseley Haig|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1958|isbn=9781296821876|pages=380–382}}
11. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=timur+massacre+Bhatnir#v=onepage&q=timur%20massacre%20Bhatnir&f=false | title=History of India | publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors | author=N. Jayapalan | year=2001 | isbn=978-8171569281}}
12. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=e9Q6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA491#v=onepage&q&f=false| title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period|page=491 | publisher=Trübner and Company| year=1871}}
13. ^{{cite book|last=Raychaudhuri and Habib|title=Cambridge Economic History Of India Vol-1|year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsyatLixPsUC&pg=PA91|accessdate=28 January 2014|isbn=9788125027300}}
14. ^{{cite book|title=Haryana, Ancient and Medieval|last=Phadke|first=H.A.|date=1990|publisher=Harman Publishing House|page=123}}
15. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WN4NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA427|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3|pages=427–431|last1=Elliot|first1=Sir Henry Miers|year=1871}}
16. ^Quote bfrom Tuzuk-e-Taimuri: "Excepting the quarters of the sayyids, the 'ulama and the other Musalmans (Muslims), the whole city was sacked." See {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA4&dq=In+timur%27s+own+words+%22Excepting+the+quarter+of+the+sayyids,+the+%27ulama+and+the+other+Musalmans,+the+whole+city+was+sacked#v=onepage&q=In%20timur's%20own%20words%20%22Excepting%20the%20quarter%20of%20the%20sayyids%2C%20the%20'ulama%20and%20the%20other%20Musalmans%2C%20the%20whole%20city%20was%20sacked&f=false | title=Sikhism Origin and Development| last1=Dhillon| first1=Dalbir Singh| year=1988}}
17. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&q=and+the+entire+Hindu+population+was+either+massacred+or+enslaved#v=snippet&q=and%20the%20entire%20Hindu%20population%20was%20either%20massacred%20or%20enslaved&f=false|title=India: A History. Revised and Updated|last=Keay|first=John|date=2011-04-12|publisher=Grove/Atlantic, Inc.|isbn=9780802195500|language=en}}
18. ^{{cite book|title=Empire of the Mongols|author=Burgan, M.|date=2009|publisher=Facts On File, Incorporated|isbn=9781604131635|url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=du9IBqrbMcYC&pg=PA71|page=71|accessdate=3 March 2017}}
19. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WN4NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA448|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3|pages=447-449|last1=Elliot|first1=Sir Henry Miers|year=1871}}
20. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CJ4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA321#v=onepage&f=false|title=Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western Provinces of India, ed. by E.T. Atkinson [and others]|quote=Safi, who had fought well, was killed and the Mughals "put all gabrs and people of the place to death.|publisher=Oxford University|pages=321}}
21. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA252#v=onepage&f=false|title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781317208716|location=|pages=252}}
22. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WN4NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA451|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3|pages=451|last1=Elliot|first1=Sir Henry Miers|year=1871|quote=The braves and soldiers of my army spread themselves over every part of the fortifications, and put all the gabrs and people of the place to death.}}
23. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC&pg=PA110|title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar|author=Radhey Shyam|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=110, 111}}
24. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=F-ub1MSr89QC&pg=PA79|title=Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia|author=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=79}}
25. ^{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3|author=Wolseley Haig|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=682}}
26. ^{{cite book | title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives | url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=-Nw0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1090&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false | author=Paul Joseph}}
27. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA273#v=onepage&f=false | title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture | author=John Bowman|publisher=Columbia University Press}}
28. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=YkYdxK29RHkC&pg=PA37&dq=Vijayanagara+destruction+of+temples#v=onepage&q=Vijayanagara%20destruction%20of%20temples&f=false | title=Polities and Power: Archaeological Perspectives on the Landscapes of Early States | author=Steven E. Falconer, Charles L. Redman| isbn=9780816526031 | year=2009 }}
29. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxAkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|author= Everret Jenkins Jr. |year=2000|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786446896}}
30. ^{{cite book|title=Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy, Spain, and Portugal ...: Galileo. Guicciardini. Vittoria Colonna. Guarini. Tasso. Chiabrera. Tassoni. Marini. Filicaja. Metastasio. Goldoni. Alfieri. Monti. Ugo Foscolo|author1=Montgomery, J.|author2=Shelley, M.W.|date=1835|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman|url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=6CIuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA359|page=359|accessdate=3 March 2017}}
31. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xt7Fgzq9e8C&pg=PA253|title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760|author=K. N. Chaudhuri|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=253|isbn=9780521031592|date=2006-11-23}}
32. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA675|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=2005|isbn=9781932705546}}
33. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC&pg=PA85|title=Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age|author=Giorgio Shani|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|page=85|isbn=9781134101894}}
34. ^T. S. Shejwalkar, Panipat 1761 (in Marathi and English) (Deccan College Monograph Series. I), Pune (1946)
35. ^James Grant Duff History of the Mahrattas, Vol II (Ch. 5), Printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1826"
36. ^{{Cite book |title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians |last=Prabhu |first=Alan Machado |year=1999|publisher=I.J.A. Publications |isbn=978-81-86778-25-8 |ref=harv }} An article based on the book: Sarasvati's Children by Joe Lobo.
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/nov/09/the-two-sides-of-tipu-sultan-1536521.html|title=The two sides of tipu sultan|website=The New Indian Express}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151112/nation-current-affairs/article/%E2%80%98realpolitik-dictated-tipu%E2%80%99s-decisions%E2%80%99|title='Realpolitik dictated Tipu's decisions'|first=sangeeta bora and darshana|last=ramdev|date=12 November 2015|website=Deccan Chronicle}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/tipu-sultan-religious-zealot-or-nationalist-hero-115111300357_1.html|title=Tipu Sultan: Religious zealot or nationalist hero?|first=BS Web|last=Team|date=13 November 2015|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}
40. ^{{cite book | author=Heather Streets | title=Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C&pg=PA39 | accessdate=13 August 2013 | year=2004 | publisher=Manchester University Press | isbn=978-0-7190-6962-8 | pages=39–}}
41. ^{{cite book | author=Alex Tickell | title=Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830–1947 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiE9ie0hi8IC&pg=PA69 | accessdate=13 August 2013 | date=17 June 2013 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-1-136-61841-3 | page=69 }}
42. ^{{cite book | author=Michael Gorra | title=After Empire: Scott, Naipaul, Rushdie | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9m6PteVNcPAC&pg=PA21 | accessdate=13 August 2013 | date=15 April 2008 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | isbn=978-0-226-30476-2 | pages=21–}}
43. ^Rebels Against the British Rule (1995). Bhai Nahar Singh & Bhai Kirpal Singh. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors; Page XXI
44. ^{{cite web|title=The Calcutta Riots (15 July 1926)|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60918540|website=Townsville Daily Bulletin|publisher=Townsville Daily Bulletin|accessdate=16 August 2017}}
45. ^{{cite book|last1=Singh Nijjar|first1=Bakhshish|title=History of the United Panjab, Volume 1|date=1996|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-8171565344|page=153|url=https://books.google.com/?id=luropwVYb0kC&lpg=PA153&dq=lahore%20riots%201927&pg=PA153#v=onepage&q=lahore%20riots%201927&f=false|accessdate=16 August 2017}}
46. ^{{cite book|last1=Ganesan|first1=A|title=The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917–1937|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-8170990826|page=109|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&lpg=PA109&dq=lahore%20riots%201927&pg=PA109#v=onepage&q=lahore%20riots%201927&f=false|accessdate=16 August 2017}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=The British Empire - India|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/india.htm|website=The British Empire|accessdate=16 August 2017}}
48. ^{{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Debjani |year=2006 |chapter =A City Feeding on Itself: Testimonies and Histories of 'Direct Action' Day |chapter-url=http://archive.sarai.net/files/original/2ed2f960de6596b5ed75501e6de2c774.pdf |editor-last=Narula |editor-first=Monica |title=Turbulence |series=Serai Reader |volume=Volume 6 |publisher=The Sarai Programme, Center for the Study of Developing Societies |pages=288–295 |oclc=607413832}}
49. ^{{cite book |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |year=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |location= |isbn=9780300120783 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9WdQp2pwOYC |pages=68–69}}
50. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/india-1900-1947|title=India from 1900 to 1947 {{!}} Sciences Po Encyclopédie des violences de masse|date=2016-01-20|website=www.sciencespo.fr|accessdate=29 November 2016}}
51. ^{{cite book |title=1946: The Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide |last1=Sinha |first1=Dinesh Chandra |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Ashok |year=2011 |publisher=Himangshu Maity |location=Kolkata |pages=278–280 |isbn=9788192246406}}
52. ^Ian Stephens, Pakistan (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), p. 111.
53. ^{{cite book |title=Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India |first=Gyanendra |last=Pandey |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521002509 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdLhnFet4w4C&pg=PA94 |pages=94–98}}
54. ^{{Cite book|title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia|last=D'Costa|first=Bina|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=9780415565660|location=|pages=53}}
55. ^{{Cite book|title=Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations|last=Sikand|first=Yoginder|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9781134378258|location=|pages=5}}
56. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html|title=The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India|last=Butalia|first=Urvashi|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
57. ^{{cite book |last=Zamindar |first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali |date=2010 |title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=247 |isbn=978-0-231-13847-5}}
58. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/circa-1947-a-long-story-67652/|title=circa 1947: A Long Story|last=Khalid Bashir Ahmad|date=|website=www.kashmirlife.net|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-27}}
59. ^{{harvtxt|Hasan, Mirpur 1947|2013}}
60. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ranjan|first=Amit|date=2017-01-02|title=Christopher Snedden. Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris; Aman M. Hingorani. Unravelling the Kashmir Knot|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=48|issue=1|pages=167–169|doi=10.1080/03068374.2017.1271605|issn=0306-8374}}
61. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Satish|date=July 2012|title=Book Review: Christopher Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten HistorySneddenChristopherKashmir: The Unwritten History (Noida, India: Harper Collins Publishers, 2013), 460pp. ₹599.|journal=International Studies|volume=49|issue=3–4|pages=449–451|doi=10.1177/0020881714534539|issn=0020-8817}}
62. ^{{Citation|last=Das Gupta|first=Jyoti Bhusan|chapter=The State of Jammu and Kashmir|date=1968|pages=12–33|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=9789401184991|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-9231-6_2|title=Jammu and Kashmir}}
63. ^{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928132633/http://www.khalidhasan.net/2007/03/16/mirpur-1947-%E2%80%93-the-untold-story/|title=Mirpur 1947 – the untold story |date=2011-09-28|access-date=2018-08-12}}
64. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century|last=Dossal|first=Mariam|last2=Maloni|first2=Ruby|date=1999-01-01|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788171548552|location=|pages=11|language=en}}
65. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dadinani.com/capture-memories/read-contributions/major-events-pre-1950/145-gandhi-assassination-backlash-by-arvind-kolhatkar|title=Gandhi Assassination Backlash in Satara by Arvind Kolhatkar|website=www.dadinani.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-05-05}}
66. ^1 {{Cite news | last = Thomson | first = Mike | title = India's hidden massacre | work = BBC | accessdate = 26 September 2013 | date = 2013-09-24 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24159594 }}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduhumanrights.info/remembering-the-7th-nov-1966-gopastami-hindu-massacre-in-delhi/|title=Remembering the 7th Nov 1966 Gopastami Hindu Massacre in Delhi - Hindu Human Rights Online News Magazine|date=7 November 2016|website=Hindu Human Rights Online News Magazine}}
68. ^{{cite book | author = Pingle Jagamohan Reddy | author2 = Nusserwanji K Vakil | author3 = Akbar S Sarela | last-author-amp = yes | publisher = Commission of Inquiry on Communal Disturbances at Ahmedabad and at Various Places in the State of Gujarat on and after 18 September 1969, Home Department, Government of Gujarat | title=Report: Inquiry into the communal disturbances at Ahmedabad and other places in Gujarat on and after 18th September 1969 | year=1971 | page = 180 }}
69. ^{{Cite book|title=Muslims in Indian cities : trajectories of marginalisation|date=2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|others=Gayer, Laurent., Jaffrelot, Christophe.|isbn=9780231703086|location=New York (N.Y.)|oclc=730413638}}
70. ^{{Cite book|title=Communalism and sexual violence in India : the politics of gender, ethnicity and conflict|last=1982-|first=Kumar, Megha|isbn=9781786720689|location=London|oclc=958926230|date = 2016-06-16}}
71. ^India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics {{ISBN|9788131725672}}
72. ^{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya,|first=Snigdhendu|title=Ghost of Marichjhapi returns to haunt|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/ghost-of-marichjhapi-returns-to-haunt/story-4v78MhnW2IZVCQMPfDObqO.html|accessdate=5 August 2013|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|date=25 April 2011}}
73. ^{{cite book | author=Satish Saberwal, Mushirul Hasan| editor = Asgharali Engineer | chapter = 14. Moradabad Riots, 1980: Causes and Meanings | title=Communal riots in post-independence India | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yB5NM0o3I9QC&pg=PA209 | accessdate=6 April 2013 | year=1991 | publisher=Universities Press | isbn=978-81-7370-102-3 | pages=209–227}}
74. ^{{cite news |title=350 Bengalis Are Massacred in Indian Village |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19800616&id=3E4NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zm0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3736,2460642 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=June 16, 1980 |accessdate=15 July 2012}}
75. ^* Chadha, Vivek, Low Intensity Conflicts in India. Sage Publications, 2005.
76. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ldquo219-Kashmiri-Pandits-killed-by-militants-since-1989rdquo/article16006510.ece|title=219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989|publisher=The Hindu}}
77. ^{{Cite journal |title=The Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits |url=https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/the-exodus-of-kashmiri-pandits/ |publisher=European Foundation for South Asian Studies |date=July 2017 |journal= |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194328/https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/the-exodus-of-kashmiri-pandits/ |archive-date=1 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.CON.RES.344:|publisher=thomas.loc.gov|title= U S Congress Bill |accessdate=3 March 2017}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/399-pandits-killed-since-1990-kpss/97140.html|publisher=greaterkashmir.com|title=399 Pandits killed since 1990: KPSS |accessdate=3 March 2017}}
80. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pkt7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|title=State, Society, and Minorities in South and Southeast Asia|publisher=Lexington Books|page=46|year=2015|isbn=9780739188910}}
81. ^{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-16/india/40611404_1_up-bjp-kar-sevaks-ayodhya | work=The Times Of India | title=1990 decision to order firing on 'kar sevaks' painful, Mulayam Singh Yadav says - The Times of India | date=16 July 2013}}
82. ^{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/firing-on-kar-sevaks-was-sad-but-needed-mulayam-singh-yadav-2999819/|title=Firing on kar sevaks was sad but needed: Mulayam Singh Yadav|last=|first=|date=|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
83. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/explainers/2015/12/08/ayodhya-deqoded-part-6-the-making-of-mullah-mulayam|title=Ayodhya DeQoded|last=|first=|date=|website=the quint|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}
84. ^{{cite news|author=Arun Kumar |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-08/india/28125248_1_ranvir-sena-arwal-district-upper-caste |title=16 to hang for killing 58 in Bihar village |publisher=The Times of India |date=April 8, 2010 |accessdate=10 October 2013}}
85. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1000522/the_east.htm#head6|publisher=telegraphindia.com|title= 19 Killed in Tripura Massacre Rerun |accessdate=3 March 2017}}
86. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm |title=South Asia | Gujarat riot death toll revealed |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-05-11 |accessdate=2 February 2014}}
87. ^{{cite news|title=Times Of India|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/india/28624491_1_maulvi-umarji-godhra-train-maulana-umarji|accessdate=11 September 2012}}
88. ^Godhra verdict: 31 convicted, 63 acquitted NDTV – 1 March 2011
89. ^{{cite journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?|journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics|date=July 2003|page=16|url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf|accessdate=5 November 2013}}
90. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&pg=PA28&dq=2000+deaths+gujarat+riots#v=onepage&q=2000%20deaths%20gujarat%20riots&f=false|title=The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective|publisher=Charles C Thomas Publisher|year=2009|page=28|isbn=9780398079956}}
91. ^{{cite news|title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed|url=hhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm|publisher=BBC|date=11 May 2005}}
92. ^{{cite news |title=Ex-BJP Minister among 32 convicted of Naroda-Patiya massacre |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3835078.ece?homepage=true |newspaper=The Hindu |date=August 29, 2012 |accessdate=30 August 2012}}
93. ^{{cite news |title=Naroda Patiya massacre: BJP MLA Maya Kodnani, Bajrang Dal leader Babu Bajrangi and 30 others convicted |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naroda-patiya-massacre-bjp-mla-maya-kodnani-bajrang-dal-leader-babu-bajrangi-and-30-others-convicted/286609-37-64.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=August 29, 2012 }}
94. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/india/28624491_1_maulvi-umarji-godhra-train-maulana-umarji |title=Godhra verdict: 31 convicted in Sabarmati Express burning case - Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2 February 2014}}
95. ^{{cite web|url=http://voanews.com/english/archive/2002-11/a-2002-11-25-2-Security.cfm|title=Security Increased in Jammu City Following Attack on Hindu Temple|last=Pasricha|first=Anjana|date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915223900/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2002-11/a-2002-11-25-2-Security.cfm|archivedate=15 September 2008|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2016-01-11}}
96. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/direct-hand-of-aseemanand-in-samjhauta-blasts-nia/article1-644360.aspx|title=Direct hand of Aseemanand in Samjhauta blasts: NIA|work=hindustantimes.com/}}
97. ^{{Cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=45446|publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |date= 11 December 2008|title=HM announces measures to enhance security|accessdate=14 December 2008}}
98. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amarnath-terror-attack-pilgrim-dies-in-hospital-number-of-deaths-now-8-1725345|title=Amarnath Terror Attack: Pilgrim Dies In Hospital, Number Of Deaths Now 8|work=NDTV}}
{{massacres}}

4 : Lists of massacres by country|India history-related lists|Massacres in India|Lists of disasters in India
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/23 21:25:07