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词条 List of nearest exoplanets
释义

  1. Exoplanets within 10 parsecs

     Excluded objects 

  2. Statistics

     Planetary systems  Exoplanets 

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

  6. External links

There are {{Extrasolar planet counts|planet_count}} known exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system that orbit a star, as of {{Extrasolar planet counts|asof|mdy}}; only a small fraction of these are located in the vicinity of the Solar System.[2] Within {{convert|10|pc|ly|lk=on|1|abbr=off}}, there are 57 exoplanets listed as confirmed by the NASA Exoplanet Archive.{{ref label|A|a|none}}[3] Among the over 400 known stars within 10 parsecs,{{ref label|B|b|none}}[3] 30 have been confirmed to have planetary systems; 51 stars in this range are visible to the naked eye,{{ref label|C|c|none}}[4] nine of which have planetary systems.

The first report of an exoplanet within this range was in 1998 for a planet orbiting around Gliese 876 (15.3 light-years (ly) away), and the latest as of 2017 is one around Ross 128 (11 ly). The closest exoplanet found is Proxima Centauri b, which was confirmed in 2016 to orbit Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Solar System (4.25 ly). HD 219134 (21.6 ly) has six exoplanets, the highest number discovered for any star within this range. A planet around Fomalhaut (25 ly) was, in 2008, the first planet to be directly imaged.[5]

Most known nearby exoplanets orbit close to their star and have highly eccentric orbits. A majority are significantly larger than Earth, but a few have similar masses, including two planets (around YZ Ceti, 12 ly) which may be less massive than Earth. Several confirmed exoplanets are hypothesized to be potentially habitable, with Proxima Centauri b and three around Gliese 667 C (23.6 ly) considered the most likely candidates.[7] The International Astronomical Union took a public survey in 2015 about renaming some known extrasolar bodies, including the planets around Epsilon Eridani (10.5 ly) and Fomalhaut.{{ref label|D|d|none}}[6]

Exoplanets within 10 parsecs

Key to colors
°Mercury, Earth and Jupiter (for comparison purposes)
#Confirmed multiplanetary systems
↑Exoplanets believed to be potentially habitable[7]
Confirmed exoplanets[7]
Host star systemCompanion exoplanet (in order from star)Notes and additional planetary observations
NameDistance
(ly)
Apparent
magnitude
(V)		Mass
({{Solar mass|link=y)
Label
{{ref label|E|e|none		Mass
({{Earth mass|link=y){{ref label|F|f|none
Radius
({{Earth radius|link=y)
Semi-major axis
(AU)
Orbital period
(days)
Eccentricity
Inclination
(°)
Discovery year
Sun°0{{sort|-26|−26.7}}1{{sort>b0|Mercury}}{{sort>0.055 |0.055}} 0.3829 0.387 {{sort>0088|88.0 }} 0.205 — 1|—}}—
{{sort>d0|Earth}}{{sort>1|1}} 1 1 {{sort>0365|365.3}} 0.0167 — 0|—}}
{{sort>f0|Jupiter}}{{sort>99317.8|317.8}}{{sort>10.9|10.973}} 5.20 {{sort>4333|4,333}} 0.0488 — 1|—}}
Proxima Centauri 4.2441 11.13 0.123b↑{{sort|1.27|>1.3}}{{sort|1.1|~1.1}}0.0485{{sort|00112|11.2}}{{sort|0.34|<0.35}}—2016 [8][7]
Barnard's Star 5.958 9.511 0.144 b >3.2 — 0.404 232.8 0.32 — 2018 [9]
Epsilon Eridani 10.446 0373|3.73}} 0.83{{sort>b0|AEgir}}99493|500}} — 3.39 2500|2,500}} 0.70 ~25? 2000 1 inferred planet and a disc[10][11]
Ross 128 11.007 11.1 0.168b↑{{sort|1.4|>1.4}}{{sort|1.2|~1.2}}0.0496{{sort|0009.87|9.87}}0.12—2017 [12]
Tau Ceti#11.753{{sort|035|3.50}}0.78g|g}}1.75 |>1.7}} — 0.133 0020|20.0}} 0.06 — 20172 retracted and 1 candidate
[13][14][7][15][16][17]
h|h}}1.83 |>1.8}} — 0.243 0049|49.4}} 0.23 — 2017
e|e}}↑3.93 |>3.9}}1.6|~1.6}} 0.538 0163|163}} 0.18 — 2017
f|f}}3.93 |>3.9}} — 1.33 0636|640}} 0.16 — 2017
YZ Ceti#12.10812.10.130 b 0.75|>0.75}} — 0.0156 000197|1.97}} 0.0 — 20171 candidate
[18][19]
c 0.98|>0.98}} — 0.0209 0003.06|3.06}} 0.04 — 2017
d 1.14|>1.1}} — 0.0276 000466|4.66}} 0.13 — 2017
Luyten's Star#12.19911.940.29 c 1.18|>1.2}} — 0.0365 000472|4.72}} 0.17 — 2017[7][20]
b↑ 2.89|>2.9}}1.4|~1.4}} 0.091 0018.6|18.6}} 0.10 — 2017
Kapteyn's Star 12.829 088|8.8}} 0.28c|c}}7.0|>7}} — 0.311 0122|122}} 0.23 — 2014 1 candidate[21][22]
Wolf 1061#14.046{{sort|101|10.1}}0.25b|b}}1.91|>1.9}} — 0.0375 00049|4.89}} 0.15 — 2015[7][23]
c|c}}↑3.41|>3.4}}1.5|~1.5}} 0.0890 0018| 17.9}} 0.11 — 2015
d|d}}7.70 |>8}} — 0.470 0217|217}} 0.55 — 2015
Gliese 674 14.839 0938|9.38}}0.35 b 911.09|>11}}12.4|12.4}} 0.039 00047|4.69}} 0.20 — 2007[24][25]
Gliese 687 14.840 0915|9.15}}0.41 b 918.4|>18}} — 0.164 0038|38.1}} 0.04 — 2014[26]
Gliese 876#15.250{{sort|102|10.2}}0.33 d 6.8 — 0.0208 000194|1.94}} 0.21 59 2005[27]
c 99227|230}} — 0.130 0030|30.1}} 0.256 59 2000
b 99723|720}} — 0.208 0061|61.1}} 0.032 59 1998
e 914.6|15}} — 0.334 0125|124}} 0.055 59 2010
Gliese 832#16.194{{sort|086|8.67}}0.45{{sort|c|c}}↑{{sort|5.4|>5.4}}{{sort|1.7|~1.7}}0.163{{sort|0036|35.7}}0.18—2014[7][28]
b 99216|>220}} — 3.56 3657|3,700}} 0.08 — 2008
40 Eridani A 16.386 044|4.4}}0.84 Ab 8.47|>8.5}} — 0.224 0042|42.4}} 0.04 ~72? 2018[29]
LHS 1723#17.53312.20.164b↑{{sort|2.02|>2.0}}{{sort|1.3|~1.3}}0.0328{{sort|0005.36|5.36}}{{sort|0.23|0.2}}—2017[30]
c 2.31|>2.3}} — 0.126 0040.5|40.5}}0.17|0.2}} — 2017
Gliese 251 18.204 0965|9.65}}0.372 b 4.4|>4.4}} — 0.0204 0001.7447|1.74}}0.15|~0.15}} — 2017 [31]
Gliese 752 A 19.286 0913|9.13}}0.46 Ab 12.2|>12.2}} — 0.336 0105.9|106}} 0.16 — 2018 [32]
82 G. Eridani#19.582{{sort|0426|4.26}}0.85 b 2.7|>2.7}} — 0.121 0018|18.3}}0|~0}} — 20112 candidates
[33][34][35]
c 2.4 |>2.4}} — 0.204 0040|40.1}}0|~0}} — 2011
d 4.8 |>4.8}} — 0.350 0090.3|90}}0|~0}} — 2011
e 4.77|>4.8}} — 0.509 0147|147}}0.29| 0.29}} — 2017
Gliese 581#20.545{{sort|105.5|10.5}}0.31 e 1.7|>1.7}} — 0.0282 00032|3.15}} 0.0 ~45? 20092 disputed candidates and a disc
[36][37][38][39]
b 915.8|>16}} — 0.0406 00054|5.37}} 0.0 ~45? 2005
c 5.5|>5.5}} — 0.072 0013|12.9}} 0.0 ~45? 2007
Gliese 625 21.114 10.2 0.30 b 2.82|>2.8}} — 0.0784 0014.6|14.6}}0.13|~0.1}} — 2017 [40]
HD 219134#21.306{{sort|0557|5.57}}0.78 b 4.74|4.7}} 1.60 0.0388 00031|3.09}}0|~0}} 85 20151 candidate, 2 dubious planets
[41][42]
c|c}}4.36 | 4.4}} 1.51 0.065 00068|6.77}}0.0620 |0.062}} 87 2015
d|d}}916.2|>16}}1.62|>1.61}} 0.235 0047|46.9}}0.138 | 0.138}} ~87? 2015
h|h}}99108|>110}} — 3.11 2247|2,200}}0.06 | 0.06}} ~87? 2015
Gliese 667#23.632{{sort|102.2|10.2}}0.33b3|Cb}}5.6 |>5.6}} — 0.051 00072|7.20}}0.13|~0.1}} ~52? 20095 dubious candidates
[43][7][44][45]
c3|Cc}}↑3.8 |>3.8}}1.5|~1.5}} 0.125 0028|28.1}} 0.02 ~52? 2011
Fomalhaut 25.126 0116|1.16}} 1.92{{sort>b0|Dagon}}99826.3|~800}} 13.5 99|160}}599996|560,000}}0.87|~0.9}} 55 2008 multiple discs[46][47]
Gliese 686 26.612 0958|9.58}} 0.42 b 997.1|>7.1}} — 0.091 0015.5|15.5}} 0.05 — 2019 [48]
61 Virginis#27.741{{sort|0474|4.74}}0.95 b 5.1|>5.1}} — 0.0502 00042|4.22}}0.12|~0.1}} ~77? 2009a debris disc
[49]
c 918.2 |>18}} — 0.218 0038|38.0}} 0.14 ~77? 2009
d 922.9 |>23}} — 0.476 0123|123}} 0.35 ~77? 2009
HD 192310#28.699{{sort|0613|6.13}}0.78 b 916.9 |>17}} — 0.32 0074.7|75}} 0.13 — 2010[50]
c 924|>24}} — 1.18 0526|530}}0.32|~0.3}} — 2011
Gliese 84928.711{{sort|104.2|10.4}}0.49 b 99290 |>290}} — 2.39 1924 | 1,880}} 0.038 — 2006[51]
c 99300 |>300}} — 4.82 5520 | 5,520}} 0.087 — 2006
Gliese 43329.572{{sort|0979|9.79}}0.48 b 95.79 |>5.8}} — 0.060 00074|7.37}} 0.08 — 2009[52]
c 944.52 |>45}} — 3.6 03693|3,690}} 0.17 — 2012
HD 102365 30.374 0489|4.89}} 0.85 b 916.0 |>16}} — 0.46 0122|122}} 0.34 — 2010[53]
Gliese 176 30.879 1010|10.1}} 0.45 b 99.066 |>9.1}} — 0.066 0009|8.78}} 0.15 — 2007 1 dubious planet[54][55]

Excluded objects

Unlike for bodies within our Solar System, there is no clearly established method for officially recognizing an exoplanet. According to the International Astronomical Union, an exoplanet should be considered confirmed if it has not been disputed for five years after its discovery.[56] There have been examples where the existence of exoplanets has been proposed, but even after follow-up studies their existence is still considered doubtful by some astronomers. Such cases include: Alpha Centauri (4.36 ly, two in 2012[57] and 2013[58]), Lalande 21185 (8.31 ly, in 2017[60]), Groombridge 34 (11.7 ly, two in 2014[61] and 2017[62]), Epsilon Indi (11.8 ly, in 2018[63]), LHS 288 (15.6 ly, in 2007[64]), 40 Eridani (16.3 ly, in 2018[65]), Gliese 682 (16.6 ly, two in 2014[66][67][68]), and Gliese 229 (18.8 ly, in 2014[69]). There are also some instances where proposed exoplanets were later disproved by subsequent studies, such as candidates around Teegarden's star (12.6 ly),[70] Van Maanen 2 (13.9 ly),[71] Groombridge 1618 (15.9 ly),[72] and VB 10 (18.7 ly).[73]

The Working Group on Extrasolar Planets of the International Astronomical Union adopted in 2003 a working definition on the upper limit for what constitutes a planet: not being massive enough to sustain thermonuclear fusion of deuterium. Some studies have calculated this to be somewhere around 13 times the mass of Jupiter, and therefore objects more massive than this are usually classified as brown dwarfs.[74] Some proposed candidate exoplanets were later shown to be massive enough to fall above the threshold, and are likely brown dwarfs, as was the case for: SCR 1845-6357 B (12.6 ly),[75] SDSS J1416+1348 B (29.7 ly),[76] and WISE 1217+1626 B (30 ly).[77]

Excluded from the current list are known examples of potential free-floating sub-brown dwarfs, or "rogue planets", which are bodies that are too small to undergo fusion yet they do not revolve around a star. Known such examples include: WISE 0855–0714 (7.3 ly),[78] UGPS 0722-05, (13 ly)[79] WISE 1541−2250 (18.6 ly),[80] and SIMP J01365663+0933473 (20 ly).[81]

Statistics

Distance (ly)# of known
stars		# of known
star systems		# of stars
hosting known
exoplanets		Percentage of
stars hosting
exoplanets
<531133.3%
5-1011819.1%
10-154331920.9%
15-207757712.3%
20-25785545.1%
25-32.6??8?

Planetary systems

{{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}
Systems by planet count
Exoplanets№ of
systems		Systems
44Tau Ceti, Gliese 876, 82 G. Eridani, HD 219134
34YZ Ceti, Wolf 1061, Gliese 581, 61 Virginis
27Luyten's Star, Gliese 832, LHS 1723, Gliese 667 C, HD 192310, Gliese 849, Gliese 433
115—
Total30

{{Col-break}}
Systems by distance
DistanceSystems
1 |< 5 light-years1
5–10 light-years1
10–15 light-years9
15–20 light-years7
20–25 light-years4
25–32.6 light-years8
{{Col-break}}
the naked eye?{{ref label>C|c|none}}[92]
Visible host star?Systems
Yes (V < 6.5)9
No (V > 6.5)21
{{col-end}}

Exoplanets

{{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}
Exoplanets by minimum estimated mass
TypeMass range[83]№

References

1. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/rogue-fomalhaut.html| title=NASA's Hubble Reveals Rogue Planetary Orbit For Fomalhaut| date=2013-08-01| publisher=NASA| first1=J. D.| last1=Harrington| first2=Ray| last2=Villard| accessdate=2015-09-18| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106185243/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/rogue-fomalhaut.html| archivedate=2015-11-06| df=}}
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10. ^{{cite web|url=http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=eps+Eri| title = eps Eri |website=NASA Exoplanet Science Institute|publisher=California Institute of Technology |accessdate=2016-04-23}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/eps_eridani_c/ |title=eps Eridani c |website=The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia |publisher=Exoplanet.eu |accessdate=2014-05-17 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223211141/http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/eps_eridani_c/ |archivedate=2014-02-23 |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=Ross+128 |title=Ross 128 |website=NASA Exoplanet Science Institute|publisher=California Institute of Technology |date= |accessdate=2018-03-22}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=tau+Cet |title=tau Cet |website=NASA Exoplanet Science Institute|publisher=California Institute of Technology |date= |accessdate=2018-03-22}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.openexoplanetcatalogue.com/system.html?id=tau%20Ceti%20b |title=tau Ceti |publisher=Open Exoplanet Catalogue |accessdate=2014-05-17 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314114906/http://www.openexoplanetcatalogue.com/system.html?id=tau%20Ceti%20b |archivedate=2014-03-14 |df= }}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/tau_cet_b/|title=tau Cet b|website=The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia|publisher=Exoplanet.eu|date=|accessdate=2018-03-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107234328/http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/tau_cet_b/|archivedate=2017-11-07|df=}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/tau_cet_c/|title=tau Cet c|website=The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia|publisher=Exoplanet.eu|date=|accessdate=2018-03-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042109/http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/tau_cet_c/|archivedate=2017-12-01|df=}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/tau_cet_d/ |title=tau Cet d |website=The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia |publisher=Exoplanet.eu |date= |accessdate=2018-03-22 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042106/http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/tau_cet_d/ |archivedate=2017-12-01 |df= }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=YZ+Cet |title=YZ Cet |website=NASA Exoplanet Science Institute|publisher=California Institute of Technology |date= |accessdate=2018-03-22}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/yz_cet_e/ |title=YZ Cet e |website=The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia |publisher=Exoplanet.eu |date=2017-08-15 |accessdate=2018-03-22 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319213819/http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/yz_cet_e/ |archivedate=2018-03-19 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=GJ+273 |title=GJ 273 |website=NASA Exoplanet Science Institute|publisher=California Institute of Technology |date= |accessdate=2018-03-22}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=Kapteyn |title=Kapteyn |website=NASA Exoplanet Science Institute|publisher=California Institute of Technology |date= |accessdate=2018-03-22}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kapteyn%27s_b/ |title=Kapteyn's b |website=The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia |publisher=Exoplanet.eu |date=2015-05-13 |accessdate=2018-03-22 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035729/http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kapteyn%27s_b/ |archivedate=2017-12-01 |df= }}
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External links

  • {{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/ |title=Extrasolar Planets |website = The Planetary Society |publisher=Planetary.org |date= }}
  • {{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/extrasolar_planets/ | title=Extrasolar Planets News | publisher = Science Daily}}
  • {{cite web|url=https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/ |title=Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System | website = Exoplanet Exploration Program and Jet Propulsion Laboratory |publisher=NASA |date=2015-12-16 }}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/sights/extrasolar_planets |title=Universe - Exoplanets (pictures, video, facts & news) |publisher=BBC |date= |access-date=2018-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213200942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/sights/extrasolar_planets |archive-date=2018-02-13 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
  • {{cite web|url=http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog/data/database |title=PHL's Exoplanets Catalog |website=Planetary Habitability Laboratory | publisher = UPR Arecibo |date=2018-03-02 }}
  • {{cite web|author=Onsi Fakhouri |url=http://exoplanets.org/ |title=Exoplanet Orbit Database |website=Exoplanet Data Explorer |publisher=Exoplanets.org |date= }}
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3 : Lists of stars|Planetary systems|Lists of exoplanets

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