“Shaft and chamber tomb”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A shaft and chamber tomb is a type of chamber tomb used by some ancient peoples for burial of the dead. They consist of a shaft dug into the outcrops of rock with a square or round chamber excavated at the bottom where the dead were placed. These chambers can consist of a single shaft and chamber like the Mexican tombs or sometimes quite elaborate as was built in ancient Egypt.

Shaft and chamber tombs are found at Xemxija in Malta which are Neolithic and Dayeh-va-dokhtar tombs in Fars province of Iran. They were also employed by the ancient Egyptians. The late pre-Classic and early Classic Era cultures of west Mexico (what are now the states of Colima, Nayarit, and Jalisco) used tombs of this kind and much of what little is known about these cultures is known from art objects found in these tombs. As a result, these early West Mexico cultures are sometimes referred to as the West Mexico shaft tomb culture.{{Cn|date=May 2015}}

Early Egyptian Shaft and Chamber Tombs

The first shaft and chamber tomb known to have been used by the ancient Egyptians is the mastaba tomb. This was a simple tomb with two shafts, with a square chamber at the bottom of each shaft. A much later and more elaborate example is one on the Giza plateau, the so-called "Osiris Tomb". This consists of a short shaft leading to a hall, a 40 foot shaft at the end of the hall leading to six burial chambers, and another 40 foot shaft leading down to another burial chamber. The dates for these are uncertain although stylistically two large granite sarcophagi in two of the six burial chambers appear to be from the 26th dynasty (664-525 BD).^[1]

Western Mexico and Central American Tombs

The Tombs of Western Mexico and Central America have similar tombs and in part of Ecuador and Columbia these practices were used until the 20th Century.^[2] The tombs were known for having funerary goods. looting of these tombs was not uncommon. Mexican artists took an interest in collecting these looted ceramics from these tombs and their traditions. Artists such as Frieda Kahlo and Diego Rivera.^[3] Deep-shaft-and-chamber tombs are found in western Mexico and northwestern south America. These two areas have been discovered to of been similarly designed, in regards to, the ideology, religion, form, and geographical significance. The tombs were not just a way of communicating for the living and the dead, but also, they were, grounds to store supernatural properties. Items such as conch shells and shamanistic attributes(a horn being, associated with supernatural powers) were also stored in the tombs. Shamanistic art has been identified in the Western Mexico tombs, according to the ethnohistorical accounts. Spanish writers, referred to the shamans as sorcerers.The Peruvian data claimed, that the shamans were buried along side shamanistic rites when they died. The conch shells were also manifestations of shamanistic ideals as well as practices. Evidence is provided of this as these shells were painted on the Moche V stirrup spout vessels that originated from Peru. One of the Huaca shrines, shaft tombs had a wall in the shape of a conch shell. Given that the New World shaft tombs and the Western Mexico and Central American tombs have been looted, leaves much more to learn and wonder about with these tombs and their inhabitants. Shaft tombs did not prosper in Mesoamerica, as they did in Northwestern south America. Suggesting that Northwestern South America could be the origin of these tombs.

Early Egyptian Shaft and Chamber Tombs

Western Mexico and Central American Tombs

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