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词条 List of massacres in Sri Lanka
释义

  1. Massacres in chronological order

  2. Notes

  3. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Sri Lanka and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate):

Massacres in chronological order

{{Main article|List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces|List of attacks on civilians attributed to the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|List of attacks attributed to the LTTE}}{{Expand list|date=May 2011}}
MassacreDateLocationDistrictProvinceDeath
toll		PerpetratorsRefs
Madulla massacre {{Dts|1817-12-09|format=dmy}} Madulla Central {{Nts|22}} British Colonial Army [1][2][3]
Uva-Wellassa Uprising massacre {{Dts|1818|format=dmy}} Uva Thousands{{Efn|Male population above 18 years in Uva Province were ordered to kill by the British governor of Ceylon Sir Robert Brownrigg.[4][5]}} British Colonial Army [6][7][8][9][10][11]
Tamil conference incident {{Dts|1974-01-10|format=dmy}} Jaffna Jaffna Northern {{Nts|9}} Police [12][13][14]
Puttalam massacre {{Dts|1976-02-02|format=dmy}} Puttalam Puttalam North Western {{Nts|6}}//Sri Lanka Police Service">Police[{{Nts>70}} Army [19]
Chunnakam Police station massacre {{Dts|1984-01-08|format=dmy}} Chunnakam Jaffna Northern {{Nts|19}}//Sri Lanka Police Service">Police[{{Nts>32}} Army [25][26][27]
Thennamarawadi massacre {{Sort|1={{Dts|1984-12-02|format=dmy}}|2=2-4 December 1984}} Thennamarawadi Trincomalee Eastern {{Nts|26}} Army [28]
Manal Aru massacre {{Dts|1984-12-03|format=dmy}} Manal Aru Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|100}}+ Army [21]
Amaravayal massacre {{Sort|1={{Dts|1984-12-03|format=dmy}}|2=3-4 December 1984}} Amarivayal Trincomalee Eastern {{Nts|30}}//Sri Lanka Army">Army[{{Nts>150}} Army [29][30][31][32][33]
Kokkilai massacres {{Dts|1984-12-15|format=dmy}} Several locations Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|131}} Army [21]
Mulliyavalai massacre {{Dts|1985-01-16|format=dmy}} Mulliyavalai Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|52}} Army [21]
Vadakkandal massacre {{Dts|1985-01-30|format=dmy}} Vadakkandal Mannar Northern {{Nts|52}} Air Force, Army [21]
Puthukkudiyiruppu massacre {{Dts|1985-04-21|format=dmy}} Puthukkudiyiruppu Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|30}} Army [21]
Trincomalee massacres {{Sort|1={{Dts|1985-05|format=dmy}}|2=May–September 1985}} Several places Trincomalee Eastern {{Nts|280}}+ Army, Home Guards, Navy [21][34]
Valvettithurai massacre {{Dts|1985-05-12|format=dmy}} Valvettithurai Jaffna Northern {{Nts|46}}//Sri Lanka Army">Army[{{Nts>100}} Air Force, Army, Navy [21]
Kantalai massacre {{Dts|1985-11-09|format=dmy}} Kantalai Trincomalee Eastern {{Nts|6}} Army [21]
Akkaraipattu massacre {{Dts|1986-02-19|format=dmy}} Akkaraipattu Ampara Eastern {{Nts|80}} Army [44][45][46]
Air Lanka Flight 512 {{Dts|1986-05-03|format=dmy}} BIA, Katunayake Gampaha Western {{Nts|21}} LTTE [47]
Prawn farm massacre / Kokkadichcholai massacre {{Dts|1987-01-27|format=dmy}} Kokkadichcholai Batticaloa Eastern {{Nts|83}} Police (STF) [48][49][50][51][52]
Aluth Oya massacre {{Dts|1987-04-17|format=dmy}} Habarana Anuradhapura North Central {{Nts|127}} LTTE [53][54][55]
Central Bus Station bombing {{Dts|1987-04-21|format=dmy}} Colombo Colombo Western {{Nts|116}} LTTE
Aranthalawa massacre {{Dts|1987-06-02|format=dmy}} Aranthalawa Ampara Eastern {{Nts|33}} LTTE
Jaffna hospital massacre {{Sort|1={{Dts|1987-10-21|format=dmy}}|2=21–22 October 1987}} Jaffna Jaffna Northern {{Nts|68}}//Indian Peace Keeping Force">IPKF 50 injured
Valvettiturai massacre {{Sort|1={{Dts|1989-08-02|format=dmy}}|2=2–3 August 1989}} Valvettiturai Jaffna Northern {{Nts|64}} IPKF 43 injured
Nittambuwa massacre {{Dts|1990-02-27|format=dmy}} Nittambuwa Gampaha Western {{Nts|12}} Police [{{Nts>774}} LTTE [57][58]
Thiriyai massacre mid//Thiriyai">Thiriyai Trincomalee Army [59]
Kalmunai massacre {{Dts|1990-06-12|format=dmy}} Kalmunai Ampara Eastern {{Nts|160}}//Sri Lanka Army">Army[{{Nts>11}} [83]
Jaffna lagoon massacre / Kilaly massacre {{Dts|1993-01-02|format=dmy}} Jaffna Lagoon Jaffna Northern {{Nts|35}}//Sri Lanka Navy">Navy[{{Nts>103}} LTTE
Vaharai Bombing / Vaharai Shelling {{Dts|2006-11-07|format=dmy}} Kathiraveli Batticaloa Eastern {{Nts|45}} Army [139]
Massacre at Thandikulam {{Dts|2006-11-19|format=dmy}} Thandikulam Vavuniya Northern {{Nts|5}} Army, Police [140][141][142]
Padahuthurai bombing / Illuppaikadavai bombing {{Dts|2007-01-02|format=dmy}} Illuppaikadavai Mannar Northern {{Nts|15}} Air Force [143][144]
Murukandy claymore attack {{Dts|2008-05-23|format=dmy}} Murukandy Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|16}} Army [145]
Tharmapuram Hospital shelling {{Dts|2009-01-08|format=dmy}} Tharmapuram Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|7}} Army [146]
Vallipuram Hospital shelling {{Dts|2009-01-22|format=dmy}} Vallipuram Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|5}} Army [146]
Suthanthirapuram shelling {{Dts|2009-01-24|format=dmy}} Suthanthirapuram Junction Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|11}}+ Army [147]
Udayaarkaddu Hospital shelling {{Dts|2009-01-26|format=dmy}} Udayaarkaddu Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|12}} Army [146]
Puthukkudiyiruppu Hospital shelling {{Sort|1={{Dts|2009-02-01|format=dmy}}|2=1-3 February 2009}} Puthukkudiyiruppu Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|9}}+ Army [146][147][148][149]
Ponnambalam Memorial Hospital bombing {{Sort|1={{Dts|2009-02-05|format=dmy}}|2=5-6 February 2009}} Near Puthukkudiyiruppu Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|75}} (up to)[146][147][149]
Putumattalan Hospital shelling {{Sort|1={{Dts|2009-02-09|format=dmy}}|2=9 February-20 April 2009}} Putumattalan Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|51}}+ Army [146][147][150][151]
Valayanmadam makeshift hospital bombing {{Dts|2009-04-21|format=dmy}} Valayanmadam Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|4}}-{{Nts|5}} Air Force [146]
Mullivaikkal Hospital bombings {{Sort|1={{Dts|2009-04-23|format=dmy}}|2=23 April-12 May 2009}} Mullivaikkal Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|100}}+ Air Force, Army [146][152][153][154][155][156][157]
Mulivaikal massacre (2009) {{Sort|1={{Dts|-5-09|format=dmy}}|2=May 2009}} Welikada Prison Mullivaikkal, Mullaitivu Northern {{Nts|40,000}} Tamil civilians Army [158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167]
Welikada prison riot {{Sort|1={{Dts|2012-11-09|format=dmy}}|2=9-10 November 2012}} Welikada Prison Colombo Western {{Nts|27}} Army, Police (STF) [168][169]
Weliweriya Protestors' Attack {{Dts|2013-08-01|format=dmy}} Weliweirya Gampaha Western {{Nts|3}} Army [170][171][172]

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|last=Appuhamy|first=Durand |title=The Madulla massacre by the British (9th of Dec. 1817)|publisher= WWW Virtual Library Sri Lanka|url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/madulla.htm}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=British Massacres|publisher= New British Empire|url=http://newbritishempire.site11.com/british-massacres.html}}
3. ^[Report of the Sinhala Commission, Part 1], page 55,National Joint Committee, 1998
4. ^Lessons on British ‘decency’, The Nation
5. ^British time Gazette to be revoked, Daily Mirror
6. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.historytoday.com/piers-brendon/moral-audit-british-empire | title = A Moral Audit of the British Empire| work = Brendon, Piers|publisher=History Today}}
7. ^Sri Lanka is to revoke British Governor’s infamous Gazette Notification {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102192549/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/03/11/sri-lanka-revoke-british-governor%E2%80%99s-infamous-gazette-notification |date=2016-01-02 }}, Asian Tribune, Sat, 2011-03-12. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
8. ^Sumanawathie’s success brings lustre back to Uva Wellassa, Ceylon Daily News, 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
9. ^{{cite web |last=Keerthisinghe|first=Lakshman I. | url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/172-opinion/28002-the-british-duplicity-in-protecting-human-rights-in-sri-lanka.html| title=The British duplicity in protecting human rights in Sri Lanka | publisher=Daily Mirror | year=2013 | accessdate=2013-10-21}}
10. ^Human Rights came down the generations, Sunday Observer, August 2010
11. ^Uva destroyed by the Brits now soars, Daily News, November 2012
12. ^1 {{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|chapter-url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA26Df04.html|chapter=Chapter 24: Tamil militancy - a manifestation}}
13. ^{{cite book|last1=Hoole|first1=Rajan|authorlink1=Rajan Hoole|title=Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence and Murder|date=2001|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights |chapter-url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/CHA02.htm|chapter=Chapter 2: Antecedents of July 1983 and the Foundations of Impunity|isbn=978-955-9447-04-7}}
14. ^{{cite news|title=35th anniversary of Tamil Conference victims held in Jaffna|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=27980&catid=13|work=TamilNet|date=11 January 2009}}
15. ^{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=A. Jeyaratnam|authorlink1=A. Jeyaratnam Wilson|title=S.J.V.Chelvanayakam and the Crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism, 1947-1977|date=1994|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |page=112|url=http://noolaham.net/project/87/8603/8603.pdf}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Asia Report N°134 - Sri Lanka's Muslims: Caught in the Crossfire|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/134_sri_lanka_s_muslims_caught_in_the_crossfire.pdf|publisher=International Crisis Group|page=4|date=29 May 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225409/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/134_sri_lanka_s_muslims_caught_in_the_crossfire.pdf|archivedate=23 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}
17. ^{{cite news|last1=Jeyaraj|first1=D. B. S.|authorlink1=D. B. S. Jeyaraj|title=Ashraff’s mystique still lingers among Eastern Muslims|url=http://old.dailymirror.lk/opinion/dbsjeyaraj-column/52638-ashraffs-mystique-still-lingers-among-eastern-muslims.html|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|date=20 September 2014}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=ASA/37/15/94 When Will Justice Be Done?|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa37/015/1994/en/|publisher=Amnesty International|date=1 July 1994}}
19. ^{{cite book|last=Hoole|first=Rajan|title=Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power - Myths, Decadence & Murder|year=2001|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights |isbn=978-955-9447-04-7|chapter-url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/CHA10.htm|chapter=Chapter 10: The Welikade Prison Massacres|authorlink=Rajan Hoole}}
20. ^{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka's Welikada prison clash leaves 27 dead|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20267735|newspaper=BBC News|date=10 November 2012}}
21. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite book|title=Massacres of Tamils (1956-2008)|date=2009|publisher=NESOHR/Manitham Publications|location=Chennai |isbn=978-81-909737-0-0|page=15}}
22. ^{{cite news|title=10 Die in Sri Lanka As Troops Fire at Crowd|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/29/world/around-the-world-10-die-in-sri-lanka-as-troops-fire-at-crowd.html|work=New York Times |agency=Associated Press|date=29 March 1984}}
23. ^{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|chapter-url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC09Df04.html|chapter=Chapter 30: Whirlpool of violence}}
24. ^{{cite web|last1=Satyendra|first1=Nadesan|title=The Chunnakam Massacre|url=http://www.tamilnation.co/saty/840415chunnakam.htm|publisher=Tamil Nation|date=15 April 1984}}
25. ^{{cite news|last1=Sabaratnam|first1=T.|title=The ignored side of Balraj story|url=http://www.thebottomline.lk/2008/05/28/asiseeit_col.htm|work=The Bottom Line (Sri Lanka)|date=28 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530091649/http://www.thebottomline.lk/2008/05/28/asiseeit_col.htm|archivedate=30 May 2008}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Janaka Perera|url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2008/10/33220_space.html|publisher=LankaNewspapers.com|date=7 October 2008}}
27. ^{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|chapter-url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC16Df02.html|chapter=Chapter 31: Indira Gandhi - a casualty of terror}}
28. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Sabaratnam|first1=T.|title=Pirapaharan: Volume Two|publisher=Ilankai Tamil Sangam|chapter-url=http://www.sangam.org/articles/view2/?uid=633|chapter=Chapter 23: Manal Aru becomes Weli Oya}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=Report No. 1 - Chapter 2|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report1/Chapter2.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=January 1989}}
30. ^{{cite news|title=Mannar human rights activist Fr Mary Bastian remembered|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=10878|work=TamilNet|date=6 January 2004}}
31. ^1 {{cite book|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Cynthia|title=Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights|date=1995|publisher=Human rights Watch |isbn=978-1-56432-152-7|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/communal/}}
32. ^{{cite book|last=Marks|first=Thomas|title=Maoist Insurgency Since Vietnam|year=1996|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7146-4606-0|page=197}}
33. ^{{cite news|title=Soldiers in Sri Lanka Are Reported to Kill 85|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/06/world/soldiers-in-sri-lanka-are-reported-to-kill-85.html|work=New York Times |agency=Associated Press|date=6 December 1984}}
34. ^{{cite web|title=Special Report No. 26 - Can the East be won through Human Culling?|url=http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport26.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=3 August 2007}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=Report No. 2 - Chapter 4|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report2/Chapter4.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=March 1989}}
36. ^{{cite book|last1=Hoole|first1=Rajan|authorlink1=Rajan Hoole|title=Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence and Murder|date=2001|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights |url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/|page=214|isbn=978-955-9447-04-7}}
37. ^1 {{cite news|title=Timeline of the Tamil conflict|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/51435.stm|newspaper=BBC News|date=4 September 2000}}
38. ^1 {{cite news|last=Sturcke|first=James|title=Conflict in Sri Lanka|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/02/jamessturcke|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 November 2007}}
39. ^{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|chapter-url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC23Df05.html|chapter=Chapter 32: Limbo between war and peace}}
40. ^{{cite book|last=Somasundaram|first=Daya|title= Scarred Minds: The Psychological Impact of War on Sri Lankan Tamils|year=1998|publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-9267-7|page=310}}
41. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title=ASA 37/015/1994 Sri Lanka: When will justice be done?|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/184000/asa370151994en.pdf|publisher=Amnesty International|date=30 June 1994}}
42. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=b7F-dUh5_j8C&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=thambiluvil+massacre&source=bl&ots=0tczeAXO4a&sig=4nDHvu0r-oyn5TTK9lEtL1vsJ0Y&hl=ta&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4grGO_cvVAhVFq48KHR_BBpkQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=thambiluvil%20massacre&f=false Cycles of Violence: Human Rights in Sri Lanka Since the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement], Barnett R. Rubin, December 1987
43. ^{{cite web|title=Information Bulletin No.10 - Trincomalee District in February 1996: Focusing on the Killiveddy Massacre|url=http://www.uthr.org/bulletins/bul10.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=2 March 1996}}
44. ^{{cite book|last1=Frerks|first1=George|last2=Klem|first2=Bart|title=Dealing with diversity: Sri Lankan Discourses on Peace and Conflict|publisher=Netherlands Institute of International Relations |year=2004|isbn=978-90-5031-091-8|page=118}}
45. ^{{cite news|last1=Hawksley|first1=Humphrey|authorlink1=Humphrey Hawksley|title=Massacre in Akkaraipattu|url=http://www.tamilnation.co/indictment/indict041.htm|work=The Guardian/Tamil Nation|date=22 February 1986}}
46. ^{{cite book|title=IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |year=1985|page=363}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=3 May: 1986: Bomb kills 21 in Sri Lanka|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/3/newsid_2481000/2481291.stm|work=On This Day|publisher=BBC}}
48. ^{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|chapter-url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC30Df04.html|chapter=Chapter 33: India shows its hand}}
49. ^1 {{cite journal|last=McConnell|first=D.|year=2008|title=The Tamil people's right to self-determination|journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs |volume=21|issue=1|pages=59–76|doi=10.1080/09557570701828592}}
50. ^1 {{cite web|title=Report No. 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War - Chapter 3: The Kokkadichcholai Massacre & After|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report8/chapter3.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=28 August 1991}}
51. ^{{cite web|last=Gharavi|first=Hamid|title=Arbitration under Bilateral Investment Treaties, American Arbitration Association's A.D.R.J. and Mealey's Int. Arb. Report, May 1998|publisher=Salans|date=1 May 1998|url=http://www.salans.com/FileServer.aspx?oID=371&lID=0|accessdate=19 July 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024082119/http://www.salans.com/FileServer.aspx?oID=371&lID=0|archivedate=24 October 2007}}
52. ^{{cite book|last=McGowan|first=William|title=Only Man Is Vile: The Tragedy of Sri Lanka|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1992|pages=243–244|isbn=978-0-374-22652-7}}
53. ^1 {{cite web|title=Letter sent by the Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka to the Centre for Human Rights|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/6bdc202089eb97848025671a00590c8c?OpenDocument|publisher=United Nations Human Rights Council|date=9 August 1994}}
54. ^Tamils Kill 18 Near Site of Massacre, Los Angeles Times, April 20, 1987
55. ^Gory carnage of killing innocent civilians-Chronology of Ltte Terror - Part 30, Daily News
56. ^{{cite web|title=ASA 37/020/1990 Sri Lanka Briefing: A human rights crisis|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/200000/asa370201990en.pdf|publisher=Amnesty International|date=1 September 1990|page=5}}
57. ^{{cite news|last=Somarathne|first=Rasika|title=Recalling ‘the saddest day in Lankan Police history’|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/06/11/sec01.asp|newspaper=Daily News (Sri Lanka)|date=11 June 2011}}
58. ^{{cite news|title=Killing of 774 policemen|url=http://www.rivira.lk/2011/06/12/ranabima.htm|newspaper=Rivira|date=12 June 2011|language=Sinhala}}
59. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Yz5uAAAAMAAJ&q=thiriyai+killing&dq=thiriyai+killing|title=A Sovereign will to self-destruct: the continuing sage of dislocation & disintegration|last=Lanka)|first=University of Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna, Sri|date=1993|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights, University of Jaffna|isbn=|location=|pages=46|language=en}}
60. ^{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|chapter-url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DF22Df04.html|chapter=Chapter 45: War continues with brutality}}
61. ^{{cite web|title=Report No. 7: The Clash of Ideologies and the Continuing Tragedy in the Batticaloa and Amparai Districts - Chapter 2: Reports|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report7/chapter2.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=8 May 1991}}
62. ^{{cite web|title=Report No. 5: August: A Bloody Stalemate - Chapter 9: The East : Looking Back|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report7/chapter2.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=10 September 1990}}
63. ^{{cite web|title=Briefing No. 1 - Human rights and The Issues of War and Peace|url=http://www.uthr.org/Briefings/Briefing1.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=August 1992}}
64. ^{{cite news|title=147 Muslims Massacred by Tamil "Tigers" in Sri Lanka|newspaper=Xinhua News Agency|date=4 August 1990}}
65. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|title=ASA 37/014/1991 Sri Lanka: The Northeast: Human rights violations in a context of armed conflict|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/196000/asa370141991en.pdf|publisher=Amnesty International|date=31 August 1991}}
66. ^{{cite web|title=Report No. 7: The Clash of Ideologies and the Continuing Tragedy in the Batticaloa and Amparai Districts - Chapter 4: The Refugee Camp at the Eastern University, Vantharumoolai|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report7/chapter4.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=8 May 1991}}
67. ^1 {{cite web|title=World Report 2002 - Events of 2001 : Sri Lanka|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k2/asia10.html|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}
68. ^{{cite book|last1=Hoole|first1=Rajan|authorlink1=Rajan Hoole|title=Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence and Murder|date=2001|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights |url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/|pages=378–397|isbn=978-955-9447-04-7}}
69. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=McDermott|editor1-first=Rachel Fell|title=Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West|year=2008|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-23240-2|page=121}}
70. ^{{cite web|title=Report No. 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War - Chapter 2: Batticaloa and Amparai Districts|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report8/chapter2.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=28 August 1991}}
71. ^{{cite journal|last=Caron|first=Cynthia|title=Floundering Peace Process: Need to Widen Participation|journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38|issue=11|pages=1029–1031|date=15 March 2003|jstor=4413336}}
72. ^{{cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Patricia|title=The Ocean of Stories ; Children's Imagination, Creativity, and Reconciliation in Eastern Sri Lanka|year=2001|publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies|isbn=978-955-580-076-1|page=40}}
73. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-107266313.html|title=Sri Lankan Tamil rebels commemorate civilian killings in eastern town|accessdate=10 July 2007|work=Xinhua News Agency}}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
74. ^{{cite web|title=ASA 37/001/1992 Sri Lanka: Summary of human rights concerns during 1991|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/192000/asa370011992en.pdf|publisher=Amnesty International|date=1 January 1992}}
75. ^{{cite journal|title=The Tamil people's right to self-determination|journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs|date=1 March 2008|url=http://www.informaworld.com/index/790622093.pdf|accessdate=18 January 2009}}
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78. ^{{cite web|title=ASA 37/010/1992 Sri Lanka: Deliberate killings of Muslim and Tamil villagers in Polonnaruwa|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/192000/asa370101992en.pdf|publisher=Amnesty International|date=31 May 1992}}
79. ^{{cite web|title=Report No. 11: Land, Human rights & The Eastern Predicament - Chapter 7: Massacres In The Polonnaruwa District|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report11/chapter7.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=15 April 1993}}
80. ^{{cite news|title=Soldiers acquitted in Sri Lanka|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2515295.stm|work=BBC News|date=26 November 2002}}
81. ^{{cite web|title=Jury finds Mylanthanai massacre accused not guilty|url=http://brcslproject.gn.apc.org/slmonitor/November02/acqui.html|publisher=Sri Lanka Monitor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205221829/http://brcslproject.gn.apc.org/slmonitor/November02/acqui.html|archivedate=5 February 2012}}
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84. ^{{cite web|title=Report No. 10: Rays of Hope Amidst Deepening Gloom - Chapter 0: Special Feature : Massacre in the Jaffna Lagoon|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report10/chapter0.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=15 January 1993}}
85. ^{{cite news|last1=Fernando|first1=Shamindra|title=Navy demolishes Tiger boats|work=The Island (Sri Lanka)|date=5 January 1993}}
86. ^{{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Bendigt|title=Human Rights in Developing Countries - Yearbook|year=1994|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-90-6544-845-3|page=368}}
87. ^{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|chapter-url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DH17Df01.html|chapter=Chapter 53: The Kilaly massacre}}
88. ^1 {{cite web|title=Special Report No. 5 - From Manal Aru To Weli Oya and The spirit of July 1983|url=http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport5.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=15 September 1993}}
89. ^{{cite web|title=ASA 37/010/1995 Sri Lanka: Reports of extrajudicial executions during May 1995|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/176000/asa370101995en.pdf|publisher=Amnesty International|date=31 May 1995}}
90. ^{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: Stop Killings of Civilians|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1995/Srilanka.htm|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=July 1995}}
91. ^{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka Human Rights Practices, 1995 |url=http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/1995_hrp_report/95hrp_report_sasia/SriLanka.html |publisher=United States Department of State/University of Illinois at Chicago |date=March 1996 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050320003919/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/1995_hrp_report/95hrp_report_sasia/SriLanka.html |archivedate=2005-03-20 |df= }}
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93. ^{{cite web|title=World Report 1996: Sri Lanka|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/WR96/Asia-08.htm#P735_195262|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}
94. ^{{cite web|title=Navy assault on fishermen|url=http://brcslproject.gn.apc.org/slmonitor/Sept2002/navy.html|publisher=Sri Lanka Monitor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030612092854/http://brcslproject.gn.apc.org/slmonitor/Sept2002/navy.html|archivedate=12 June 2003}}
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98. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/960218/front/frontm.html#|title=probe Trincomalee massacre}}
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102. ^{{cite news|title=Religious ceremonies to commemorate the LTTE attack on Temple of tooth in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_09/January2565223RA.html|newspaper=Colombo Page|date=25 January 2009}}
103. ^{{cite book|last=Nubin|first=Walter|title=Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background|year=2003|publisher=Nova Publishers |isbn=978-1-59033-573-4|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iudi2JJLaUAC}}
104. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa37/002/1998/en/ |title=Amnesty International Report |accessdate=2006-01-06 |format= |work=Amnesty International.org |df= }}
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108. ^[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa37/022/1999/en/ Sri Lanka: Air Force bombing at Puthukkudiyiruppu -- Amnesty International's concerns], Amnesty International, 16 September 1999
109. ^1 2 MSF urges respect for the safety of civilians caught in Sri Lanka fighting, Médecins Sans Frontières, 16 May 2000
110. ^{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: Ethnic Violence Escalates|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2000/10/31/sri-lanka-ethnic-violence-escalates|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=1 November 2000}}
111. ^{{cite web|title=Special Report No: 19 The Curse of Impunity Part I Bindunuwewa, the Thin End of the Wedge of Impunity|url=http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport19.htm|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights|date=12 June 2005}}
112. ^{{cite web|title=ASA 37/031/2000 Sri Lanka: Open letter to Sri Lanka's President on the killing of 26 detainees|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa37/031/2000/en/|publisher=Amnesty International|date=27 October 2000}}
113. ^{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: The Bindunuwewa Massacre and Sri Lanka's defective justice system|url=http://www.humanrights.asia/news/ahrc-news/AS-57-2005/?searchterm=Bindunuwewa|publisher=Asian Human Rights Commission|date=30 May 2005}}
114. ^{{cite news|title=25 killed in detention centre massacre|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=5522|newspaper=TamilNet|date=25 October 2000}}
115. ^1 {{cite news | url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2005/03/050306_mirusuvil.shtml| title = Mirusuvil massacre case | publisher =BBC.com | date = 2007-05-09 }}
116. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.epidemio-ufpel.org.br/proesf/Anaclaudia/Somasundaram.pdf |title=Child soldiers:Understanding the context |date=2007-05-06 |format= |work=BMJ.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010083955/http://www.epidemio-ufpel.org.br/proesf/Anaclaudia/Somasundaram.pdf |archivedate=2007-10-10 |df= }}
117. ^{{cite news |url=http://brcslproject.gn.apc.org/slmonitor/december2000/miru.html |title=Mirusuvil mass graves |publisher=British Refugee Council: Sri Lanka Monitor |date=2007-05-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006081536/http://www.brcslproject.gn.apc.org/slmonitor/December2000/miru.html |archivedate=2008-10-06 |df= }}
118. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.chrdsrilanka.org/pages/LAPCASES5.html|title= Activities of Center for Human Rights Development|date =2007-05-09 |work=chrdsrilanka.org}}
119. ^Unfinished Business of the Five Students and ACF Cases– A Time to call the Bluff
120. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nation.lk/2006/07/23/newsfe3.htm |title=Is the State complacent? |accessdate=2007-01-30 |work=The Nation |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224026/http://www.nation.lk/2006/07/23/newsfe3.htm |archivedate=September 30, 2007 }}
121. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2006statements/612/|title='Murder of five Tamil youths highlights need to end impunity' – Govt must protect witnesses to Trinco killings – HRW|accessdate=2007-01-30 |format= |work=Human Rights Watch }}
122. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=16252|title=Tamil journalist gunned down in Trincomalee after covering paramilitary abuses|accessdate=2007-01-31|format=|work=Reporters Without Borders|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228034727/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=16252|archivedate=28 February 2007|df=dmy-all}}
123. ^Sri Lanka: Amnesty International condemns killings of civilians {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911101052/http://www.amnesty.ca/resource_centre/news/view.php?load=arcview&article=3479&c=Resource+Centre+News |date=11 September 2007 }}, Amnesty International Canada, 16 May 2006
124. ^The Choice between Anarchy and International Law with Monitoring, University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna) Special Report No. 23, 7 November 2006
125. ^Sri Lanka villagers flee massacre, BBC News, 20 May 2006
126. ^Probe on Pesalai church attack - Acting on local and international reports {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214050/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2006/6/7433.html |date=2007-09-27 }}, LankaNewspapers.com, 24 June 2006
127. ^Sri Lankan forces 'target church', BBC News, 18 June 2006
128. ^Catholic church attacked; bishop accuses navy, National Catholic Reporter, 20 June 2006
129. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/08/stories/2006080808521200.htm |title=15 NGO workers killed |accessdate=2007-01-30 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |date=8 August 2006}}
130. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article1222812.ece|title=Europe accuses Sri Lankan army of assassinating aid workers|accessdate=2007-01-30 |format= |work=The Independent, UK | location=London | first=Justin | last=Huggler | date=2006-08-31}}
131. ^The Killing Match, Amnesty International Magazine, Winter 2006
132. ^From Welikade to Mutur and Pottuvil: A Generation of Moral Denudation and the Rise of Heroes with Feet of Clay, University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna) Special Report No. 25, 31 May 2007
133. ^Sri Lanka church shelled in gov’t attack on rebels {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123742/http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=20884 |date=29 September 2007 }}, Catholic Online, 14 August 2006
134. ^Hell in the north: church and children's home destroyed {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083436/http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=6949 |date=29 September 2007 }}, AsiaNews.it, 14 August 2006
135. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/southasia/article_1190181.php/61_girls_killed_in_airstrike_8_dead_in_Colombo_blast__2nd_Roundup_ |title=61 girls killed in airstrike, 8 dead in Colombo blast (2nd Roundup) |work= |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=14 August 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521084701/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/southasia/article_1190181.php/61_girls_killed_in_airstrike_8_dead_in_Colombo_blast__2nd_Roundup_ |archivedate=21 May 2007 |df= }}
136. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article1219476.ece |work=The Independent |location=London |title=Sri Lankan army warns children can be targets |first=Justin |last=Huggler |date=2006-08-16 |accessdate=2010-05-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704153534/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article1219476.ece |archivedate=2008-07-04 |df= }}
137. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4794827.stm | work=BBC News | title=Dispute over Sri Lanka air raids | date=2006-08-15 | accessdate=2010-05-08}}
138. ^Sri Lankan schoolgirls killed
139. ^{{cite news |first= |last= |title= Lanka army 'kills 45 civilians' | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6128094.stm |work=BBC|date=2006-11-08 |accessdate=2009-01-18}}
140. ^Sri Lanka to open road to Jaffna, BBC News, 20 November 2006
141. ^Soldier, PC arrested in Thandikulam killing {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013036/http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/11/27/sec06.asp |date=30 September 2007 }}, Daily News, 27 November 2006
142. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/world/asia/20lanka.html?scp=52&sq=sri+lanka+civilians+killed&st=nyt Sri Lanka Troops Kill 5 Youths, Monitors Say], New York Times, 20 November 2006
143. ^Sri Lanka raid 'kills civilians', BBC News, 2 January 2007
144. ^War of words and figures as press gets less access to the field {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224001039/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20349 |date=24 February 2007 }}, Reporters Sans Frontiers, 5 January 2007
145. ^http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=25734
146. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: Repeated Shelling of Hospitals Evidence of War Crimes|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/05/08/sri-lanka-repeated-shelling-hospitals-evidence-war-crimes|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=8 May 2010}}
147. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Asia Report N°191 - WAR CRIMES IN SRI LANKA|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/191%20War%20Crimes%20in%20Sri%20Lanka.ashx|publisher=International Crisis Group|date=17 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710033127/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/191%20War%20Crimes%20in%20Sri%20Lanka.ashx|archivedate=10 July 2010|df=dmy-all}}
148. ^{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: ICRC maintains support for hospital hit by shelling|url=http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/sri-lanka-interview-020209|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|date=2 February 2009}}
149. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/131025.pdf|title=Report to Congress on Incidents During the Recent Conflict in Sri Lanka|date=22 October 2009|publisher=Department of State}}
150. ^{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: ICRC evacuates over 240 wounded and sick from the Vanni by sea|url=http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/sri-lanka-interview-020209|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|date=10 February 2009}}
151. ^{{cite news|last=Chamberlain|first=Gethin|title= Sri Lankan hospital shelled in Tamil no-fire zone|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/09/sri-lanka-tamil-tigers-civilians|newspaper=The Guardian|date=9 April 2010|location=London}}
152. ^{{cite news|title=Hospital 'hit by Sri Lankan army' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8030605.stm|newspaper=BBC News|date=2 May 2009}}
153. ^{{cite news|last=Paton Walsh|first=Nick|title='Sri Lankan army hits hospital'|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/international_politics/sri+lankan+army+hits+hospital/3121567|newspaper=Channel 4 News|date=2 May 2009}}
154. ^{{cite news|title='64 civilians killed in Sri Lanka hospital attack'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/srilanka/5262754/64-civilians-killed-in-Sri-Lanka-hospital-attack.html|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=2 May 2009|location=London}}
155. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8045135.stm | title =Sri Lanka war zone hospital 'hit' | publisher = BBC News | accessdate= 31 May 2009 | date = 12 May 2009}}
156. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8502775 | title =Doctor says 49 killed in Sri Lanka hospital attack | publisher = The Guardian | accessdate= 31 May 2009 | date = 12 May 2009 | location=London}}
157. ^{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/49-killed-in-Lanka-hospital-shelling/articleshow/4513061.cms |title=49 patients killed as shell hits Lanka hospital |publisher=The Times of India |accessdate=31 May 2009 |date=12 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522120936/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/49-killed-in-Lanka-hospital-shelling/articleshow/4513061.cms |archivedate=May 22, 2009 }}
158. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.channel4.com/news/sri-lanka-united-nations-justice-war-crimes-inquiry | title=Sri Lanka justice: leaked UN document casts doubts | publisher=Channel 4 | date=28 July 2015 | accessdate=24 August 2015}}
159. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-19843977 | title=The broken survivors of Sri Lanka's civil war | publisher=BBC | work=Frances Harrison | date=11 October 2012 | accessdate=16 September 2015}}
160. ^{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8016965.stm | title=Sri Lanka: Satellite imagery of safe zone | publisher=BBC News | accessdate=16 September 2015}}
161. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20308610 | title=UN 'failed Sri Lanka civilians', says internal probe | publisher=BBC | work=Lyse Doucet | date=13 November 2012 | accessdate=16 September 2015}}
162. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/16/un-seeks-special-court-to-investigate-sri-lanka-war-atrocities | title=UN calls for Sri Lanka war crimes court to investigate atrocities | publisher=The Guardian | date=16 September 2015 | accessdate=16 September 2015}}
163. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=9905 | title=Revisiting May 2009 - Civilians walk into SL camps after thousands killed in night of shelling, surrendering LTTE leadership killed, Tamils blockade Westminster | publisher=Tamil Guardian | date=18 May 2015 | accessdate=16 September 2015}}
164. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-n-report-urges-sri-lanka-to-set-up-war-crimes-tribunal-1442410248 | title=U.N. Report Urges Sri Lanka to Set Up War Crimes Tribunal | publisher=Wall Street Journal | date=16 September 2015 | accessdate=16 September 2015}}
165. ^{{cite web | url=https://news.yahoo.com/tamil-leaders-honor-dead-sri-lankan-war-battle-114725796.html | title=Tamil leaders honor dead from Sri Lankan war at battle zone | publisher=Yahoo News | work=Krishan Francis | date=18 May 2015 | accessdate=16 September 2015}}
166. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/british-envoy-banned-in-war-without-witnesses-1609188.html | title=British envoy banned in war without witnesses | publisher=The Independent | date=14 February 2009 | accessdate=16 September 2015}}
167. ^{{cite web | url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/sri-lanka-massacred-tens-thousands-tamils-while-world-looked-away | title=Sri Lanka Massacred Tens of Thousands of Tamils While the World Looked Away | publisher=Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting | date=11 August 2015 | accessdate=16 September 2015}}
168. ^{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka's prison clash 'a massacre'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20289609|newspaper=BBC News|date=1 November 2012}}
169. ^{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka Opposition Says 27 Prisoners Died in a ‘Massacre’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/12/world/asia/sri-lanka-opposition-says-27-prisoners-died-in-a-massacre.html|newspaper=Associated Press/The New York Times|date=11 November 2012}}
170. ^{{cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Meera|title=Three killed as Sri Lankan Army clamps down on protesters|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/three-killed-as-sri-lankan-army-clamps-down-on-protesters/article4990234.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 August 2013}}
171. ^{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: Investigate 'Clean Water' Protest Deaths|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/08/09/sri-lanka-investigate-clean-water-protest-deaths|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=9 August 2013}}
172. ^{{cite news|last=Kannangara|first=Nirmala|title=The Cry For Water At Weliweriya|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2013/08/11/the-cry-for-water-at-weliweriya/|newspaper=The Sunday Leader|date=11 August 2013}}
{{Massacres}}{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}

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