“List of multimedia franchises”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A multimedia franchise (or a transmedia franchise) is a media franchise for which installments exist in multiple forms of media, such as animes, books, cartoons, comic books, films, mangas, television series, and video games. Multimedia franchises usually develop due to the popularization of an original creative work, and then its expansion to other media through licensing agreements, with respect to intellectual property in the franchise's characters and settings,^[1] although the trend later developed wherein franchises would be launched in multiple forms of media simultaneously.^[2]

In order to qualify for this list, a franchise must have works in at least three forms of media, and must have two or more separate works in at least two of those forms of media (a television series or comic book series is considered a single work for purposes of this list; multiple spin-off series or reboots of a previously ended series are considered multiple works). For example, a television series that spawned one film and one novelization would not qualify; a television series that had a spin-off series, or was remade as a new series, and which spawned two films and one novelization does qualify. This list does not include public domain works from which adaptations have been made in multiple media, but which do not involve licensing or other means by which an author or owner controls the franchise. A franchise may be included if it obtained multimedia franchise status prior to works within the collection entering the public domain.

Note: In the following table, the initial media through which the franchise characters or settings became known is shown in boldface. Only works of fiction are only considered part of the series; a book or a documentary film about the franchise is not itself an installment in the franchise.

Franchises originating in literary works

These franchises began as novels, short stories, and other forms of purely literary works.

Franchises originating in comic books, light novels, manga, and printed cartoons

Franchises originating in television series

Franchises originating in films

Franchises originating in video games

Including film and/or television works

Not including film and/or television works

Franchises originating in board games, card games, table-top games, and role-playing games

Franchises originating in toys, attractions and other media

See also

References

1. ^See, e.g., Barry Langford, Post-classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945, p. 207, {{ISBN|074863858X}}: "For the studios, a home-run is a film from which a multimedia 'franchise' can be generated; the colossally expensive creation of cross-media conglomerates predicated on synergistic rewards provides an obvious imperative to develop such products".
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹Harry J. Brown, Videogames and Education (2008), p. 41, {{ISBN|0765629496}}:{{quote|In one of the most celebrated ventures in media convergence, Larry and Andy Wachowski, creators of The Matrix trilogy, produced the game Enter the Matrix (2003) simultaneously with the last two films of the trilogy, shooting scenes for the game on the movie's sets with the movie s actors, and releasing the game on the same day as The Matrix: Reloaded. Likewise, on September 21, 2004, Lucasfilm jointly released a new DVD box set of the original Star Wars trilogy with Star Wars: Battlefront, a combat game in which players can reenact battles from all six Star Wars films. In 2005, Peter Jackson likewise produced his blockbuster film King Kong (2005) in tandem with a successful King Kong game designed by Michael Ancel and published by Ubisoft. In the last several years, numerous licensed videogame adaptations of major summer and holiday blockbusters were released a few days before or a few days after their respective films, including: all three Star Wars films (1999–2005); all five Harry Potter films (2001–2008); all three Spider-Man films (2002–2007); Hulk (2002); The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002); The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003); The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (2005); Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006); Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007); and Transformers (2007). These multimedia franchises have made it more difficult to distinguish the production of films and videogames as separate enterprises.}}
3. ^Nick Hunter, Popular Culture: 2000 and Beyond (2012), page 11, {{ISBN|1410946266}}: "The Harry Potter series was another huge multimedia franchise that triumphed at the box office".
4. ^John Sutherland, Lives of the Novelists: A History of Fiction in 294 Lives (2012), p. 195, {{ISBN|0300182430}}: "It was the films, beginning with Dr No in 1962, which made Bond into a multimedia franchise which continues to turn over more money per annum than any other literary creation of the twentieth century, with the possible exception of the Harry Potter films".
5. ^¹²Note: Alien vs. Predator is a crossover franchise established from the existing Alien and Predator franchises
6. ^Ian Gordon, Mark Jancovich, Matthew P. McAllister, Film and Comic Books (2007), p. 161, {{ISBN|160473809X}}: "[W]hen considering Superman as a multimedia franchise, and critical interpretations of him, it would seem that development and variety have been central to his longevity".
7. ^Miles Booy, Love and Monsters: The Doctor Who Experience, 1979 to the Present (2012), p. 155, {{ISBN|184885479X}}: "If treating the programme as a multimedia franchise – and at this point it becomes hard to think of it as anything else – is a good thing, then this was the point where the BBC began to connect the dots".
8. ^Mark Clark, Star Trek FAQ: Everything Left to Know about the First Voyages of the Starship Enterprise (2012), p. 1, {{ISBN|1557839638}}: "Star Trek, which once struggled to survive from one season to the next, has become immortal—and, beyond that, inescapable. The series, and the multimedia franchise that grew from it, is now woven inextricably into the fabric of America and the world".
9. ^http://www.barnesandnoble.com/s/?dref=1546%2C1607%2C1783&series_id=350670
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.comicvine.com/winx-club-magazine/4050-34733/|title=Winx Club Magazine (Volume) - Comic Vine|work=comicvine.com}}
11. ^https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3885932/
12. ^http://deadline.com/2014/09/winx-club-wow-spinoff-series-netflix-841008/
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.parkworld-online.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1990/Rainbow_MagicLand_opens_in_Rome.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-10-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321053825/http://www.parkworld-online.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1990/Rainbow_MagicLand_opens_in_Rome.html |archivedate=2014-03-21 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/bhp/winx-club-dolls-mattel|title=Winx Club Dolls Mattel - eBay|work=eBay}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ebay.co.uk/bhp/winx-club-cd |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-03-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321071229/http://www.ebay.co.uk/bhp/winx-club-cd |archivedate=2014-03-21 |df= }}
16. ^Note: The Ghostbusters franchise beginning with the 1984 film is unrelated to the 1975 TV series, The Ghost Busters, and its spin-off, the 1986 Ghostbusters animated series.
17. ^Lincoln Geraghty, American Science Fiction Film and Television (2009), p. 94, {{ISBN|1845207963}}: Multiple readings of the film are plentiful and highlight the polysemic nature of the text and subsequent multimedia franchise".
18. ^Roger Parry, The Ascent of Media: From Gilgamesh to Google Via Gutenberg (2011), p. 317, {{ISBN|1857885708}}: "Along with associated feature films, comic books, and character merchandise, Mario has become a hugely valuable global multimedia franchise".
19. ^Marc DiPaolo, War, Politics and Superheroes: Ethics and Propaganda in Comics and Film (2011), p. 39, {{ISBN|0786485795}}: "The multimedia franchise is bolstered by the imaginations of the Transformers fans that imbue the flimsy material with their own potent fantasies of family cars and household devices turning into robots".