| 词条 | Atlantic tripletail |
| 释义 |
| name = Atlantic Tripletail | image = Lobotes surinamensis.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/198670/0 | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Actinopterygii | ordo = Perciformes | familia = Lobotidae | genus = Lobotes | species = L. surinamensis | binomial = Lobotes surinamensis | binomial_authority = (Bloch, 1790) | synonyms =
}} The Atlantic tripletail or tripletail (Lobotes surinamensis) is a warm-water marine fish found across the tropics; it can grow to 90 cm long and weigh 18 kg. It is also known by fishermen by names like flasher or steamboat.[1] Young fishes float on their sides, often beside flotsam, and appear like a dry leaf.[2] In Indonesia, the local name is called KakapHitam/Laut or similar as Black Barramundi which is commonly consumed by its similar appearance as Lates calcalifers-Baramundi Geographical distributionThe Atlantic tripletail is the only fish in the family Lobotidae that can be found in the Atlantic Ocean. It is, however, distributed across tropical seas especially Indonesia region which is commonly found in wet market in Pontianak, West Borneo. In US waters, Atlantic tripletails are found from Massachusetts and Bermuda to Argentina, the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, from Madeira Island to the Gulf of Guinea, the eastern Pacific from Costa Rica to Peru, and the western Pacific from Japan to Fiji and Tuvalu. They are rarely found north of Chesapeake Bay. They are found on the Gulf Coast from April to October and then migrate to warmer waters during winter. In the spring, tripletails concentrate just offshore of two particular spots: Port Canaveral, Florida (March–June) and Jekyll Island, Georgia (April–July). HabitatAtlantic tripletails are found coastally in most, but not all, tropical and subtropical seas. They are semimigratorial and pelagic. Normally solitary, they have been known to form schools. They can be found in bays, sounds, and estuaries during the summer. Juveniles are usually found swimming under patches of Sargassum algae. In the Gulf of Mexico, adults are usually found in open water, but can also be found in passes, inlets, and bays near river mouths. Large adults are sometimes found near the surface over deep, open water, although always associated with floating objects. Young fishes are also often found in or near shipwrecks, beams or supports, jetties, flotsam and sea buoys. Fry are usually found in waters that exceed 84 °F (29 °C), greater than 3.3‰ salinity, and more than 230 feet (70 m) deep.[3] Tripletails are well known for their unusual behavior of floating just beneath the surface with one side exposed, mimicking a leaf or floating debris. This is thought to be a feeding strategy because of the locality of their prey items and the floating structures associated with this behavior.[4] The behavior has resulted in a rapidly increasing incidence of recreational fishermen sight-fishing for the floating tripletails, resulting in severe bag and length restrictions in Florida and Georgia to ensure future populations.[5] BiologyDistinctive featuresThe Atlantic tripletail has scales that extend onto its dorsal, anal, and caudal fins and a head profile that concaves as the fish ages. It has a compressed but deep body with a triangle-shaped head. The eyes are small, but the mouth is large. The bases of the dorsal and anal fins are scaled and the pectoral fins are shorter than the pelvic fins. The name "tripletail" is given because of the fish's three rounded fins: dorsal, caudal, and anal. ColorationJuvenile Atlantic tripletails are colored a mottled yellow, brown, and black. Adults are jet black. When it lies on its side at the surface, the tripletail is sometimes confused for a floating mangrove leaf. The juveniles have white pectoral fins and a white margin on their caudal fins. Adult tripletails have varied mottled color patterns which range from dark brown to reddish brown, often with a tint of gray. Size, age, and growthThe Atlantic tripletail grows to 35 in (89 cm) in length and weighs up to 41 lb. DietAtlantic tripletails are opportunistic eaters; they feed on a variety of foods, mostly small finfish such as gulf menhaden, Atlantic bumpers, and anchovies. They also feed on invertebrates such as blue crabs and brown shrimp, as well as other benthic crustaceans. ReproductionSpawning primarily occurs in the summer along both the Atlantic and the U. Gulf of Mexico coasts, with peaks during July and August. Large congregations of tripletails during the summer months in the inshore and nearshore waters of coastal Georgia suggest this area is a critical estuarian spawning habitat for the species. Larval Atlantic tripletails go through four levels of development; preflexion, flexion, postflexion, and transformation. By the time the larvae reach 0.16 in (4 mm), they have large eyes and concave heads. The larval forms of Atlantic tripletails resemble those of boarfishes, some jacks, spadefishes, and bass. PredatorsAtlantic tripletails do not have many predators, but the main ones are sharks and larger teleosts. ParasitesParasites of the tripletail include the copepods Anuretes heckelii which affects the branchial cavities, Lernanthropus pupa which affects the gill filaments, and Scianophilus tenius. Importance to humansA few tons of Atlantic tripletails are fished commercially on the east and west coasts of Florida, and marketed fresh, frozen, or salted. They are mainly caught using haul seines, gill nets, and line gear. They are common in driftnet catches of tuna along the edge of the continental shelf. This fish is targeted by recreational anglers for its delicious flesh. ConservationThe Atlantic tripletail is not listed as endangered or vulnerable with the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Both Florida and Georgia have a bag limit of two fish per day for recreational fishing. In Florida, the minimum length is 15 in;[6] in Georgia, 18 in.[5] References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=1077|title=Fishbase}} 2. ^{{cite journal|title=The Triple-Tail, Lobotes surinamensis, Its Names, Occurrence on our Coasts and Its Natural History|author=Gudger, EW|journal= The American Naturalist| volume=65| issue=696| year=1931| pages = 49–69| doi=10.1086/280346}} 3. ^{{cite journal|url=http://fishbull.noaa.gov/921/ditty.pdf|title=Larval development of tripletail Lobotes surinamensis (Pisces: Lobotidae), and their spatial and temporal distribution in the northern Gulf of Mexico|author=Ditty, James G & R F Shaw| journal= Fishery Bulletin|volume =92|year=1993| pages=33–45}} 4. ^{{cite journal|title= On the Behavior of Young Lobotes surinamensis| author=Breder Jr., CM|journal=Copeia| year=1949| issue=4| pages=237–242|doi=10.2307/1438372 }} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://crd.dnr.state.ga.us/assets/documents/marfish/tripletaildraftfmp1.pdf |title=Welcome to Georgia’s Coastal Resources Division Web Site | Coastal Resources Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources |publisher=Crd.dnr.state.ga.us |accessdate=8 June 2012 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 6. ^{{cite web|author=CyberAngler |url=http://www.cyberangler.com/articles/fishing_regulations.html |title=Florida Saltwater Fishing Regulations: Florida Saltwater Fishing Bag Limits: Florida Saltwater Fishing |publisher=Cyberangler.com |accessdate= 8 June 2012}} External links
5 : Fish of the Atlantic Ocean|Lobotidae|Fish of the Red Sea|Fish of the Indian Ocean|Fish described in 1790 |
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