请输入您要查询的百科知识:

 

词条 List of nuclear weapons tests of France
释义

  1. List

  2. References

  3. Sources

{{see also|List of nuclear weapons tests|Force de dissuasion}}

The List of nuclear weapons tests of France consists of all the atomic tests the French executed in the areas of Reggane and In Ekker in Algeria and the Mururoa and Fangataufa Atolls in French Polynesia, from 13 February 1960 through 27 January 1996. These totaled to 210 tests with 210 device explosions, 50 in the atmosphere.[1]

List

 !style="background:#ffdead;" | Series or years !style="background:#efefef;" | Years covered !style="background:#ffdead;" | Tests [2] !style="background:#efefef;" | Devices fired !style="background:#ffdead;" | Devices with unknown yield !style="background:#efefef;" | Peaceful use tests !style="background:#ffdead;" | Non-PTBT tests [3] !style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | Yield range (kilotons) [4] !style="background:#ffdead;" | Total yield (kilotons) [5] !style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;" class="unsortable" | Notes
France's nuclear testing series summary - Link to world summary of nuclear weapons tests
19600004|4}}0004|4}}0000|}}0000|}}0004|4}} 1 to 650078|78}}
1961–19660018|18}}0018|18}}0000|}}0004|4}}0005|5}} 0 to 1270286|286}}
1966–19700022|22}}0022|22}}0000|}}0000|}}0022|22}} 0 to 2,6008044|8,044}}
1971–19740024|24}}0024|24}}0000|}}0000|}}0024|24}} 0 to 9552082|2,082}}
1975–19780029|29}}0029|29}}0000|}}0000|}}0002|2}} 0 to 640259|259}}
1979–19800022|22}}0022|22}}0000|}}0000|}}0000|}} 0 to 1120474|474}}
1981–19820022|22}}0022|22}}0000|}}0000|}}0000|}} 0 to 560195|195}}
1983–19850025|25}}0025|25}}0000|}}0000|}}0000|}} small to 800537|537}}
1986–19880024|24}}0024|24}}0000|}}0000|}}0000|}} 2 to 1030625|625}}
1989–19910021|21}}0021|21}}0000|}}0000|}}0000|}} 0 to 1180755|755}}
1995–19960006|6}}0006|6}}0000|}}0000|}}0000|}} 8 to 970231|231}}
1960-Feb-13 to 1996-Jan-272172174570 to 2,60013,567Total country yield is 2.5% of all nuclear testing.
1. ^{{cite journal| journal=Security Dialog| volume=27| number=1| pages=39–54| title=French and Chinese Nuclear Weapons Testing|first=Robert S.| last=Norris| publisher=Sage Publications| year=1996| url=http://docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_01009601a_006.pdf| accessdate=August 16, 2014}} Discrepancies between those totals and the table below consist in two undocumented tests mentioned in other sources and five safety tests in an area near In Ekker named Adar Tickertane.
2. ^Includes all tests with potential for nuclear fission or fusion explosion, including combat use, singleton tests, salvo tests, zero yield fails, safety experiments, and bombs incapacitated by accidents but still intended to be fired. It does not include hydronuclear and subcritical tests, and misfires of a device which was subsequently fired successfully.
3. ^Number of tests which would have been in violation of the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963, such as atmospheric, space or underwater tests. Some "peaceful use" cratering tests which should have been violations were protested, and later quietly dropped.
4. ^"Small" refers to a value greater than zero but less than 0.5 kt.
5. ^Some yields are described like "< 20 kt"; such are scored at one half of the numeric amount, i.e., yield of 10k in this example. "Unknown yield" adds nothing to the total.

References

{{reflist}}

Sources

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite journal| last1=Yang| first1=Xiaoping| first2=Robert| last2=North| first3=Carl| last3=Romney| date=August 2000| title=CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3)| publisher=SMDC Monitoring Research}}
  • {{cite web|title=Catalog of Worldwide Nuclear Testing |editor-last=Mikhailov |editor-first=V.N. |first1=LA |last1=Andryushi |first2=N.P. |last2=Voloshin |first3=R.I. |last3=Ilkaev |first4=A.M. |last4=Matushchenko |first5=L.D. |last5=Ryabev |first6=V.G. |last6=Strukov |first7=A.K. |last7=Chernyshev |first8=Yu.A. |last8=Yudin |url=http://www.iss-atom.ru/ksenia/catal_nt/ |accessdate=2013-03-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219131618/http://www.iss-atom.ru/ksenia/catal_nt/ |archivedate=2013-12-19 |df= }}
  • {{cite journal| title=Johnston Archive of Nuclear Weapons| author=Wm Robert Johnston, PhD| url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/| accessdate=2013-12-31}}
{{refend}}

1 : French nuclear weapons testing

随便看

 

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

 

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间:2024/11/13 1:43:29