1. Guide

2. Set theory
     Definition symbols    Set construction    Set operations    Set relations    Number sets    Cardinality  

3. Arithmetic
     Arithmetic operators    Equality signs    Comparison    Divisibility    Intervals    Elementary functions    Complex numbers    Mathematical constants  

4. Calculus
     Sequences and series    Functions    Limits    Asymptotic behaviour    Differential calculus    Integral calculus    Vector calculus    Topology    Functional analysis  

5. Linear algebra and geometry
     Elementary geometry    Vectors and matrices    Vector calculus    Matrix calculus    Vector spaces  

6. Algebra
     Relations    Group theory    Field theory    Ring theory  

7. Combinatorics

8. Stochastics
     Probability theory    Statistics  

9. Logic
     Operators    Quantifiers    Deduction symbols  

10. See also

11. References

12. External links

This list of mathematical symbols by subject shows a selection of the most common symbols that are used in modern mathematical notation within formulas, grouped by mathematical topic. As it is virtually impossible to list all the symbols ever used in mathematics, only those symbols which occur often in mathematics or mathematics education are included. Many of the characters are standardized, for example in DIN 1302 General mathematical symbols or DIN EN ISO 80000-2 Quantities and units – Part 2: Mathematical signs for science and technology.

The following list is largely limited to non-alphanumeric characters. It is divided by areas of mathematics and grouped within sub-regions. Some symbols have a different meaning depending on the context and appear accordingly several times in the list. Further information on the symbols and their meaning can be found in the respective linked articles.

Guide

The following information is provided for each mathematical symbol:

Symbol

The symbol as it is represented by LaTeX. If there are several typographic variants, only one of the variants is shown.

Usage

An exemplary use of the symbol in a formula. Letters here stand as a placeholder for numbers, variables or complex expressions. Different possible applications are listed separately.

Interpretation

A short textual description of the meaning of the formula in the previous column.

Article

The Wikipedia article that discusses the meaning (semantics) of the symbol.

LaTeX

The LaTeX command that creates the icon. Characters from the ASCII character set can be used directly, with a few exceptions (pound sign #, backslash \\, braces {}, and percent sign %). High-and low-position is indicated via the characters ^ and _ and is not explicitly specified.

HTML

The icon in HTML, if it is defined as a named mark. Non-named characters can be indicated in the form can &#xnnnn by specifying the Unicode code point of the next column. High-and low-position can be indicated via  and .

Unicode

The code point of the corresponding Unicode character. Some characters are combining and require the entry of additional characters. For brackets, the code points of the opening and the closing forms are specified.

Set theory

Definition symbols

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		is defined by	Definition	\\colon		U+003A
		is defined as equal to
		is defined as equivalent to

Set construction

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Empty set	Empty set	\\varnothing, \\emptyset	∅	U+2205
		Set consisting of the elements and so on	Set (mathematics)	\\{ \\}	U+007B/D
		Set of elements , that satisfy the condition		\\mid	U+007C
				\\colon	U+003A

Set operations

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Union of the sets and	Union (set theory)	\\cup	∪	U+222A
		Intersection of the sets and	Intersection (set theory)	\\cap	∩	U+2229
		Difference of sets and	Difference (set theory)	\\setminus	U+2216
		Symmetric difference of sets and	Symmetric difference	\\triangle	Δ	U+2206
		Cartesian product of sets and	Cartesian product	\\times	×	U+2A2F
		Disjoint union of sets and	Disjoint union	\\dot\\cup	U+228D
		Disjoint union of sets and		\\sqcup	U+2294
		Complement of the set	Complement (set theory)	\\mathrm{C}	U+2201
				\\overline	U+0305
		Power set of the set	Power set	\\mathcal{P}	U+1D4AB
				\\mathfrak{P}	U+1D513
				\\wp	U+2118
		This is the least upper bound, supremum, or join of all elements operated on. [1]	Infimum and supremum	\\bigvee	U+22C1

Set relations

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		is a proper subset of	Subset	\\subset	⊂	U+2282
				\\subsetneq	U+228A
		is a subset of		\\subseteq	⊆	U+2286
		is a proper superset of	Superset	\\supset	⊃	U+2283
				\\supsetneq	U+228B
		is a superset of		\\supseteq	⊇	U+2287
		Element is in the set	Element (mathematics)	\\in	∈	U+2208
				\i, \\owns	∋	U+220B
		Element is not in the set		\otin	∉	U+2209
				\ot\i	U+220C

Note: The symbols and are used inconsistently and often do not exclude the equality of the two quantities.

Number sets

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Natural numbers	Natural number	\\mathbb{N}	U+2115
		Integers	Integer	\\mathbb{Z}	U+2124
		Rational numbers	Rational number	\\mathbb{Q}	U+211A
		Algebraic numbers	Algebraic number	\\mathbb{A}	U+1D538
		Real numbers	Real number	\\mathbb{R}	U+211D
		Complex numbers	Complex number	\\mathbb{C}	U+2102
		Quaternions	Quaternion	\\mathbb{H}	U+210D

Cardinality

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Cardinality of the set	Cardinality	\\vert	U+007C
				\\#	U+0023
		Cardinality of the continuum	Cardinality of the continuum	\\mathfrak{c}	U+1D520
	, , ...	Infinite cardinals	Aleph number	\\aleph	U+2135
	, , ...	Beth numbers	Beth number	\\beth	U+2136

Arithmetic

Arithmetic operators

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		added to	Addition	+	U+002B
		subtracted from	Subtraction	-	U+2212
		multiplied by	Multiplication	\\cdot	·	U+22C5
				\\times	×	U+2A2F
		divided by	Division (mathematics)	:	U+003A
				/	⁄	U+2215
				\\div	÷	U+00F7
				\\frac	U+2044
		Negative of the number or the additive inverse of	Unary minus	-	−	U+2212
		Plus or minus	Plus or minus sign	\\pm	±	U+00B1
		Minus or plus		\\mp	U+2213
		Term is evaluated first	Bracket	( )	U+0028/9
					U+005B/D

Equality signs

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		equals	Equality (mathematics)	=	U+003D
		does not equal	Inequality (mathematics)	\eq	≠	U+2260
		is identical to	Identity (mathematics)	\\equiv	≡	U+2261
		is approximately equal to	Approximation	\\approx	≈	U+2248
		is similar to	Equivalence class	\\sim	∼	U+223C
		is proportional to	Proportionality (mathematics)	\\propto	∝	U+221D
		corresponds to	Correspondence (mathematics)	\\widehat{=}	U+2259

Comparison

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		is less than	Comparison (mathematics)	<	&lt;	U+003C
		is greater than		>	&gt;	U+003E
		is less than or equal to		\\le, \\leq	&le;	U+2264
				\\leqq	U+2266
		is greater than or equal to		\\ge, \\geq	&ge;	U+2265
				\\geqq	U+2267
		is much smaller than		\\ll	U+226A
		is much bigger than		\\gg	U+226B

Divisibility

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		divides	Divisibility	\\mid	U+2223
		does not divide		\mid	U+2224
	{{cn|date=January 2018}}	and are relatively prime	Relatively prime	\\perp	⊥	U+22A5
	{{cn|date=January 2018}}	Greatest common divisor of and	Greatest common divisor	\\sqcap	U+2293
				\\wedge	U+2227
	{{cn|date=January 2018}}	Least common multiple of and	Least common multiple	\\sqcup	U+2294
				\\vee	U+2228
		and are congruent modulo	Modular arithmetic	\\equiv	≡	U+2261

Intervals

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Closed interval between and	Interval (mathematics)	( )		U+0028/9 U+005B/D
		Open interval between and
		Right-open interval between and
		Left-open interval between and

Elementary functions

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Absolute value of	Absolute value	\\vert	U+007C
		Biggest whole number less than or equal to	Floor and ceiling functions		U+005B/D
				\\lfloor \\rfloor	⌊ ⌋	U+230A/B
		Smallest whole number greater than or equal to		\\lceil \\rceil	⌈ ⌉	U+2308/9
		Square root of	Square root	\\sqrt	√	U+221A
		-th root of	nth root
		percent	Percent	\\%	U+0025

Note: the power function is not represented by its own icon, but by the positioning of the exponent as a superscript.

Complex numbers

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Real part of complex number	Complex number	\\Re	U+211C
		Imaginary part of complex number		\\Im	U+2111
		Complex conjugate of	Complex conjugate	\\bar	U+0305
				\\ast	∗	U+002A
		Absolute value of complex number	Absolute value	\\vert	U+007C
		Argument of	Argument (complex analysis)	\\arg

Remark: real and imaginary parts of a complex number are often also denoted by and .

Mathematical constants

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Pi, or Archimedes' constant	Pi	\\pi	{{pi}}	U+03C0
{{mvar|e}} or {{math|e}}		Euler's constant	e (mathematics)	e or \\rm{e}	{{mvar>e}} or {{math|e}}	U+0065
		Golden ratio	Golden ratio	\\varphi	φ	U+03C6
{{mvar|i}} or {{math|i}}		Imaginary unit (square root of −1)	Imaginary unit	i or \\rm{i}	{{mvar>i}} or {{math|i}}	U+0069

See also: mathematical constant for symbols of additional mathematical constants.

Calculus

Sequences and series

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Sum from to or over all elements in set	Summation	\\sum	∑	U+2211
		Product from to or over all elements in set	Product (mathematics)	\\prod	∏	U+220F
		Coproduct from to or over all elements in set	Coproduct	\\coprod	U+2210
		Sequence of elements	Sequence	( )	U+0028/9
		Sequence tends to limit	Limit of a sequence	\\to	→	U+2192
		tends to infinity	Infinity	\\infty	∞	U+221E

Functions

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Function maps from set to set	Function (mathematics)	\\to	→	U+2192
		Function maps element to element		\\mapsto		U+21A6
		Image of element under function	Image (mathematics)	( )		U+0028/9
		Image of set under function
					U+005B/D
		Restriction of function to set	Restriction (mathematics)	\\vert	U+007C
		Placeholder for a variable as argument of function	Free variable	\\cdot	U+22C5
		Inverse function of	Inverse function	-1	U+207B
		Composition of functions and ;	Function composition	\\circ	∘	U+2218
		Convolution of functions and	Convolution	\\ast	∗	U+2217
		Fourier transform of function	Fourier transform	\\hat	U+0302

Limits

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Limit of function as approaches from below	Limit of a function	\\uparrow	↑	U+2191
				\earrow	U+2197
		Limit of function as approaches		\\to	→	U+2192
		Limit of function as approaches from above		\\searrow	U+2198
				\\downarrow	↓	U+2193
		Limit of a function as approaches from the right		^+	⁺	U+207A
		Limit of a function as approaches from the left		^-	⁻	U+207B

Asymptotic behaviour

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Function is asymptotically equal to function	Asymptotic analysis	\\sim	∼	U+223C
		Function grows slower than	Big O notation	o	U+006F
		Function grows not substantially faster than		\\mathcal{O}	U+1D4AA
		Function grows as fast as		\\Theta	Θ	U+0398
		Function grows not substantially slower than		\\Omega	Ω	U+03A9
		Function grows faster than		\\omega	ω	U+03C9

Differential calculus

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		First or second derivative of function	Lagrange's notation	\\prime	′	U+2032,U+2033
		Alternative notation for fourth, fifth, or sixth derivative of function		^{V}	<sup>&#8547;</sup>
		Alternative notation for fourth, fifth, or -th derivative of function		( )	<sup>( )</sup>	U+0028/9
		First or second derivative of function with respect to time (in physics)	Newton's notation	\\dot, \\ddot	U+0307
		An infinitesimally small change in	Leibniz's notation	d	d	U+0064
		Derivative of function with respect to variable
		Second derivative of function with respect to variable
		Total differential of function
		Partial derivative of function with respect to variable	Partial derivative	\\partial	&part;	U+2202

Integral calculus

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
	,	Definite integral between and or over set	Integral	\\int	∫	U+222B
		Curve integral along curve	Curve integral	\\oint	U+222E
		Surface integral over surface	Surface integral	\\iint	U+222C
		Volume integral over volume	Volume integral	\\iiint	U+222D

Vector calculus

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Gradient of function	Gradient	\abla	∇	U+2207
		Divergence of vector field	Divergence
		Curl of vector field	Curl (mathematics)
		Laplace operator of function	Laplace operator	\\Delta	Δ	U+2206
		D'Alembert operator of function	D'Alembert operator	\\square	U+25A1

Topology

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Boundary of set	Boundary (topology)	\\partial	∂	U+2202
		Interior of set	Interior (topology)	\\circ	°	U+02DA
		Closure of set	Closure (topology)	\\overline	U+0305
		Punctured neighbourhood of point	Punctured neighbourhood	\\dot	— U+0307

Functional analysis

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Topological dual space of topological vector space	Dual space	\\prime	′	U+2032
		Bidual space of normed vector space
		Completion of metric space	Complete metric space	\\hat	U+0302
		Embedding of topological vector space into	Embedding	\\hookrightarrow	U+21AA

Linear algebra and geometry

Elementary geometry

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Line segment between points and	Line segment		U+005B/D
		Length of line segment between points and		\\vert	U+007C
				\\overline	U+0305
		Vector between points and	Euclidean vector and Affine space	\\vec	U+20D7
		Angle between line segments and	Angle	\\angle	∠	U+2220
		Triangle with vertices , and	Triangle	\\triangle	U+25B3
		Quadrilateral with vertices , , and	Quadrilateral	\\square	U+25A1
		Lines and are parallel	Parallel (geometry)	\\parallel	U+2225
		Lines and are not parallel		\parallel	U+2226
		Lines and are orthogonal	Orthogonality	\\perp	⊥	U+27C2

Vectors and matrices

Symbol	Usage	Article	LaTeX
	Row vector comprising elements through	Vector (mathematics and physics)	\\begin{pmatrix} ... \\end{pmatrix} or \\left( \\begin{array}{...} ... \\end{array} \\right)
	Column vector comprising elements through
	Matrix comprising elements through	Matrix (mathematics)

Vector calculus

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Dot product of vectors and	Dot product	\\cdot	·	U+22C5
				( )	U+0028/9
				\\langle \\rangle	⟨ ⟩	U+27E8/9
		Cross product of vectors and	Cross product	\\times	×	U+2A2F
					U+005B/D
		Triple product of vectors , and	Triple product	( )	U+0028/9
		Dyadic product of vectors and	Dyadic product	\\otimes	⊗	U+2297
		Wedge product of vectors and	Wedge product	\\wedge	U+2227
		Length of vector	Euclidean norm	\\vert	U+007C
		Norm of vector	Norm (mathematics)	\\Vert, \\>	U+2016
		Normalized vector of vector	Unit vector	\\hat{}	U+0302

Matrix calculus

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Product of matrices and	Matrix multiplication	\\cdot	·	U+22C5
		Hadamard product of matrices and	Hadamard product (matrices)	\\circ	U+2218
		Hadamard division of matrices and	Hadamard product (matrices)	\\oslash	U+2298
		Kronecker product of matrices and	Kronecker product	\\otimes	⊗	U+2297
		Transposed matrix of matrix	Transposed matrix	T	U+0054
		Conjugate transpose of matrix	Conjugate transpose	H	U+0048
				\\ast	∗	U+002A
				\\dagger	†	U+2020
		Inverse matrix of matrix	Inverse matrix	-1	U+207B
		Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of matrix	Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse	+	U+002B
		Determinant of Matrix	Determinant	\\vert	U+007C
		Norm of matrix	Matrix norm	\\Vert, \\>	U+2016

Vector spaces

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Sum of vector spaces and	Direct sum of modules	+	U+002B
		Direct sum of vector spaces and		\\oplus	⊕	U+2295
		Direct product of vector spaces and	Direct product	\\times	×	U+2A2F
		Tensor product of vector spaces and	Tensor product	\\otimes	⊗	U+2297
		Quotient space of vector space by subspace	Quotient space (linear algebra)	/	⁄	U+002F
		Orthogonal complement of subspace	Orthogonal complement	\\perp	⊥	U+27C2
		Dual space of vector space	Dual space	\\ast	∗	U+002A
		Annihilator space of the set of vectors		0	U+0030
		Linear hull of the set of vectors	Linear hull	\\langle \\rangle	⟨ ⟩	U+27E8/9

Algebra

Relations

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Composition of relations and	Composition of relations	\\circ		U+2218
		Operation of elements and (general)	Operation (mathematics)
				\\bullet	•	U+2219
				\\ast	∗	U+2217
		Order relation between elements and	Order relation	\\leq	≤	U+2264
		Element is a predecessor of element	Successor ordinal	\\prec	U+227A
		Element is a successor of element		\\succ	U+227B
		Equivalence relation between elements and	Equivalence relation	\\sim	∼	U+223C
		Equivalence class of element	Equivalence class		U+005B/D
		Quotient set of set by equivalence relation	Quotient set	/	⁄	U+002F
		Inverse relation of relation	Inverse relation	-1	U+207B
		Transitive closure of relation	Transitive closure	+	U+002B
		Reflexive closure of relation	Reflexive closure	\\ast	∗	U+002A

Group theory

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Groups and are isomorphic	Group isomorphism	\\simeq	U+2243
				\\cong	≅	U+2245
		Direct product of groups and	Direct product	\\times	×	U+2A2F
		Semidirect product of groups and	Semidirect product	\\rtimes	U+22CA
		Wreath product of groups and	Wreath product	\\wr	U+2240
		is a subgroup of group	Subgroup	\\leq	≤	U+2264
		is a proper subgroup of group		\\lt	<	U+003C
		is a normal subgroup of group	Normal subgroup	\\vartriangleleft	U+22B2
		Quotient group of group by normal subgroup	Quotient group	/	⁄	U+002F
		Index of subgroup in group	Index of a subgroup	\\colon	U+003A
		Subgroup generated by set	Generating set of a group	\\langle \\rangle	⟨ ⟩	U+27E8/9
		Commutator of elements and	Commutator		U+005B/D

Field theory

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Extension of field over field	Field extension	/	⁄	U+002F
				\\mid	U+007C
				\\colon		U+003A
		Degree of field extension over	Degree of a field extension
		Algebraic closure of field	Algebraic closure	\\overline	U+0305
		Extension of a field by adding an algebraic element	Field extension, Algebraic number field	( )	U+0028/9
		Field of real or complex numbers	Field (mathematics)	\\mathbb{K}	U+1D542
		Finite field	Finite field	\\mathbb{F}	U+1D53D

Ring theory

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Group of units of ring	Group of units	\\ast	∗	U+2217
				\\times	×	U+2A2F
		is an ideal of ring (Uncommon, needs to be defined before the first use)	Ideal (ring theory)	\\vartriangleleft	U+22B2
		Quotient ring of ring by ideal	Quotient ring	/	⁄	U+002F
		Polynomial ring over ring with variable	Polynomial ring		U+005B/D
		Ring of formal power series and ring of formal Laurent series	Formal power series		U+005B/D

Combinatorics

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Number of permutations of elements	Factorial	!		U+0021
		Number of derangements of elements (permutations without fixed points)	Derangement
		Number of involutions without fixed points ( odd)	Double factorial
		Number of -combinations of elements without repetition	Combination	\\binom		U+0028/9
		Number of permutations of elements of which are identical	Multinomial coefficient
		Number of -combinations of elements with repetition	Multiset	(( ))	U+0028/9
		Rising factorial from with factors	Pochhammer symbol	\\overline	U+0305
		Falling factorial from with factors		\\underline	U+0332
		Product of all primes up to	Primorial	\\#	U+0023

Stochastics

Probability theory

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Probability of event	Probability measure	P	U+2119
		Probability of event given event	Conditional probability	\\mid	U+007C
		Expected value of the random variable	Expected value	E	U+1D53C
		Variance of the random variable	Variance	V	U+1D54D
		Standard deviation of the random variable	Standard deviation	\\sigma	σ	U+03C3
		Covariance of random variables and	Covariance
		Correlation of random variables and	Correlation	\\rho	ρ	U+03C1
		Random variable has distribution	Probability distribution	\\sim	∼	U+223C
		Random variable has distribution approximately		\\approx	≈	U+2248
		Event is independent from event	Independence (probability theory)	\\perp	⊥	U+22A5

Remark: for operators there are several notational variants; instead of round brackets also square brackets are used

Statistics

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Average of the values	Average	\\bar	U+0305
		Average over all values in the set (in physics)		\\langle \\rangle	⟨ ⟩	U+27E8/9
		Estimator for parameter	Estimator	\\hat	U+0302

Logic

Operators

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Proposition and proposition	Logical conjunction	\\land	∧	U+2227
		Proposition or proposition (or both)	Logical disjunction	\\lor	∨	U+2228
		Proposition follows from proposition and vice versa	Logical equivalence	\\Leftrightarrow	⇔	U+21D4
				\\leftrightarrow	↔	U+2194
		From proposition follows proposition	Logical consequence	\\Rightarrow	⇒	U+21D2
				\\rightarrow	→	U+2192
		Either proposition or proposition	Exclusive or	\\oplus	⊕	U+2295
				\\veebar	U+22BB
				\\dot\\lor	U+2A52
		Not proposition	Logical negation	\\lnot	¬	U+00AC
				\\bar	U+0305
		If B then A, or not B without A. It is not to be confused with the assignment operator in computer science.	Converse implication	\\leftarrow	←	U+2190

Quantifiers

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		For all elements	Universal quantification	\\forall	∀	U+2200
				\\bigwedge	U+22C0
		At least one element exists	Existential quantification	\\exists	∃	U+2203
				\\bigvee	U+22C1
		Exactly one element exists	Uniqueness quantification	\\exists!	∃!	U+2203
				\\dot\\bigvee	U+2A52
		No element exists	Existential quantification	\exists	U+2204

Deduction symbols

Symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Article	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
		Proposition can be syntactically derived from proposition	Propositional calculus, Turnstile	\\vdash	U+22A2
		Proposition follows semantically from proposition	Inference	\\models		U+22A8
		Proposition is universally true	Tautology (logic)
				\\top	U+22A4
		Proposition is contradictory	Contradiction	\\bot	⊥	U+22A5
		Proposition is true, therefore proposition is true	Deductive reasoning	\\therefore	U+2234
		Proposition is true, because is true		\\because	U+2235
		End of proof	Q.E.D.	\\blacksquare	U+220E
				\\Box	U+25A1

See also

• List of mathematical symbols
• Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
• ISO 31-11 (Mathematical signs and symbols for use in physical sciences and technology)
• Latin letters used in mathematics
• List of mathematical abbreviations
• Mathematical alphanumeric symbols
• Mathematical constants and functions
• Mathematical notation
• Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
• Notation in probability and statistics
• Physical constants
• Table of logic symbols
• Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date
• Unicode block

References

• {{citation|surname1=Tilo Arens|surname2=Frank Hettlich|surname3=Christian Karpfinger|surname4=Ulrich Kockelkorn|surname5=Klaus Lichtenegger|surname6=Hellmuth Stachel|title=Mathematik |edition=2.|publisher=Spektrum Akademischer Verlag|pages=1483ff.|isbn=3-827-42347-3|date= 2011|language=German}}
• {{citation|surname1=Wolfgang Hackbusch|title=Taschenbuch der Mathematik, Band 1 |edition=3.|publisher=Springer|pages=1275ff.|isbn=3-835-10123-4|date= 2010|language=German}}
• Deutsches Institut für Normung: DIN 1302: Allgemeine mathematische Zeichen und Begriffe, Beuth-Verlag, 1999.
• Deutsches Institut für Normung: DIN 1303: Vektoren, Matrizen, Tensoren; Zeichen und Begriffe, Beuth-Verlag, 1987.
• International Standards Organisation: DIN EN ISO 80000-2: Größen und Einheiten – Teil 2: Mathematische Zeichen für Naturwissenschaft und Technik, 2013.

External links

• {{cite web |author=Scott Pakin |title=The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List|url=http://mirrors.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf |publisher=The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN)|format=PDF; 4,4 MB |date=9 November 2009 |access-date=22 July 2013}}

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