词条 | 1968 Summer Olympics | |||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| image = 1968 Mexico emblem.svg | caption = Logo for the 1968 Summer Olympics, designed by Lance Wyman | host_city = Mexico City, Mexico | nations = 112 | athletes = 5,516 (4,735 men, 781 women) | events = 172 in 18 sports (24 disciplines) | opening = 12 October | closing = 27 October | opened_by = President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz[1] | cauldron = Enriqueta Basilio[1] | stadium = Estadio Olímpico Universitario | summer_prev = Tokyo 1964 | summer_next = Munich 1972 | winter_prev = Grenoble 1968 | winter_next = Sapporo 1972 }} The 1968 Summer Olympics (Spanish: Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1968), officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Mexico City, Mexico, from October 12th to the 27th. These were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Latin America and the first to be staged in a Spanish-speaking country. They were the first Games to use an all-weather (smooth) track for track and field events instead of the traditional cinder track. The 1968 Games were the third to be held in the last quarter of the year, after the 1956 Games in Melbourne and the 1964 Games in Tokyo. The Mexican Student Movement of 1968 happened concurrently and the Olympic Games were correlated to the government's repression. Host city selectionOn October 18, 1963, at the 60th IOC Session in Baden-Baden, West Germany, Mexico City finished ahead of bids from Detroit, Buenos Aires and Lyon to host the Games.[2]
Olympic torch relayThe 1968 torch relay recreated the route taken by Christopher Columbus to the New World, journeying from Greece through Italy and Spain to San Salvador Island, Bahamas, and then on to Mexico.[4] American sculptor James Metcalf, an expatriate in Mexico, won the commission to forge the Olympic torch for the 1968 Summer Games.[5] Highlights
ControversiesSouth Africa{{Main|Apartheid South Africa and the Olympics#1965–68}}South Africa was provisionally invited to the Games, on the understanding that all segregation and discrimination in sport would be eliminated by the 1972 Games. However, African countries and African American athletes promised to boycott the Games if South Africa was present, and Eastern Bloc countries threatened to do likewise. In April 1968 the IOC conceded that "it would be most unwise for South Africa to participate".[19] Tlatelolco massacre{{Main|Tlatelolco massacre}}Responding to growing social unrest and protests, the government of Mexico had increased economic and political suppression, against labor unions in particular, in the decade building up to the Olympics. A series of protest marches in the city in August gathered significant attendance, with an estimated 500,000 taking part on August 27. President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz ordered the occupation{{by whom|date=February 2015}} of the National Autonomous University of Mexico in September, but protests continued. Using the prominence brought by the Olympics, students gathered in Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco to call for greater civil and democratic rights and showed disdain for the Olympics with slogans such as ¡No queremos olimpiadas, queremos revolución! ("We don't want Olympics, we want revolution!").[20][21] Ten days before the start of the Olympics, the government ordered the gathering in Plaza de las Tres Culturas to be broken up. Some 5000 soldiers and 200 tankettes surrounded the plaza. Hundreds of protesters and civilians were killed and over 1000 were arrested. At the time, the event was portrayed in the national media as the military suppression of a violent student uprising, but later analysis indicates that the gathering was peaceful prior to the army's advance.[22][23][24] Black Power salute{{Main|1968 Olympics Black Power salute}}On October 16, 1968, African American sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos, the gold and bronze medalists in the men's 200-meter race, took their places on the podium for the medal ceremony wearing black socks without shoes and civil rights badges, lowered their heads and each defiantly raised a black-gloved fist as the Star Spangled Banner was played, in solidarity with the Black Freedom Movement in the United States. Both were members of the Olympic Project for Human Rights. International Olympic Committee (IOC) president Avery Brundage deemed it to be a domestic political statement unfit for the apolitical, international forum the Olympic Games were intended to be. In response to their actions, he ordered Smith and Carlos suspended from the US team and banned from the Olympic Village. When the US Olympic Committee refused, Brundage threatened to ban the entire US track team. This threat led to the expulsion of the two athletes from the Games.[25] Peter Norman, the Australian sprinter who came second in the 200 m race, also wore an Olympic Project for Human Rights badge during the medal ceremony. Norman was the one who suggested that Carlos and Smith wear one glove each. His actions resulted in him being ostracized by Australian media[26] and a reprimand by his country's Olympic authorities. He was not sent to the 1972 games, despite several times making the qualifying time,[27] though opinion differ over whether that was due to the 1968 protest.[28] When Australia hosted the 2000 Summer Olympics, he had no part in the opening ceremony, though the significance of that is also debated.[28] In 2006, after Norman died of a heart attack, Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at Norman's funeral.[29]Věra ČáslavskáIn another notable incident in the gymnastics competition, while standing on the medal podium after the balance beam event final, in which Natalia Kuchinskaya of the Soviet Union had controversially taken the gold, Czechoslovakian gymnast Věra Čáslavská quietly turned her head down and away during the playing of the Soviet national anthem. The action was Čáslavská's silent protest against the recent Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. Her protest was repeated when she accepted her medal for her floor exercise routine when the judges changed the preliminary scores of the Soviet Larisa Petrik to allow her to tie with Čáslavská for the gold. While Čáslavská's countrymen supported her actions and her outspoken opposition to Communism (she had publicly signed and supported Ludvik Vaculik's "Two Thousand Words" manifesto), the new regime responded by banning her from both sporting events and international travel for many years and made her an outcast from society until the fall of communism. Venues{{Main|Venues of the 1968 Summer Olympics}}
SportsThe 1968 Summer Olympic program featured 172 events in the following 18 sports: {{div col|colwidth=17em}}
Demonstration sports
The organizers declined to hold a judo tournament at the Olympics, even though it had been a full-medal sport four years earlier. This was the last time judo was not included in the Olympic games. Participating National Olympic CommitteesEast Germany and West Germany competed as separate entities for the first time in at a Summer Olympiad, and would remain so through 1988. Barbados competed for the first time as an independent country. Also competing for the first time in a Summer Olympiad were British Honduras (now Belize), Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (as Congo-Kinshasa), El Salvador, Guinea, Honduras, Kuwait, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Sierra Leone, and the United States Virgin Islands. Singapore returned to the Games as an independent country after competing as part of the Malaysian team in 1964. Suriname and Libya actually competed for the first time (in 1960 and 1964, respectively, they took part in the Opening Ceremony, but their athletes withdrew from the competition.) {{clear}}
CalendarAll dates are in Central Time Zone (UTC-6){{1968 Summer Olympics calendar}} Boycotting countriesNorth Korea withdrew from the 1968 Games because of two incidents that strained its relations with the IOC. First, the IOC had barred North Korean track and field athletes from the 1968 Games because they had participated in the rival Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) in 1966. Secondly, the IOC had ordered the nation to compete under the name "North Korea" in the 1968 Games, whereas the country itself would have preferred its official name: "Democratic People's Republic of Korea".[30]Medal count{{Main|1968 Summer Olympics medal table}}These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1968 Games. Host Mexico won 9 medals in total. {{Medals table| caption = | host = | show_limit = | remaining_text = | flag_template = flagIOC | event = 1968 Summer | team = | gold_USA = 45 | silver_USA = 28 | bronze_USA = 34 | gold_URS = 29 | silver_URS = 32 | bronze_URS = 30 | gold_JPN = 11 | silver_JPN = 7 | bronze_JPN = 7 | gold_HUN = 10 | silver_HUN = 10 | bronze_HUN = 12 | gold_GDR = 9 | silver_GDR = 9 | bronze_GDR = 7 | gold_FRA = 7 | silver_FRA = 3 | bronze_FRA = 5 | gold_TCH = 7 | silver_TCH = 2 | bronze_TCH = 4 | gold_FRG = 5 | silver_FRG = 11 | bronze_FRG = 10 | gold_AUS = 5 | silver_AUS = 7 | bronze_AUS = 5 | gold_GBR = 5 | silver_GBR = 5 | bronze_GBR = 3 }} See also{{IOC seealso|games=1968 Summer Olympics }}
References1. ^1 {{cite press release |title=Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|dead-url=no |publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}} 2. ^IOC Vote History 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesbids.com/english/archives/past.shtml |title=Past Olympic host city election results |publisher=GamesBids |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xFvf0ufx?url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/past.html |archivedate=17 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/mexico-1968|title=Mexico 1968 Summer Olympics - results & video highlights|date=2018-12-18|website=International Olympic Committee|language=en|access-date=2019-01-19}} 5. ^{{cite news|first=Adrian|last=Dannatt|title=James Metcalf: US sculptor who led a community of artists and artisans in Mexico |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/james-metcalf-us-sculptor-who-led-a-community-of-artists-and-artisans-in-mexico-6988891.html |work=The Independent |publisher=|date=2012-02-17 |accessdate=2012-02-25}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1018.html|title=2 Black Power Advocates Ousted From Olympics|website=archive.nytimes.com|access-date=2018-06-04}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/04/24/sport/olympics-norman-black-power/index.html|title=The third man: The forgotten Black Power hero - CNN|last=CNN|first=By James Montague,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-06-04}} 8. ^{{Citation|last=George Foreman|title=George Foreman vs Ionas Chepulis (1968 Gold medal boxing match)|date=2011-11-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iswHPKP5sEU|accessdate=2018-06-04}} 9. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kh97OBEUTn4C&pg=PA23&q=3M%20tartan%20surface%20olympics%201968|title=Historical Dictionary of Track and Field|last=Matthews|first=Peter|date=2012-03-22|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810879850|language=en}} 10. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kh97OBEUTn4C|title=Historical Dictionary of Track and Field|last=Matthews|first=Peter|date=2012-03-22|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810879850|language=en}} 11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/sports/othersports/02oerter.html|title=Al Oerter, Olympic Discus Champion, Is Dead at 71|last=Litsky|first=Frank|date=2 October 2007|work=|access-date=25 January 2017|via=Proquest Newspapers}} 12. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=V36zXZm2bJ4C&pg=PA333&dq=Fosbury+%22mexico+city%22#v=onepage&q=Fosbury%20%22mexico%20city%22 The Sports of the Times: A Day-by-Day Selection of the Most Important, Thrilling and Inspired Events of the Past 150 Years], edited by William Taaffe, David Fischer, New York, N.Y, U.S.: New York Times and St. Martin's Press, 2003, "October 20, 1968: Fearless Fosbury Flops to Glory," Joseph Durso, page 333. 13. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.olympic.org/mexico-1968/swimming|title=Mexico 1968 Swimming - Results & Videos|date=2016-09-08|newspaper=International Olympic Committee|access-date=2017-02-13|language=en}} 14. ^{{Cite web |url=https://hub.olympic.org/news/tanzanias-most-inspirational-athlete/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001035332/https://hub.olympic.org/news/tanzanias-most-inspirational-athlete/ |archive-date=2016-10-01 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 15. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.olympic.org/count-jacques-rogge|title=Count Jacques ROGGE - Comité Olympique et Interfédéral Belge, IOC Member since 1991|date=2017-01-17|newspaper=International Olympic Committee|language=en|access-date=2017-01-19}} 16. ^The Complete Book of the Olympics, 2012 edition, David Wallechinsky, Jaime Loucky, London, England, UK: Aurum Press Ltd, 2012, "Track & Field (Men): 1500 Meters," page 108. 17. ^Keino Reflects on Legendary Race: Now 63 and an IOC member, ever-humble Kenyan takes a lap around Mexico City track where he ran memorable 1,500, Los Angeles Times, Alan Abrahamson, Nov. 28, 2002. 18. ^Guinness World Records - First summer Olympic Games to be televised in colour 19. ^{{cite book |last=Espy |first=Richard |title=The Politics of the Olympic Games: With an Epilogue, 1976-1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEA_Ss_2wK0C&pg=PA125 |pages=125–8 |accessdate=16 June 2013 |year=1981 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520043954 }} 20. ^México 1968: Las Olimpiadas 10 días después de la matanza {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704085632/http://www.adnpolitico.com/2012/2012/08/07/mexico-1968-las-olimpiadas-10-dias-despues-de-la-matanza |date=2013-07-04 }}. ADN Politico (2012-08-08). Retrieved on 2013-07-03. 21. ^1968: Student riots threaten Mexico Olympics. BBC Sport. Retrieved on 2013-07-03. 22. ^Werner, Michael S., ed. Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture. Vol. 2 Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997. 23. ^Mexican students protest for greater democracy, 1968. Global Non-Violent Action Database. Retrieved on 2013-07-03. 24. ^The Dead of Tlatelolco. The National Security Archive. Retrieved on 2013-07-03. 25. ^On This Day: Tommie Smith and John Carlos Give Black Power Salute on Olympic Podium. Findingdulcinea.com. Retrieved on 13 June 2015. 26. ^{{cite news |first=Mike|last=Wise|title=Clenched fists, helping hand|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/04/AR2006100401753_2.html|work=The Washington Post|date=5 October 2006|accessdate=9 November 2008}} 27. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7674157.stm |publisher=BBC | title=The other man on the podium | accessdate=9 November 2008 | date=17 October 2008| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020092915/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7674157.stm | archivedate=October 20, 2008| first=Caroline | last=Frost}} 28. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Messenger|first1=Robert|title=Leigh sprints into wrong lane over Norman|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/leigh-sprints-into-wrong-lane-over-norman-20120823-24oug.html|accessdate=12 November 2015|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=24 August 2012}} 29. ^{{cite news |first=Martin|last=Flanagan|authorlink=Martin Flanagan (journalist)|title=Olympic protest heroes praise Norman's courage|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/sport/olympic-protest-heroes-praise-normans-courage/2006/10/09/1160246069969.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=6 October 2006|accessdate=9 November 2008}} 30. ^{{cite book|last1=Grasso|first1=John|last2=Mallon|first2=Bill|last3=Heijmans|first3=Jeroen|title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA316|edition=5th|year=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=Lanham|isbn=978-1-4422-4860-1|page=316|chapter=Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (North Korea) (PRK)}} External links{{Commons category|1968 Summer Olympics}}
Mexico City|years=XIX Olympiad (1968)}}{{s-aft|after=Munich}}{{S-end}}{{Olympic Games}}{{Nations at the 1968 Summer Olympics}}{{EventsAt1968SummerOlympics}}{{1968 Summer Olympic venues}}{{Authority control}}{{Portal bar|Olympics|1960s|Mexico}} 8 : 1968 Summer Olympics|1968 in Mexican sports|Sports competitions in Mexico City|Olympic Games in Mexico|1968 in multi-sport events|Summer Olympics by year|1960s in Mexico City|October 1968 sports events |
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