| 释义 |
- Archaic Italy
- Roman Italy
- Ostrogothic Italy
- Medieval Italy
- Early Modern Italy
- Risorgimento
- Kingdom of Italy
- Fascist Italy
- Second World War
- Republic of Italy
- Citations
- References
{{Expand list|date=May 2011}}The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Italy and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate): Archaic Italy| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Notes |
|---|
| Battle of Selinus | 409 BC | Selinus | 16000}}16,000 | Carthaginian Army | 16,000 citizens of Selinus killed in battle and massacre by Carthaginian Army under Hannibal Mago. City razed.[1] | | Battle of Himera | 409 BC | Himera | 03000}}3,000 | Carthaginian Army | 3,000 Greek prisoners of war tortured and sacrificed by Carthaginian Army under Hannibal Mago. City razed.[2] | | Siege of Akragas | December 406 BC | Akragas | 00000}}Population of Akragas | Carthaginian Army | Greek population massacred by Carthaginian Army under Himilco[3] | | Siege of Motya | Summer 398 BC | Motya | 00000}}Population of Motya | Syracuse | Phoenician population of Motya killed by Greek troops during assault on the city. |
Roman Italy| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Notes |
|---|
| Ausona massacre | 314 BC | Ausona | 00000}}Entire Aurunci people | Republican Roman Army | Entire Aurunci people exterminated by Roman army | | 1st Cluviae massacre | 311 BC | Cluviae | 00000}}Roman prisoners of war | Samnites | Roman prisoners of war killed by Samnites | | 2nd Cluviae massacre | 311 BC | Cluviae | 00000}}Adult male population | Republican Roman Army | Adult male population of Cluviae put to death by Roman army under consul Gaius Junius Bubulcus Brutus | | Aequi massacre | 304 BC | Aequi | 00000}}Most Aequians | Republican Roman Army | Majority of Aequi people killed by Roman army | | Messana massacre | 289 BC | Messina | 00000}}Population of Messana | Mamertines | Population of Messana murdered by mercenary Mamertines | | Taurasia massacre | November 218 BC | Taurasia | 00000}}Population of Taurasia | Carthaginian Army | Population of the Taurini capital of Taurasia exterminated by Carthaginian Army under Hannibal after three-day siege.[4] | | Casilinum massacre | August 216 BC | Casilinum | 00000}}Pro-Carthaginian population of Casilinum | Republican Roman Army | Livy|2006|p=155}} | | Leontini massacre | 214 BC | Lentini | 02000}}2,000 | Republican Roman Army | Livy|2006|p=229}} | | Enna massacre | 213 BC | Enna | 00000}}Population of Enna | Republican Roman Army | Livy|2006|p=239}} | | Battle of Capua | 211 BC | Teanum, Cales | 00053}}53 | Republican Roman Army | Livy|2006|pp=329–330}} | | Agrigentum massacre | 210 BC | Agrigento | 00000}}Agrigentan elites | Republican Roman Army | Livy|2006|p=362}} | | Tarentum massacre | 209 BC | Tarentum | 00000}}Population of Tarentum | Republican Roman Army | Livy|2006|p=401}} | | Enna massacre | 135 BC | Enna | 00000}}Population of Enna | Slave rebels | Slaves under Eunus massacre town population and rape women | | Asculum massacre | 89 BC | Asculum | 00000}}Majority of the population | Republican Roman Army | Population massacred by Roman Army under consul Pompeius Strabo | | Rome massacres | 87 BC | Rome | 00200}}Several hundred | Gaius Marius | Several hundred supporters of Sulla massacred by Marius' rampaging army | | Sulla's proscriptions | 82 BC | Roman Italy | 04700}}4,700 | Sulla | 4,700 enemies of the state murdered on orders of Sulla | | Appian Way crucifixions | 71 BC | Via Appia | 06000}}6,000 | Republican Roman Army | 6,000 slave rebel prisoners crucified by Marcus Licinius Crassus | | Proscription of 43 BC | 43 BC | Roman Italy | 02000}}2,000 | Second Triumvirate | 2,000 enemies of the Second Triumvirate murdered[5] | | Tiberius' purge | Late 31 | Roman Italy | 00000}}Supporters of Sejanus | Imperial Roman Army | Sejanus and his supporters killed on orders of Tiberius.[6] | | Ticinum massacre | 13 August 408 | Ticinum | 00007}}7+ | Imperial Roman Army | 7 high-ranking supporters of Stilicho killed by Roman army at the instigation of Olympius. Many civilians in Ticinum killed afterward.[7] | | Massacre of Goths | Late 408 | Roman Italy | 00000}}Thousands | Imperial Roman Army | Thousands of Gothic soldiers in the Roman Army and their families killed in anti-Germanic pogrom.[8] |
Ostrogothic Italy| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Notes |
|---|
| Ravenna massacre | 537 | Ravenna | 00000}}Roman aristocrats | Ostrogothic Kingdom | Roman aristocratic hostages executed on orders of Witiges | | Milan massacre | March 539 | Mediolanum | 00000}}All males of Milan | Ostrogothic Kingdom | Male population of Milan slain by Ostrogothic troops after siege. Women enslaved.[9] | | Ticinum massacre | 539 | Ticinum | 00000}}Gothic women and children | Merovingian Franks | Gothic women and children sacrificed alive by Franks under Theudebert I[10] | | Totila's sack of Rome | 550 | Rome | 00000}}Most inhabitants of Rome | Ostrogothic Kingdom | Population of Rome massacred after siege by Ostrogothic troops under Totila. Women spared. | | Massacre of aristocratic children | Late 552 | Po Valley | 00300}}300 | Ostrogothic Kingdom | 300 Roman aristocratic children killed by Ostrogoths |
Medieval Italy| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Notes |
|---|
| Siege of Syracuse (877–878) | 21 March 878 | Syracuse | 04000}}4,000 | Aghlabids | Vasiliev|1968|pp=76, 77}} | | Sack of Taormina | 1 August 902 | Taormina | 00000}}Population of Taormina | Aghlabids | Population of Taormina massacred, 15,000 enslaved | | Siege of Rometta | May 965 | Rometta | 00000}}Population of Rometta | Kalbids | Kaldellis|2017|p=45}} | | Sicilian Vespers | 1282 | Sicily | 03000}}3,000 | Ghibelline Sicilians | 3,000 French men and women killed by rebels | | Lucera massacre | 1300 | Lucera | 00000}}Muslim population | Kingdom of Naples | Muslim population of Lucera massacred and 9,000 sold to slavery | | Cesena bloodbath | 1 February 1377 | Cesena | 02500}}2,500 | Papal States | 2,500 people massacred by Breton troops under Cardinal Robert of Geneva during the War of the Eight Saints | | Trinci family massacre | 10 January 1421 | Nocera Umbra | 00005}}5 | Pietro di Rasiglia | Pietro di Rasiglia kills most of the Trinci family in a personal vendetta | | Massacre of the Assumption | 15 August 1474 | Modica | 00360}}360 | Christian mob | Christians kill 360 Jews in Modica's La Giudecca | |
Early Modern Italy| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Notes |
|---|
| Sack of Rome (1527) | 6 May 1527 | Rome | 06000}}6,000 | Army of the Holy Roman Empire
Spanish Army | Rome sacked by troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor | | Massacre of Waldensians in Calabria | May/June 1561 | Calabria | 06000}}600–6,000 | Roman Inquisition
Spanish Army | 600–6,000 Waldensians killed by Inquisitorial and Spanish forces | | Piedmontese Easter | April 1655 | Piedmont | 06000}}1,000–6,000 | Savoyard Army | Waldensians killed by ducal troops[11][12][13] | | Lauria massacre | 9 August 1806 | Lauria | 01000}}1,000 | Grande Armée | City destroyed and population massacred by French Army under Marshal André Masséna |
Risorgimento| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Notes |
|---|
| Ten Days of Brescia | 1 April 1849 | Brescia | 00016}}16 | Austrian Army | 16 Brescians executed by Austrian Army[14] | | Bronte riots | 2 August 1860 | Bronte | 00021}}21 | Red Shirts | 16 people killed in the riots, 5 sentenced to death as rioters by a drumhead court | | Turin massacre | 21 September 1864 | Piazza Castello, Turin | 00062}}62 (+138 wounded) | Royal Italian Army
Carabinieri | Royal Army and Carabinieri kill unarmed civilians |
Kingdom of Italy| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Notes |
|---|
| Caltavuturo massacre | 20 January 1893 | Caltavuturo | 00013}}13 (21 wounded) | Royal Italian Army and Carabinieri | 13 Fasci Siciliani protesters shot by army and police[15] | | Giardinello massacre | 10 December 1893 | Giardinello | 00011}}11 (12 wounded) | Royal Italian Army | 11 Fasci Siciliani protesters shot by army and guards[16] | | Lercara Friddi massacre | 25 December 1893 | Lercara Friddi | 00011}}7–11 (12 wounded) | Royal Italian Army | 7–11 Fasci Siciliani protesters shot by army[17] | | Bava-Beccaris massacre | 9 May 1898 | Milan | 00284}}118-450 (+400-2,000 wounded) | Royal Italian Army | troops under General Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris fired on rioters[18] | | Itri massacre | 13 July 1911 | Itri | 00008}}8 (+60 wounded) | Carabinieri | Carabinieri kill Sardinian workers | | Panicale massacre | 15 July 1920 | Panicale | 00006}}6 (+14 wounded) | Carabinieri | Carabinieri suppress farmers' demonstration | | Palazzo d'Accursio massacre | 21 November 1920 | Bologna | 00010}}10 (+58 wounded) | Red Guards | Red Guards kill 10 Italian Socialist Party officials with hand grenades | | Diana hotel massacre | 23 March 1921 | Milan | 00017}}17 (+80 wounded) | Anarchists | Anarchists kill 17 in bombing |
Fascist Italy| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Notes |
|---|
| 1922 Turin massacre | 20 December 1922 | Turin | 00011}}11 (+26 wounded) | Squadrismo | Fascist Squadrismo under Piero Brandimarte kill 11 communists and trade unionists | | Librizzi massacre | 25 June 1925 | Messina | 00009}}9 (+4 wounded) | Rosario Tranchita | Spree shooting | | San Giovanni in Fiore massacre | 2 August 1925 | San Giovanni in Fiore | 00005}}5 (+28 wounded) | Squadrismo | Fascist Squadrismo kill communists, socialists and farmers |
Second World War| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Notes |
|---|
| Biscari massacre | 14 July 1943 | Biscari (now Acate) | 00071}}71 | United States Army, 180th Infantry Regiment | POWs killed by US troops in two incidents[19] | | Canicattì massacre | 14 July 1943 | Canicattì | 00008}}8 | United States Army | US troops under Colonel McCaffrey fired on looters[20][21] | | Boves massacre | 8 September 1943 | Boves | 00045}}45 | 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler | mass killing by German occupation troops under Joachim Peiper | | Caiazzo massacre | 13 October 1943 | Caiazzo | 00022}}22 | 29th Panzergrenadier Regiment | mass killing by German occupation troops under Lt. Richard Heinz Wolfgang Lehnigk-Emden | | Ardeatine massacre | 24 March 1944 | Rome | 00335}}335 | Schutzstaffel | mass killing by German occupation troops (SD-Gestapo led by Herbert Kappler)[22] | | Guardistallo massacre | 19 June 1944 | Guardistallo | 00057}}57 | 19th Luftwaffe Field Division | 57 Italian civilians killed in massacre by Luftwaffe Field Division[23] | | Piazza Tasso massacre | 17 July 1944 | Florence | 00005}}5 | Italian fascist militia, German Army | 5 Italian civilians killed in massacre by Fascists and German Army | | date=August 2018|I'm unable to find any information on this massacre in Florence but a massacre took place on that date at Piavola, Cascine Di Buti, 50km west of Florence, with the same amount of victims as an entry on the Italian Wikipedia. Is this Cascine getting confused with Parco Delle Cascine in Florence?}} | 23 July 1944 | Florence | 00017}}17 | German Army | 17 Italian civilians suspected of being partisans killed by German troops | | Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre | 12 August 1944 | Sant'Anna di Stazzema | 00560}}560 | 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer-SS, 36th Brigata Nera | mass killing by German occupation troops (16th SS Division) and Italian collaborators (16th Brigade)[24][25][26] | | San Terenzo Monti massacre | 17–19 August 1944 | Fivizzano | 00159}}159 | 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division | 159 Italian civilians killed by SS soldiers as reprisal for partisan activity | | Padule di Fucecchio massacre | 23 August 1944 | Padule di Fucecchio, Tuscany | 000184}}184 | 26th Panzer Division | Up to 184 Italian civilians as a reprisal for a partisan attack on two German soldiers. Massacre carried out by soldiers of the 26th Panzer Division.[27] | | Vinca massacre | 24–27 August 1944 | Fivizzano | 00162}}162 | 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division | 162 Italian civilians killed by SS soldiers as reprisal for partisan activity | | Certosa di Farneta massacre | 2 September 1944 | Certosa di Farneta | 00044}}44 | 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division | mass killing by 16th SS Division of 44 civilians at monastery in near Lucca[28] | | Marzabotto massacre | 29 September 1944 | Marzabotto | 00771}}770+ | 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division | mass killing by German occupation troops (16th SS)[29] | | Bombing of Gorla | 20 October 1944 | Milan | 00614}}614 | US Army Air Force | USAAF bombers discarded their bombload on a densely inhabited area: among the victims, 184 pupils of the Gorla elementary school | | Porzûs massacre | 7 February 1945 | Porzûs, Faedis | 00017}}17 (1 wounded) | Communist partisans | Communist partisans execute 17 members of the Catholic partisan brigade "Brigata Osoppo". | | Salussola massacre | 9 March 1945 | Salussola | 00020}}20 (1 wounded) | Blackshirts | 20 Italian partisans tortured and executed by Fascist Blackshirts[30] | | Rovetta massacre | 28 April 1945 | Salussola | 00043}}43 | Partisans under British SOE command | 43 National Republican Guard prisoners executed by partisans under British command:[31] | | Schio massacre | 6 July 1945 | Schio | 00054}}54 | Partisans | a group of ex partisans of the Garibaldi Partisan Division "Ateo Garemi" and officers of the auxiliary partisan police kill suspected fascists among 99 inmates detained in the city jail. |
Republic of Italy| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Notes |
|---|
| Villarbasse massacre | 5 July 1946 | Villarbasse | 00010}}10 | Bandits | 3 of the perpetrators were sentenced to death; this was the last time the death penalty was applied in Italy | | Portella della Ginestra massacre | 1 May 1947 | Piana degli Albanesi | 00011}}11 (+33 wounded) | Bandits | Attack on May Day celebrations by bandits[32] | | Ciaculli massacre | 30 June 1963 | Ciaculli | 00007}}7 | Mafia | car bombing of police by Mafia[33] | | Cima Vallona massacre | 25 June 1967 | San Nicolò di Comelico | 00004}}4 | South Tyrolean Liberation Committee | 4 soldiers killed by South Tyrolean secessionists | | Viale Lazio massacre | 10 December 1969 | Palermo | 00005}}5 | Mafia | clan warfare by Mafia[34] | | Piazza Fontana bombing | 12 December 1969 | Milan | 00017}}17 (+88 wounded) | Ordine Nuovo | bombing by right-wing terrorists[35] | | Piazza della Loggia bombing | 28 May 1974 | Brescia | 00008}}8 (+>90 wounded) | Ordine Nuovo | bombing by right-wing terrorists[36] | | Italicus Express bombing 1974 | 4 August 1974 | San Benedetto Val di Sambro | 00012}}12 (+48 wounded) | Ordine Nero | bombing by right-wing terrorists[37] | | Acca Larentia killings | 7 January 1978 | Rome | 00003}}3 | Left-wing extremists | killing of right-wing activists by Left-wing terrorists | | Ustica massacre | 27 June 1980 | Tyrrhenian Sea near Ustica | 00081}}81 | Unknown | airplane brought down by a terrorist bomb or air-to-air missile (findings disputed)[38] | | Bologna Station massacre | 2 August 1980 | Bologna | 00085}}85 (+>200 wounded) | Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari | bombing by right-wing terrorists[39] | | Train 904 bombing | 23 December 1984 | San Benedetto Val di Sambro | 00017}}17 (+267 wounded) | Mafia | terrorist attack by Mafia[40] | | Pizzolungo massacre | 2 April 1985 | Erice | 00003}}3 (+5 wounded) | Mafia | attack on magistrate C Palermo by Mafia[41] | | Fiumicino massacre | 27 December 1985 | Rome | 00016}}16 | Abu Nidal Organization | attack at Rome's international airport, probably carried out by Abu Nidal Organization, which also struck at Vienna's international airport on the same day[42] | | 1988 Naples bombing | 14 April 1988 | Naples | 00005}}5 (15 injured) | Japanese Red Army | 4 Italians and 1 American killed by Japanese Red Army car bomb. | | Pescopagano massacre | 24 April 1990 | Pescopagano | 00005}}5 (7 injured) | Camorra | 5 killed in inter-criminal conflict, 7 injured[43] | | Capaci massacre | 23 May 1992 | Capaci | 00005}}5 | Mafia | attack on magistrate G Falcone by Mafia[44] | | Via D'Amelio massacre | 19 July 1992 | Palermo | 00006}}6 | Mafia | attack on magistrate P Borsellino by Mafia[45] | | Via dei Georgofili massacre | 27 May 1993 | Florence | 00005}}5 (+48 wounded) | Mafia | car bomb by Mafia[46] | | Via Palestro massacre | 27 July 1993 | Milan | 00005}}5 (+12 wounded) | Mafia | car bombing by Mafia[47] | | Massacre at Cermis | 3 February 1998 | Cavalese | 00020}}20 | United States Marine Corps airmen | US Marine Corps aviators flying a EA-6B Prowler air surveillance aircraft cut the cable of an aerial gondola, killing 20.[48] | | Castel Volturno massacre | 18 September 2008 | Castel Volturno | 00007}}7 (+1 injured) | Casalesi clan | Seven people, including six African immigrants killed at random by the Casalesi clan. |
Citations1. ^Diodorus Siculus 13.57.6
2. ^Diodorus Siculus 13.62.4
3. ^Diodorus Siculus 13.90.1
4. ^Polybius, The Histories, III.61.
5. ^{{cite book|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/47*.html|title=Roman History, Books 46-50 (Loeb Classical Library, Vol. V)|last=Dio|first=Cassius|publisher=Harvard University Press|others=[Earnest Cary, Trans.]|year=1917|isbn=9780674990913|location=Cambridge, MA|section=XLVII|accessdate=1 August 2018}}
6. ^Tacitus, Annals VI.19
7. ^John Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court AD 364–425, Oxford: University Press, 1990, p. 281.
8. ^The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 13, (Cambridge University Press, 1998), page 125.
9. ^Procopius, History of the Wars VI.XXI
10. ^Procopius, History of the Wars VI.XXV
11. ^{{Cite book |last=Cicero |first=Frank |date=2011 |title=Relative Strangers: Italian Protestants in the Catholic World |location=Chicago |publisher=Chicago Review Press |page=36 |isbn=9780897337311 }}
12. ^{{Cite book |last=Lovisa |first=Barbro |date=1994 |title=Italienische Waldenser und das protestantische Deutschland 1655 bis 1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgXx4AjICGAC&pg=PA30 |location=Göttingen |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |pages=30–31 |isbn=9783525565391 |accessdate=9 June 2018 |language=de}}
13. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.digibron.nl/search/detail/fa16141ff5fff292d2a4bb4451caec3e/de-geschiedenis-der-waldenzen |title=De geschiedenis der Waldenzen. Uit de diepte naar de hoogte |author=H. H. Bolhuis |work=Protestants Nederland |date=1 November 1986 |accessdate=8 February 2018 |language=nl}}
14. ^{{cite book|title=Radetzky: Imperial Victor and Military Genius|first=Alan |last=Sked |date=2011 |place=New York}}
15. ^{{it icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120314111511/http://www.cittanuove-corleone.it/La%20Sicilia%2C%20La%20strage%20di%20Caltavuturo%2008.02.2009.pdf L’eccidio di «San Sebastiano»], La Sicilia, February 8, 2009
16. ^{{it icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130531210704/http://www.cittanuove-corleone.it/La%20Sicilia%2C%20la%20strage%20di%20Giardinello%2011.12.2011.pdf La strage di Giardinello], La Sicilia, December 11, 2011
17. ^{{it icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20131211104454/http://www.cittanuove-corleone.it/La%20Sicilia%2C%20Natale%201893%2C%20la%20strage%20di%20Lercara%2031.12.2010.pdf Natale 1893, la strage di Lercara], La Sicilia, December 31, 2010
18. ^{{it icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317172133/http://www.emerotecaitaliana.it/quotidiani/quotidiani-286.view?year=1898&testata_id=145&type=quotidiano& Continuano i disordini a Milano], Corriere della Sera, May 9, 1898
19. ^Borch (2013), p. 2.
20. ^Giovanni Bartolone, Le altre stragi: Le stragi alleate e tedesche nella Sicilia del 1943-1944 {{It icon}}
21. ^Ezio Costanzo, George Lawrence, The Mafia and the Allies: Sicily 1943 and the Return of the Mafia, Enigma, 2007, p.119
22. ^{{cite-book|last= Portelli |first= Alessandro |authorlink= Alessandro Portelli |year= 2003|title= The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome |location= New York, NY |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan}}
23. ^{{cite book|last1=Bosworth|title=Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915-1945|date=January 30, 2007|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0143038566|page=499}}
24. ^Leslie Alan Horvitz, Christopher Catherwood, Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0816080830}}
25. ^{{cite web|last1=Mogherini|first1=Federica|title=Minister Mogherini's message for the commemoration of the Marzabotto massacres|url=http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/interventi/2014/10/20141005_mogh_marzabotto.html|publisher=Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation|accessdate=8 January 2017|date=5 October 2014}}
26. ^{{cite news|title=German and Italian presidents honor Nazi massacre victims|url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-and-italian-presidents-honor-nazi-massacre-victims/a-16696352|accessdate=8 January 2017|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=24 March 2013}}
27. ^{{cite news |date= |title= The responsible |trans-title= |url= http://www.eccidiopadulefucecchio.it/en/i-responsabili/ |language= |work=L'Eccidio del Padule di Fucecchio |location= |access-date=12 August 2018 }}
28. ^Sciascia, Giuseppina, "The Silent Summer of 1944", in L'Osservatore Romano. English Weekly Edition, 2005, February 2nd. Republished as "Carthusian Booklets Series", no. 10. Arlington, VT: Charterhouse of the Transfiguration, 2006.
29. ^{{cite web|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2007-01-15|date=2007-01-13|title=Italy convicts Nazis of massacre|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6259987.stm}}
30. ^"Zona Libera, 15 marzo 1945" Witness (in Italian) of Sergio Canuto Rosa "Pittore" filed, a few days after the massacre, at the Command of the Free Zone. Preserved in the Museum of Salussola.
31. ^{{cite book|last1=Spada|first1=Grazia|title=Il Moicano e i fatti di Rovetta|date=2005|publisher=Copiano|location=Pavia|isbn=978-8-8769-8089-3|pages=96–97}}
32. ^{{it icon}} Una strage con troppi misteri, La Sicilia, May 1, 2011
33. ^{{it icon}} Strage Ciaculli: Lumia, "tenere attenzione sempre alta" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707153937/http://www.antimafiaduemila.com/content/view/17372/48/ |date=2011-07-07 }}, ANSA, 30 June 2009
34. ^{{it icon}} La strage di viale Lazio spiegata dal pentito chiave, LiveSicilia, April 28, 2009
35. ^{{Cite news | title=1969: Deadly bomb blasts in Italy | publisher=BBC News | date=December 12, 1965 | accessdate=April 2006 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/12/newsid_3953000/3953999.stm}}
36. ^{{Cite web|title = Strage di piazza Loggia, ergastolo ai neofascisti Maggi e Tramonte|url = http://brescia.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_luglio_22/strage-piazza-loggia-giorno-sentenza-21d95ef0-3062-11e5-8ebc-a14255a4c77f.shtml|accessdate = 2015-07-23|website = Corriere della Sera|language = Italian}}
37. ^{{cite journal | author = Charles Richards | date = 1 December 1990 | title = Gladio is still opening wounds | journal = Independent | pages = 12 | url = http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/gladio.parliamentary.committee_indep_1dec1990.html | format = PHP | accessdate = 3 August 2009}}
38. ^{{Cite news |title=Italian court: Missile caused 1980 Mediterranean plane crash; Italy must pay compensation |agency=Associated Press |date=23 January 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/italian-court-missile-caused-1980-mediterranean-plane-crash-italy-must-pay-compensation/2013/01/28/8337ede8-6976-11e2-9a0b-db931670f35d_story.html}}
39. ^"1980: Bologna blast leaves dozens dead", BBC News
40. ^Italy: Tunnel of Death, Time Magazine, January 7, 1985
41. ^Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 204
42. ^{{cite web|title=Twin Attacks at the Airports of Vienna and Rome (Dec. 27, 1985)|url=https://www.shabak.gov.il/english/heritage/affairs/Pages/AttacksattheAirports1985.aspx|website=Israeli Security Agency}}
43. ^{{it icon}}La Camorra voleva una strage di Neri - La Repubblica, May 5, 1990
44. ^UNA STRAGE COME IN LIBANO - Repubblica.it » Ricerca
45. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.corriere.it/speciali/stragedamelio/ | title=Borsellino, 10 anni fa la strage di via D'Amelio | publisher=RCS | work=Il Corriere della Sera | accessdate=23 May 2012 | author=Letizia, Marco | language=Italian}}
46. ^{{cite news|title=Bombings Laid to Mafia War on Italy and Church|first=John|last=Tagliabue|date=15 July 1994|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/15/world/bombings-laid-to-mafia-war-on-italy-and-church.html|accessdate=5 November 2012}}
47. ^{{cite news|language=|url=http://www.misteriditalia.it/stragi1993/lasentenza/10VALUTPROVE.pdf|title=Valutazione delle prove - Sentenza del processo di 1º grado per le stragi del 1993}}
48. ^http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/cronaca/2012/01/20/news/cermis-il-pilota-confessa-1.39576
References{{refbegin|30em}}- {{cite journal|first=Fred|last=Borch|title=War Crimes in Sicily: Sergeant West, Captain Compton, and the Murder of Prisoners of War in 1943|journal=The Army Lawyer|issue=March 2013|pages=1–6|url=http://www.readperiodicals.com/201303/3036177751.html}}
- {{cite book|last=Kaldellis|first=Anthony|title=Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0190253223 | ref=harv}}
- {{cite book| first1 = Titus | last1 = Livius| author-link1 = Livy| title = Hannibal's War: Books Twenty-One to Thirty | others=Translated by J.C. Yardley, introduction and notes by Dexter Hoyos| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxford| year = 2006|isbn =0-19-283159-3 | ref = harv}}
- Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage {{ISBN|0-09-959491-9}}
- {{cite book | last = Vasiliev | first = A. A. | authorlink = Alexander Vasiliev (historian) | others = French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard | title = Byzance et les Arabes, Tome II, 1ére partie: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à l'époque de la dynastie macédonienne (867–959) | year = 1968 | location = Brussels | publisher = Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales | language= French | ref=harv}}
{{refend}}{{massacres}} 4 : Lists of massacres by country|Italy history-related lists|Massacres in Italy|Lists of events in Italy |