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词条 List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates
释义

  1. Exoplanets discovered (incomplete)

  2. Table

  3. Statistics

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Links

This list of nearest space terrestrial exoplanets candidates contains possible terrestrial ("rocky") exoplanets spaced at a distance of up to 50 light-years from the Solar System, ordered by increasing distance.[1][2][3]

They may be composed primarily of silicate rocks and/or metals. Within the Solar System, the terrestrial planets are the inner planets closest to the Sun.

Exoplanets discovered (incomplete)

This list is incomplete, currently containing 34 exoplanets, 11 of which probably lie inside their star's habitable zone.

There are roughly 2,000 stars at a distance of up to 50 light-years from the Solar System[4] (64 of them are yellow-orange "G" stars like our Sun[5]). As many as 15% of them can have Earth-sized planets in the habitable zones.[6]

On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of sun-like stars and red dwarf stars within the Milky Way Galaxy.[7][8] 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting sun-like stars.[9] The nearest such planet may be as close as 12 light-years away.[7][8]

On August 24, 2016, astronomers announced the discovery of a rocky planet in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, the closest star to Earth (not counting the Sun). Called Proxima b, the planet is 1.3 times the mass of Earth and has an orbital period of roughly 11.2 Earth days.[10] However Proxima Centauri's classification as a red dwarf casts doubts on the habitability of any exoplanets in its orbit due to low stellar flux, high probability of tidal locking, small circumstellar habitable zones and high stellar variation. Another likely candidate is Alpha Centauri, Earth's nearest Sun-like star system 4.37 light years away. Estimates place the probability of finding a habitable planet around Alpha Centauri A or B at roughly 85%.[11] Alpha Centauri is the target of several exoplanet-finding missions, including Breakthrough Starshot and Mission Centaur, the latter of which is chronicled in the 2016 documentary film, "The Search for Earth Proxima."[12]

Table

Name Image (artist's concept) {{abbr|M⊕|Mass (in Earth masses){{abbr|R⊕|Radius (in Earth radii){{abbr|g|Surface gravity (1 – standard Earth gravity){{abbr|Ts|Surface temperature{{abbr|a|Semi-major axis in astronomical units{{abbr|e|Orbital eccentricity{{abbr|[s]|Main source{{abbr|D|Distance from the Sun in lightyears
Proxima Centauri b≥1.27 ~1.1234 K
-39°C}}		 0.05<0.35 [13]4.22
Barnard's Star b≥3.23 105 K
-168.15 °C}}		 0.404 0.32 [14]5.958
Ross 128 b≥1.40213–301 K
}} 		11.03
Luyten b≥2.89≥1.35 259 K
-14 °C}}		 0.091 0.10 12.20
Wolf 1061b≥1.36≥1.44 13.8
Wolf 1061c≥4.3≥1.64 [15] 13.8
Wolf 1061d≥5.21≥2.04 13.8
Gliese 876 d[16]6.8650 K
377 °C}}[17]		 0.0210.21[18]15
Gliese 682 b≥2 [6]
[19]
[15] 		16
Gliese 832 c≥5.4 295 K
22 °C }}		0.162 0.03 [24][20]16.16
82 G. Eridani b ≥2.7 660 K
387 °C[1] }}		 0.1207 0[2]19.71
82 G. Eridani c ≥2.4 508 K
235 °C[1] }}		 0.2036 0 [2]19.71
82 G. Eridani d ≥4.8 388 K
115 °C[1] }}		0.3499 0[2]19.71
Gliese 581 e≥1.7 0.0290[32]20
Gliese 581 c [21]≥5.6 0.0720[22]20
Gliese 581 d [23]≥5.6 2.34[24] 1.27[24]233 K
-41 °C}}[24]		0.2180[22]20
HD 219134 b 4.5 1.6 700 K
427 °C }}		[25] 21
Gliese 667C b 6.30 1.44 445 K

172 °C}}

0.05 0.09 [24] 22
Gliese 667C c[26][27] 3.8 1.32 302 K
29 °C }}		0.13 0.34 [24] 22
61 Virginis b[28]≥5.1 0.0500.12[29]28
HD 85512 b[30]≥3.6 1.74[24]1.33[24] 351 K
78 °C[24]}}		0.260.11[31]36
GJ 180 b≥2.3 312 K
39 °C }}		 [6][32] 38
TRAPPIST-1b[33]39.5
TRAPPIST-1c[33]39.5
TRAPPIST-1d282.1 K
9 °C[24]}}		[33]39.5
TRAPPIST-1e246.1 K
-27.1 °C[24]}}		[33]39.5
TRAPPIST-1f219 K
-54 °C[24]}}		[33]39.5
TRAPPIST-1g198.6 K
-75 °C[24]}}		[33]39.5
TRAPPIST-1h169 K
-104 °C[24]}}		[33]39.5
55 Cancri e (Janssen)8.6 0.0160.17[34]40
HD 40307 b[35]{{Annotated image image = A Trio of Super-Earths (artist's impression).jpg image-width = 1200 image-left = -490 image-top = -170 width = 150 height = 120 float = left annotations = caption = icon = none
}}		≥4.2 0.0470.2[35]42
HD 40307 c[35]{{Annotated image image = A Trio of Super-Earths (artist's impression).jpg image-width = 1200 image-left = -230 image-top = -520 width = 150 height = 120 float = left annotations = caption = icon = none
}}		≥6.8 0.0810.06[35]42
HD 40307 d [36]≥9.2 0.1340.07[35]42
HD 40307 e ≥3.5 0.1886 0.15 [3]42
HD 40307 f ≥5.2 385 K
112 °C }}		0.2470.02 [3]42
HD 40307 g ≥7.1 284 K
11 °C[37]}}		0.6000.29[3]42

Note: There is no scientific consensus about terrestrial composition of most of the planets in the list. Sources in the "Main source" column confirm the possibility of terrestrial composition.

In September 2012, the discovery of two planets orbiting Gliese 163[38] was announced.[39][40] One of the planets, Gliese 163 c, about 6.9 times the mass of Earth and somewhat hotter, was considered to be within the habitable zone, but is probably not terrestrial.[39][40] In May 2016, the finding of three earth-like planets of ultracool dwarf TRAPPIST-1 has been released.

Statistics

Distance from the Solar System
DistanceLying within
the habitable zone		All
< 10 light-years0 (2?)2 systems
< 20 light-years615
< 30 light-years822
< 40 light-years1024
< 50 light-years1131

Note: in most cases the composition of the atmosphere and atmosphere pressure of exoplanets are unknown, so surface temperatures are estimates based on computer models and expert opinions.

See also

{{portal|Astronomy|Lists}}
  • Interstellar travel
  • List of exoplanetary host stars
  • List of multiplanetary systems
  • List of nearest exoplanets
  • List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs
  • List of potentially habitable exoplanets
  • List of Solar twins

References

1. ^1 2 3 {{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Pepe | first1=F. | last2=Lovis | first2=C. | last3=Ségransan | first3=D. | last4=Benz | first4=W. |last5=Bouchy | first5=F. | last6=Dumusque | first6=X. | last7=Mayor | first7=M. | last8=Queloz | first8=M. | last9=Queloz | first9=D. | last10=Udry | first10=S. |title=The HARPS search for Earth-like planets in the habitable zone: I – Very low-mass planets around HD20794, HD85512 and HD192310 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=534 | pages=A58 | date=2011 | arxiv=1108.3447 | bibcode=2011A&A...534A..58P | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201117055 }}
2. ^1 2 3 {{citation | first1=Jean | last1=Schneider | publisher=Paris Observatory | title=Star: HD 20794 | work=Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia |url=http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=HD+20794 | accessdate=2011-12-05 }}
3. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last= Tuomi, Anglada-Escude, Gerlach, Jones, Reiners, Rivera, Vogt, Butler|first= Mikko, Guillem, Enrico, Hugh R. R., Ansgar, Eugenio J., Steven S., R. Paul|arxiv= 1211.1617|title= Habitable-zone super-Earth candidate in a six-planet system around the K2.5V star HD 40307|journal= Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume= 549|pages= A48|date= 2012|version= |last2= Anglada-Escude|first2= Guillem|last3= Gerlach|first3= Enrico|last4= Jones|first4= Hugh R. R.|last5= Reiners|first5= Ansgar|last6= Rivera|first6= Eugenio J.|last7= Vogt|first7= Steven S.|last8= Paul Butler|first8= R.|doi= 10.1051/0004-6361/201220268|bibcode=2013A&A...549A..48T}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/50lys.html|title=Stars within 50 light years|publisher=|accessdate=3 October 2015}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.solstation.com/stars3/100-gs.htm|title=G stars within 100 light-years|publisher=|accessdate=3 October 2015}}
6. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|arxiv=1403.0430|title= Bayesian search for low-mass planets around nearby M dwarfs. Estimates for occurrence rate based on global detectability statistics|journal= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume= 441|issue= 2|pages= 1545–1569|publisher=|last1= Tuomi|first1= Mikko|last2= Jones|first2= Hugh R. A.|last3= Barnes|first3= John R.|last4= Anglada-Escudé|first4= Guillem|last5= Jenkins|first5= James S.|year= 2014|doi= 10.1093/mnras/stu358|bibcode = 2014MNRAS.441.1545T }}
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8. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Petigura |first1=Eric A.|last2=Howard |first2=Andrew W. |last3=Marcy |first3=Geoffrey W. |title=Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/10/31/1319909110 |date=October 31, 2013 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=110|issue=48|pages=19273–19278|doi=10.1073/pnas.1319909110 |accessdate=November 5, 2013 |arxiv = 1311.6806 |bibcode = 2013PNAS..11019273P |pmid=24191033 |pmc=3845182}}
9. ^{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Amina |title=Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets |url=http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-earth-like-planets-20131105,0,2673237.story |date=November 4, 2013 |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=November 5, 2013 }}
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13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Anglada-Escudé|first1=Guillem|last2=Amado|first2=Pedro J.|last3=Barnes|first3=John|last4=Berdiñas|first4=Zaira M.|last5=Butler|first5=R. Paul|last6=Coleman|first6=Gavin A. L.|last7=de la Cueva|first7=Ignacio|last8=Dreizler|first8=Stefan|last9=Endl|first9=Michael|last10=Giesers|first10=Benjamin|last11=Jeffers|first11=Sandra V.|last12=Jenkins|first12=James S.|last13=Jones|first13=Hugh R. A.|last14=Kiraga|first14=Marcin|last15=Kürster|first15=Martin|last16=López-González|first16=Marίa J.|last17=Marvin|first17=Christopher J.|last18=Morales|first18=Nicolás|last19=Morin|first19=Julien|last20=Nelson|first20=Richard P.|last21=Ortiz|first21=José L.|last22=Ofir|first22=Aviv|last23=Paardekooper|first23=Sijme-Jan|last24=Reiners|first24=Ansgar|last25=Rodríguez|first25=Eloy|last26=Rodrίguez-López|first26=Cristina|last27=Sarmiento|first27=Luis F.|last28=Strachan|first28=John P.|last29=Tsapras|first29=Yiannis|last30=Tuomi|first30=Mikko|last31=Zechmeister|first31=Mathias|title=A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri|journal=Nature|date=25 August 2016|volume=536|issue=7617|pages=437–440|arxiv=1609.03449 |doi=10.1038/nature19106|language=en|issn=0028-0836|pmid=27558064|bibcode = 2016Natur.536..437A }}
14. ^https://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1837/eso1837a.pdf
15. ^1 http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog/data
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17. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Rivera | first1 = E. |display-authors=etal | year = 2005 | title = A ~7.5 M⊕ Planet Orbiting the Nearby Star, GJ 876 | url = | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 634 | issue = 1| pages = 625–640 | doi=10.1086/491669 | bibcode=2005ApJ...634..625R|arxiv = astro-ph/0510508 }}
18. ^Eugenio J. Rivera, Gregory Laughlin, R. Paul Butler, Steven S. Vogt, Nader Haghighipour, Stefano Meschiari (2010). "The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: A Uranus-mass Fourth Planet for GJ 876 in an Extrasolar Laplace Configuration".
19. ^http://www.hpcf.upr.edu/~abel/phl/tuomi/hec_orbit_GJ_682_b.png
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21. ^{{cite journal |author=Valencia |title=Radius and Structure Models of the First Super-Earth Planet | year=2007 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=656|issue=1|pages=545–551|doi=10.1086/509800 |last2=Sasselov |first2=Dimitar D. |last3=O'Connell |first3=Richard J. |bibcode=2007ApJ...656..545V|arxiv = astro-ph/0610122 }}
22. ^1 2 {{cite journal | last1=Vogt|first1= S. S.| year=2010|title=The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: A 3.1 M_Earth Planet in the Habitable Zone of the Nearby M3V Star Gliese 581 | doi = 10.1088/0004-637x/723/1/954| bibcode=2010ApJ...723..954V| volume=723|issue= 1| journal=The Astrophysical Journal| pages=954–965|arxiv = 1009.5733 }}
23. ^{{cite journal|bibcode=2007A&A...476.1365V|title=The Habitability of Super-Earths in Gliese 581|author1=von Bloh, W. |author2=Bounama, C. |author3=Cuntz, M. |author4=Franck, S. |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=476|issue=3|pages=1365–1371|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077939|date=2007|arxiv = 0705.3758 }}
24. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog. The values are just the best estimates and are subject to change.
25. ^http://phys.org/news/2015-07-astronomers-star-super-earths.html
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28. ^{{cite journal |last=Vogt |first=Steven |arxiv=0912.2599 |title=A Super-Earth and two Neptunes Orbiting the Nearby Sun-like star 61 Virginis |year=2010 |version= |author2=Wittenmyer |author3=Paul Butler |author4=Simon O'Toole |author5=Henry |author6=Rivera |author7=Stefano Meschiari |author8=Gregory Laughlin |author9=Tinney |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/708/2/1366 |bibcode=2010ApJ...708.1366V |volume=708 |issue=2 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |pages=1366–1375}}
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33. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature21360 | url = http://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1706/eso1706a.pdf | volume=542 | issue = 7642 | title=Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 | journal=Nature | pages=456–460 | pmid=28230125 | pmc=5330437 | last1 = Gillon | first1 = M | last2 = Triaud | first2 = AH | last3 = Demory | first3 = BO | last4 = Jehin | first4 = E | last5 = Agol | first5 = E | last6 = Deck | first6 = KM | last7 = Lederer | first7 = SM | last8 = de Wit | first8 = J | last9 = Burdanov | first9 = A | last10 = Ingalls | first10 = JG | last11 = Bolmont | first11 = E | last12 = Leconte | first12 = J | last13 = Raymond | first13 = SN | last14 = Selsis | first14 = F | last15 = Turbet | first15 = M | last16 = Barkaoui | first16 = K | last17 = Burgasser | first17 = A | last18 = Burleigh | first18 = MR | last19 = Carey | first19 = SJ | last20 = Chaushev | first20 = A | last21 = Copperwheat | first21 = CM | last22 = Delrez | first22 = L | last23 = Fernandes | first23 = CS | last24 = Holdsworth | first24 = DL | last25 = Kotze | first25 = EJ | last26 = Van Grootel | first26 = V | last27 = Almleaky | first27 = Y | last28 = Benkhaldoun | first28 = Z | last29 = Magain | first29 = P | last30 = Queloz | first30 = D|arxiv = 1703.01424 |bibcode = 2017Natur.542..456G | year = 2017 }}
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35. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|author1=M. Mayor |author2=S. Udry |author3=C. Lovis |author4=F. Pepe |author5=D. Queloz |author6=W. Benz |author7=J.-L. Bertaux |author8=F. Bouchy |author9=C. Mordasini |author10=D. Segransan |title=The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XIII. A planetary system with 3 Super-Earths (4.2, 6.9, & 9.2 Earth masses)|arxiv=0806.4587|bibcode = 2009A&A...493..639M |doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:200810451|date= 2009|journal= Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume= 493|issue= 2|pages= 639–644 }}
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37. ^{{cite web |title=HEC: Data of Potential Habitable Worlds |url=http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog/data |date=November 12, 2012 |publisher=University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo (Planetary Habitability Laboratory)}}
38. ^{{cite web|author=Staff |title=LHS 188 -- High proper-motion Star |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HIP+19394 |date=September 20, 2012 |publisher=Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg(Strasbourg astronomical Data Center) |accessdate=September 20, 2012 }}
39. ^1 {{cite web |last=Méndez |first=Abel |title=A Hot Potential Habitable Exoplanet around Gliese 163|url=http://phl.upr.edu/press-releases/ahotpotentialhabitableexoplanetaroundgliese163 |date=August 29, 2012|publisher=University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo (Planetary Habitability Laboratory)|accessdate=September 20, 2012 }}
40. ^1 {{cite web |last=Redd |first = Nola Taylor|title=Newfound Alien Planet a Top Contender to Host Life|url=http://www.space.com/17684-alien-planet-gliese-163c-extraterrestrial-life.html|date=September 20, 2012|publisher=Space.com |accessdate=September 20, 2012 }}

Links

  • Super-Earth Candidates in or near Habitable Zone
{{exoplanet}}

3 : Planetary systems|Lists of superlatives in astronomy|Lists of exoplanets
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