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词条 List of oldest buildings in Scotland
释义

  1. Main list

     Neolithic and Bronze Age  Iron Age  Early Historic period  12th century 

  2. 13th century

     Castles  Religious buildings 

  3. By council area

  4. Other structures

     Undated buildings  Other prehistoric constructions 

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. Footnotes

  8. References

This article lists the oldest extant freestanding buildings in Scotland. In order to qualify for the list a structure must:

  • be a recognisable building (defined as any human-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy);
  • incorporate features of building work from the claimed date to at least {{convert|1.5|m|ft}} in height and/or be a listed building.

This consciously excludes ruins of limited height, roads and statues. Bridges may be included if they otherwise fulfill the above criteria. Dates for many of the oldest structures have been arrived at by radiocarbon dating and should be considered approximate.

The main chronological list includes buildings that date from no later than 1199 AD. Although the oldest building on the list is the Neolithic farmhouse at Knap of Howar, the earliest period is dominated by chambered cairns, numerous examples of which can be found from the 4th millennium BC through to the early Bronze Age.

Estimates of the number of broch sites throughout the country, which date from the Iron Age, range from just over 100 to over 500.[2] However, only a small percentage are sufficiently well preserved for them to be included here and some of those that could be remain undated.

As there are relatively few structures from the latter half of the first millennium AD and a significant number from the 12th century, the latter group is placed in a sub-list. There are larger numbers of extant qualifying structures from 1200 onwards and separate lists for 13th-century castles and religious buildings are provided. As the oldest buildings in many of the council areas in the more urbanised Central Belt date from after the 14th century a separate list showing oldest buildings by council area is provided.

There is also a supplementary list of qualifying structures for which no confirmed date of construction is available and a short listing of substantial prehistoric structures that are not buildings as defined above.

Main list

{{Expand list|date=July 2012}}

Neolithic and Bronze Age

Building Image Location Council area First built Use Notes
Knap of Howar Papa Westray Orkney 3700 BC House Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe.[3][4][5]
Midhowe Chambered Cairn Rousay Orkney 3500 BC Tomb A well-preserved example of the Orkney-Cromarty type on the island of Rousay.[6]
Unstan Chambered Cairn Stenness Orkney3450 BCTombExcavated in 1884, when grave goods were found, giving their name to Unstan ware.[7][7][8]
Knowe of Yarso chambered cairn Rousay Orkney3350 BCTombOne of several Rousay tombs. It contained numerous deer skeletons when excavated in the 1930s.[9][10][11]
Quanterness chambered cairn St Ola Orkney3250 BCTombThe remains of 157 individuals were found inside when excavated in the 1970s.[9][12]
Skara Brae SandwickOrkney 3180 BC Settlement Northern Europe's best preserved Neolithic village.[13]
Tomb of the EaglesSouth RonaldsayOrkney 3150 BCTombIn use for 800 years or more. Numerous bird bones were found here, predominantly white-tailed sea eagle.[14][15]
Grey Cairns of Camster Upper Camster Highland3000 BC or olderTombA group of three cairns.[16][17]
Taversoe Tuick chambered cairnRousayOrkney 3000 BCTombUnusually, there is an upper and lower chamber.[18]
Holm of Papa chambered cairnHolm of PapaOrkney 3000 BCTombThe central chamber is over 20 metres long.[19][20]
Barpa Langass North Uist Na h-Eileanan Siar 3000 BCTombThe best preserved chambered cairn in the Hebrides.[21][22]
Cuween Hill Chambered Cairn Finstown Orkney3000 BCTombExcavated in 1901, when it was found to contain the bones of men, dogs and oxen.[23][24]
Quoyness cairn Sanday Orkney2900 BCTombAn arc of Bronze Age mounds surrounds this cairn.[25]
MaeshoweStennessOrkney 2800 BCTomb36|ft|m}} long and leads to the central chamber measuring about {{convert|15|ft|m}} on each side.[26][27]
Crantit cairn Kirkwall Orkney2130 BCTombDiscovered in 1998 near Kirkwall.[28][29]
Rubha an Dùnain passage grave Skye Highland2000 BC or older TombOn a now uninhabited peninsula to the south of the Cuillin hills.[30][31][32]
Corrimony chambered cairn Drumnadrochit Highland2000 BC or olderTombA Clava-type passage grave surrounded by a circle of 11 standing stones.[33][34]
Balnuaran of Clava Nairn Highland2000 BCTombThe largest of three is the north-east cairn, which was partially reconstructed in the 19th century. The central cairn may have been used as a funeral pyre.[32][35][36]
Vinquoy cairn Eday Orkney2000 BCTombAt an elevated location on the north end of the island.[37]
Glebe cairn Kilmartin Glen Argyll and Bute1700 BCTombAn early Bronze Age structure with two stone cists.[38][39]

Iron Age

Building Image Location Council area First built Use Notes
Dun Ringill Strathaird, Skye Highland1st millennium BCSemi-brochKnown to have been occupied in the medieval period by Clan Mackinnon the ground floor living space is only 47 m2.[40][41]
Old ScatnessSumburghShetland400-200 BC Broch and wheelhouseLike Jarlshof the site was occupied by Iron Age peoples, Picts, and Vikings.[42]
Dun Troddan Glenelg Highland4th century BC to 1st century ADBrochOne of the best-preserved brochs, the dry-stone walls surviving to over 7 m in height in places.[43][44]
Dun Telve Glenelg Highland4th century BC to 1st century ADBrochThe best preserved mainland broch, with walls surviving to 10 m, located only 500 metres from Dun Troddan.[43][44]
JarlshofSumburghShetland200 BCVariousA complex of preserved wheelhouses, amongst the remains of a variety of much older and more recent buildings.[45][46]
Yarrows brochWick Highland200 BCBrochSituated on the edge of a loch, underwater stonework may indicate a docking area.[47][48]
Dun VulanBornaisNa h-Eileanan Siar150 BCBroch10|m|ft}} in height, now reduced to walls of {{convert|1.52|m|ft}}. A Pictish house was later built within the walls.[49][50]
Dun ArdtreckMinginish, SkyeHighland115 BCSemi-broch[51] {{#tag:ref>The excavator, Euan MacKie, identified two successive visits to the site by a Roman fleet during Governor Agricola's campaigns in the AD 80s. The first resulted in presents for the chief but the second in the burning and destruction of the site. The fort guards the entrance of Loch Harport which may be the Roman harbour Portus Trucculensis mentioned by Tacitus.|group=Note}}
Broch of Mousa Mousa Shetland 100 BC BrochAmongst the best-preserved prehistoric buildings in Europe.[52][53]
Ness of Burgi fortSumburghShetland100 BC Blockhouse fortSurviving to only 1.5 m in height, the blockhouse was once 22m long, but has suffered from cliff erosion.[54][55]
Midhowe BrochRousayOrkney1st century BC or older SettlementLies opposite the Broch of Gurness overlooking Eynhallow Sound.[56]
Broch of BurrianNorth RonaldsayOrkney1st century BC BrochMay have had three distinct phases of occupation.[57][58]
Dun BeagBracadale, SkyeHighlandLate 1st millennium BC BrochVisited by Boswell and Johnson in the 18th century.[59][60]
Mine HoweTankernessOrkney100BC - 110AD SouterrainOnce thought to be a broch, it was used for metal working and may have had a religious purpose.[61]
Broch of GurnessEvieOrkney60 AD or older SettlementOldest confirmed dates are Roman pottery from 60 AD and radiocarbon dates for the late first century.[62][63]
Dun Mor Vaul TireeArgyll and Bute60 ADDun[64]{{#tag:ref>This broch was excavated in 1962-64 by Euan MacKie. It was the first to be radiocarbon-dated, the first to revealed deposits dating from its construction and the first to reveal evidence for deliberate demolition. New C14 dates may shortly be available. |group=Note}}
Broch of West BurrafirthEast of SandnessShetland100 AD or older BrochThe stone stands eight or nine courses high for much of the circumference.[65][66]
Dun FiadhairtDuirinish, SkyeHighland200 AD or older BrochA clay model of a bale of wool, believed to be Roman, may reflect trade between the two cultures although a Roman fleet is known to have circumnavigated Scotland in the 1st century AD.[67][68]
Edin's Hall BrochAbbey St BathansBerwickshire100-140AD BrochBroch believed to have been constructed between the two Roman occupations of southern Scotland, on the site of a much earlier fort.[69]
Broch of BorwickYesnabyOrkney200 AD? BrochOn a cliff promontory, the seaward wall is badly eroded.[70][71]
Tappoch BrochTorwoodFalkirk3rd century AD? BrochDating evidence is sparse, with no finds to link the broch to Roman occupation of nearby Antonine Wall resulting in the suggestion the broch either pre- or post- dates Roman occupation.[72][73]
Dun CuierBarraNa h-Eileanan Siar4th century AD Galleried dunA complex and controversial site, with two periods of occupation in the 4th and 7th centuries.[74]

Early Historic period

Building Image Location Council area First built Use Notes
St Columba's Monastery Eileach an NaoimhArgyll and Bute0600|6th century?}} Monastic cells The monastic site was founded in 542. The oldest remains include a double beehive cell and a grave associated with the mother of Columba. These are the oldest extant church buildings in Scotland and possibly Britain.[75][76][77][78]
Dun Carloway CarlowayNa h-Eileanan Siar0650|650 and earlier}} Broch Radiocarbon date is for a late period of occupation likely to be centuries after the building was completed.[79]
Brough of Birsay BirsayOrkney0800|800}} Settlement Pictish remains date from the 5th century and the Norse period provides building work from 800-1200.[80][81]
St Oran's Chapel IonaArgyll and Bute0990|9th or 10th century}} ChapelPartly rebuilt and restored.[82] Possibly built by Somerled c. 1164.[83]
Brechin Cathedral Round Tower BrechinAngus1012|1012}}Round TowerThe tower probably predates the cathedral itself.[84][85]
Abernethy Round Tower AbernethyPerth and Kinross1100|1100}}Round Tower22|m|ft}} high.[1][86]

12th century

{{Expand list|date=July 2012}}
Building Image Location Council area First built Use Notes
St Rule's Tower St AndrewsFife 1123PrioryConstructed by the Culdees prior to the granting of the church to the Augustinian order.[87]
Inchcolm Abbey InchcolmFife Founded 1123AbbeyThe substantial ruins date "from the 12th century" onwards.[88]
Holyrood Abbey Holyrood PalaceEdinburgh c. 1130AbbeyFounded in 1128 by David I but all that remains above ground of the original structure is the ruined nave. The rest of the building was replaced by the mid 13th century.[89][90]
St Margaret's Chapel Edinburgh CastleEdinburgh 1130ChapelThe oldest building in Edinburgh.[91]
Cubbie Roo's Castle WyreOrkney c. 1145Castle8|ft|order=flip}} in height.[92]
Castle Sween KnapdaleArgyll and Bute c. 1150Castle The main structure is a mid-12th-century quadrangle with later towers.[93]
St Serf's Inch Priory St Serf's InchPerth and Kinross Post 1150Priory The remaining oblong structure dates from 12th century.[94]
Jedburgh Abbey JedburghScottish Borders Post 1150Abbey The choir dates to the second quarter of the 12th century and the church was complete by the middle of the 13th century.[95]
St. Magnus CathedralKirkwallOrkney Commenced 1167Cathedral The building was raised in honour of Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney by Earl Rögnvald Kali.[96]
Bishop's Palace, KirkwallKirkwallOrkney c. 1167ResidenceBuilt for William the Old, Bishop of Orkney, Haakon IV of Norway died here in 1263.[97]
Kilwinning AbbeyKilwinningNorth Ayrshire 1190AbbeyAn arch has a Norman style capital bearing two carved figures.[98]
St Magnus's Church EgilsayOrkney Late 12th centuryChurchA church existed here in 1116, but the current building, with its distinctive round tower, may date from later that century.[99]
Kildalton ChapelIslayArgyll and ButeLate 12th centuryChurchThe churchyard has a collection of grave slabs and contains the 8th-century Kildalton Cross.[100]
St Blane's Church, Kingarth KingarthArgyll and Bute12th centuryChurchA "12th-century Romanesque building consisting of a nave and chancel", the enclosing wall and parts of the church may be pre-Norse.[101]

13th century

Castles

Building Image Location Council Area First Built Use Notes
Aberdour Castle AberdourFife1200| 1200}}Castle Base of a late-12th- or early-13th-century hall house incorporated into later buildings.[102]
Dirleton Castle DirletonEast Lothian1240|1240}}CastleThe de Vaux towers are the oldest extant structures.[103][104]
Kildrummy Castle KildrummyAberdeenshire1250|c. 1250}}CastleBuilt mid 13th century, possibly by Gilbert de Moravia and fell under siege in 1306 during the Wars of Independence.[105][106]
Dunstaffnage Castle ObanArgyll and Bute1274|pre 1275}}CastleBuilt by Clan MacDougall on an older site.[107][108]
Duart Castle Craignure, MullArgyll and Bute1289|Late 13th century}}CastlePart of a chain of castles that line the Sound of Mull.[109][110]
Lauriston Castle St CyrusAberdeenshire1290|Late 13th century}}CastleThe charter dates from c. 1243, and some of the 13th-century structure is incorporated in later building works. Captured by Edward III of England in 1336.[104][111]
Goblin Ha' GiffordEast Lothian1291|13th century}}UndercroftPart of Yester Castle built by Sir Hugo de Gifford, reputedly a "wizard".[112][113]

Religious buildings

{{Expand list|date=July 2012}}
Building Image Location Council Area First Built Use Notes
Iona Nunnery IonaArgyll and Bute1207|Founded 1207}}Nunnery"The remains, substantial and, at least in part, original were repaired in 1923".[114]
Iona Abbey IonaArgyll and Bute1220|1200-1220}}MonasteryThe north transept "is the only part of this early church to survive reasonably intact".[115]
Pluscarden Abbey ElginMoray1230|Founded 1230}}MonasteryOriginally Valliscaulian, now a Benedictine House.[116]
Ardchattan Priory ArdchattanArgyll and Bute1230|Founded 1230}}MonasteryAlso Valliscaulian, and dedicated to St May and St John the Baptist. Now ruined.[117]
Fortrose Cathedral FortroseHighland1235|1235}}UndercroftThe undercroft of the chapter house is only structure remaining from this date.[118]
Inchmahome Priory InchmahomeStirling1238|Founded 1238}}Priory"Much of the 13th-century building remains."[119]
Nave Island ChapelIslayArgyll and Bute1245|Pre 1250}}ChurchThe site is within an enclosure that is likely to be several centuries older, The chimney is an 18th-century addition made by kelp harvesters.[120]
Kelso Abbey KelsoScottish Borders1248|Completed 1248}}AbbeySuffered significant damage during "The Rough Wooing".[121]
Arbroath Abbey ArbroathAngus1250|Completed mid-13th century}}AbbeyThe tower dates from the 13th century.[122]
Crossraguel Abbey MayboleSouth Ayrshire1265|Completed c. 1265}}Abbey[123]
Beauly Priory BeaulyHighland1272|Completed 1272}}MonasteryDescribed by the monks as Prioratus de Bello Loco in 1230.[124]
Sweetheart Abbey New AbbeyDumfries and Galloway1273|Founded 1273}}AbbeyA Cistercian monastery founded in 1275 by Dervorguilla of Galloway.[125]
Dunstaffnage Chapel ObanArgyll and Bute1274|pre 1275}}ChapelAdjacent to Dunstaffnage Castle.[107][108]
Balmerino Abbey BalmerinoFife1286|Completed c. 1286}}AbbeyFounded in 1231, badly damaged in the 16th century.[126]
Culross Abbey CulrossFife1290|Late 13th century}}AbbeyFounded before 1217, parts of the nave are early-13th-century, but most of the original structures are c. 1300.[127]

By council area

The following are amongst the oldest buildings in each council area of Scotland.

Building Image Council area Location First Built Use Notes
St Machar's CathedralOld AberdeenAberdeen City1440|1440}}Church[128]{{#tag:ref>Brig o' Balgownie was originally constructed in the 14th century by Richard Cementarius but was "largely rebuilt" in the early 17th century.[129] Provost Skene's House in Broad Street dates from 1545 and is probably the oldest house in the city.[130]|group="Note"}}
Kildrummy Castle KildrummyAberdeenshire1250|c. 1250}}CastleBuilt mid 13th century, possibly by Gilbert de Moravia and fell under siege in 1306 during the Wars of Independence.[105][106]
Brechin Cathedral Round Tower BrechinAngus1012|1012}}Round TowerThe tower probably predates the cathedral itself.[84][85]
Glebe cairn Kilmartin Glen Argyll and Bute-04|1700 BC}}TombAn early Bronze Age structure with two stone cists.[38][39]
Clackmannan TowerClackmannanClackmannanshire1390|Late 14th century}}Tower house[131]{{#tag:ref>Tullibody Old Bridge, which dates from the early 16th century[132][133] has been described as "the oldest structure in Clackmannanshire" by Clackmannanshire Council.[134]|group="Note"}}
Sweetheart Abbey New AbbeyDumfries and Galloway1273|Founded 1273}}AbbeyA Cistercian monastery founded in 1275 by Dervorguilla of Galloway.[125]
St Mary's TowerNethergateDundee City1495|1495}}ChurchAlso known as "The Old Steeple"[135] and described as "the oldest surviving building in Dundee".[136]
Mauchline CastleMauchlineEast Ayrshire1450|1450}}Former grangeBuilt by Andrew Hunter, abbot of Melrose Abbey.[137][138]
Bardowie CastleMilngavieEast Dunbartonshire1556|1566}}Castle16th-century tower with later additions.[139]
Dirleton Castle DirletonEast Lothian1240|1240}}CastleThe de Vaux towers are the oldest extant structures.[103][104]
Mearns Castle Newton MearnsEast Renfrewshire1449|Post 1449}}Tower houseRestored and now used by a local church.[140]
St Margaret's Chapel Edinburgh CastleCity of Edinburgh1130|1130}}ChapelThe oldest building in Edinburgh.[91]
Tappoch BrochTorwoodFalkirk0300|3rd century}} BrochLikely post dates Roman occupation of nearby Antonine Wall.[72][73]
St Rule's Tower St AndrewsFife1123|1123}}PrioryConstructed by the Culdees prior to the granting of the church to the Augustinian order.[87]
Provan HallEasterhouseGlasgow City1460|1460}}Mansion housePossibly the best-preserved medieval fortified country house in Scotland.[141][142]
Grey Cairns of Camster Upper CamsterHighland-02|3000 BC or older}}TombA group of three cairns.[16][17]
Newark CastlePort GlasgowInverclyde1478|1478}}CastleThe original castle had a tower house within a barmkin entered through a large gatehouse.[143]
Crichton CastleCrichtonMidlothian1390|Late 14th century}}Tower houseThe tower is the oldest section, with later additions.[144][145]
Pluscarden Abbey ElginMoray1230|Founded 1230}}MonasteryOriginally Valliscaulian, now a Benedictine House.[116]
Barpa Langass North Uist Na h-Eileanan Siar-03|3000 BC}}TombThe best preserved chambered cairn in the Hebrides.[21][22]
Kilwinning AbbeyKilwinningNorth Ayrshire1190|1190}}AbbeyAn arch has a Norman style capital bearing two carved figures.[98]
Dalzell HouseMotherwellNorth Lanarkshire1510|Early 16th century}}Tower houseSubstantial later additions.[146]
Knap of Howar Papa Westray Orkney-01| 3700 BC}} House Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe.[3][4][5]
Abernethy Round Tower AbernethyPerth and Kinross1090|Late 11th century}}Tower22|m|ft}} high.[1][86]
Paisley AbbeyPaisley Renfrewshire1455|Mid 15th century}}AbbeyThe main structure is a restoration of an earlier building destroyed in 1307, although a late-12th-century and a 13th-century doorway remain.[147]
Jedburgh Abbey JedburghScottish Borders1151| Post 1150}}Abbey The choir dates to the second quarter of the 12th century and the church was complete by the middle of the 13th century.[95]
Old ScatnessSumburghShetland-05|400-200 BC}} Broch and wheelhouseLike Jarlshof the site was occupied by Iron Age peoples, Picts, and Vikings.[42]
Crossraguel Abbey MayboleSouth Ayrshire1265|c. 1265}}Abbey[123]
St Brides Collegiate ChurchBothwellSouth Lanarkshire1398|Founded 1398}}ChurchThe oldest visible structure is the choir, which dates from the 14th century.[148]
Inchmahome Priory InchmahomeStirling1238|Founded 1238}}Priory"Much of the 13th-century building remains."[119]
Glencairn HouseDumbartonWest Dunbartonshire1623|1623}}TenementBuilt for the Earl of Glencairn, now owned by the Council and described as "oldest building in West Dunbartonshire".[149][150]
Torphichen PreceptoryTorphichen West Lothian1250| 13th century}}Church[151][152]{{#tag:ref>According to RCAHMS, Abercorn church dates "from the later 11th century and has been much altered" and "the only feature certainly of that date is the blocked S door".[153]|group="Note"}}

Other structures

Undated buildings

The following are very old buildings that meet the qualifying criteria but for which no reliable date of construction has emerged.

Building Image Location Council Area First Built Use Notes
Calf of Eday cairns Calf of Eday OrkneyNeolithic and built in two phases.TombThere are two preserved chambered tombs close together on this Orkney islet and a third in a ruinous state.
Huntersquoy cairn Eday OrkneyNeolithicTombA Bookan type cairn with an upper and lower storey.[154]
Broch of Culswick SandstingShetlandIron AgeBrochUntil the 18th century this was Shetland's second most complete broch, after Mousa.[155][156]
Burra Ness Broch YellShetlandIron AgeBrochThe wall still stands 14' high in places.[157]
Burroughston Broch Shapinsay Orkney Iron AgeSettlementLikely to "have been seen by seafaring Romans about two millennia ago."[158]
Carn LiathGolspie HighlandIron AgeBroch[159]
Clachtoll brochStoer HighlandIron AgeBroch[160]
Dun Dornaigil South of Ben Hope Highland Iron AgeBroch[161]
Dun HallinWaternish, SkyeHighland Iron AgeBroch[162]
Dun GrugaigGlenelgHighland Iron AgeSemi-broch[163][164]
Kintradwell broch Brora Highland Iron AgeBroch[165]
Sallachy broch Lairg Highland Iron AgeBroch[166]
Stairhaven Luce Bay Dumfries and Galloway Probable Iron AgePossible brochAlso known as Crow's Neith and Broken Castle.[167]
Tirefour Castle Lismore Argyll and Bute Iron Age Broch4.5|m|ft}} enclosing a court about {{convert|12.2|m|ft}} in diameter. The wall still stands {{convert|3|m|ft}} high.[168]
Burghead WellBurghead MorayDark Age?Baptistery?This underground structure is unique in a Scottish context and is probably of Dark Age origin, although it may be older.[169]
Restenneth Priory ForfarAngus1299|13th century?}}MonasteryProbably built on a much earlier site and the date of the extant structures is not clear.[170][171]

Other prehistoric constructions

The following are very old human constructions that do not fit the above criteria for a building.

Building Image Location Council area First built Use Notes
Funzie GirtFetlar ShetlandPossibly NeolithicWall4|km|mi}} and once divided the island in two. "Its date and precise purpose are unknown, but a considerable degree of antiquity is suggested."[172]
Dwarfie StaneHoy Orkney3rd millennium BCTombA megalithic chambered tomb carved out of a titanic block of Devonian Old Red Sandstone.[173][174]

See also

  • Architecture of Scotland in the Prehistoric era
  • Timeline of prehistoric Scotland
  • Oldest buildings in the United Kingdom
  • List of the oldest buildings in the world
  • Newgrange, one of Ireland's oldest buildings dating from c. 3100 BC
  • La Hougue Bie, one of Jersey's oldest buildings dating from c. 3500 BC

Notes

1. ^1 2 "Abernethy Round Tower". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
2. ^Armit (2003) p. 16
3. ^1 "Knap of Howar" Historic Scotland. Retrieved 23 Sept 2011.
4. ^1 "The Knap o' Howar, Papay". Orkneyjar. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
5. ^1 Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 40.
6. ^"The Midhowe Stalled Cairn, Rousay". Orkneyjar. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
7. ^"Unstan Chambered Cairn". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
8. ^Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 48
9. ^1 2 Fraser, David (1980) Investigations in Neolithic Orkney. Glasgow Archaeological Journal. 7 p. 13. ISSN 1471-5767
10. ^"Rousay, Knowe of Yarso". Canmore. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
11. ^Wickham-Jones (2007) pp. 56-57
12. ^Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 50
13. ^Clarke, David (2000) Skara Brae; World Heritage Site. Historic Scotland. {{ISBN|1900168979}}
14. ^"Tomb of the Eagles" tomboftheeagles.co.uk. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
15. ^Hedges, J. 1990. Tomb of the Eagles: Death and Life in a Stone Age Tribe. New Amsterdam Books. {{ISBN|0-941533-05-0}} p. 73
16. ^1 "Grey Cairns of Camster". Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
17. ^1 "Grey Cairns of Camster". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
18. ^"The Taversoe Tuick, Rousay" Orkneyjar. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
19. ^"Info Board, Holm of Papa Westray Cairn" Wikimedia Commons/Historic Scotland. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
20. ^Wickham-Jones (2007) pp. 62-63
21. ^1 "North Uist, Barpa Langass". Canmore. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
22. ^1 Armit (1996) p. 71
23. ^"The Cuween Hill Cairn, Firth". Orkneyjar. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
24. ^"Cuween Hill Chambered Cairn". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
25. ^"The Quoyness Cairn, Sanday". Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
26. ^{{cite book | last = Childe | first = V. Gordon | authorlink = |author2=W. Douglas Simpson | title = Illustrated History of Ancient Monuments: Vol. VI Scotland | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | year = 1952 | location = Edinburgh | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }} pp.18-19
27. ^{{cite book | last = Ritchie | first = Graham & Anna | authorlink = | title = Scotland: Archaeology and Early History | publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1981 | location = New York | pages = | isbn = 0-500-27365-0}} p. 29
28. ^"C14 Radiocarbon dating for Crantit" Canmore. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
29. ^"Crantit" Canmore. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
30. ^Armit (1996) p. 73
31. ^"Skye, Rubh' An Dunain, 'Viking Canal' ". Canmore. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
32. ^1 "The Cairns of Clava, Scottish Highlands". The Heritage Trail. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
33. ^"Corrimony Chambered Cairn & RSPB Nature Reserve". Glen Affric.org. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
34. ^"Corrimony Chambered Cairn". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
35. ^"A Visitors’ Guide to Balnuaran of Clava: A prehistoric cemetery. (2012) Historic Scotland.
36. ^Bradley, Richard (1996) Excavation at Balnuaran of Clava, 1994 and 1995. Highland Council.
37. ^Uney, Graham (2010) Walking on the Orkney and Shetland Isles: 80 Walks in the Northern Isles. Cicerone Press. p. 71
38. ^1 "Glebe cairn". Saints and Stones. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
39. ^1 "Kilmartin Glebe". Canmore. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
40. ^"Skye, Dun Ringill". Canmore. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
41. ^Miers (2008) p. 215
42. ^1 "Old Scatness Broch". Undiscovered Scotland. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
43. ^1 "Dun Troddan". Canmore. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
44. ^1 Miers (2008) p. 172
45. ^"Jarlshof Prehistoric & Norse Settlement" Historic Scotland. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
46. ^Armit, Ian (1991) The Atlantic Scottish Iron Age: five levels of chronology. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 121 page 193
47. ^"Yarrows". Canmore. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
48. ^"Yarrows Archaeological Trail". (2012) Highland Council.
49. ^"South Uist, Bornish, Dun Vulan". Canmore. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
50. ^Miers (2008) pp. 145-56
51. ^"Skye, Dun Ardtreck". Canmore. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
52. ^Fojut, Noel (1981)"Is Mousa a broch?" Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. 111 pp. 220-228.
53. ^Armit (2003) p. 15
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Footnotes

{{Reflist|2}}

References

  • Armit, Ian (1996) The archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles. Edinburgh University Press/Historic Scotland.
  • Armit, I. (2003) Towers in the North: The Brochs of Scotland. Stroud. Tempus. {{ISBN|0-7524-1932-3}}
  • Coventry, Martin (2008) Castles of the Clans. Musselburgh. Goblinshead. {{ISBN|9781899874361}}
  • McDonald, R. Andrew (2007) The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard c. 1100 – c. 1336. East Linton. Tuckwell Press. {{ISBN|1-898410-85-2}}
  • Miers, Mary (2008) The Western Seaboard: An Illustrated Architectural Guide. Rutland Press. {{ISBN|9781873190296}}
  • Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) The Orkney Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn. {{ISBN|1-84158-254-9}}
  • Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) Orkney: A Historical Guide. Edinburgh. Birlinn. {{ISBN|1841585963}}
{{Scottish architecture}}

4 : Architectural history|Historic preservation|Lists of oldest buildings and structures|Lists of buildings and structures in Scotland
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