| 词条 | List of Pacific typhoons before 1900 |
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This article documents Pacific typhoon seasons that occurred during the early 20th century and earlier. The list is very incomplete; information on early typhoon seasons is patchy and relies heavily on individual observations of travellers and ships. There were no comprehensive records kept by a central organisation at this early time. MeteorologyTropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November.[1] These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the international date line in Oceania and East Asia. Storms that form in the Pacific east of the date line and north of the equator in Oceania, North America, Central America, and northwestern South America are called Pacific hurricanes. Storms that form in the Pacific south of the equator in southern Oceania, Southeast Maritime Asia, and western South America are called South Pacific tropical cyclones. Historical typhoons1281
In Japanese legend the Kamikaze (divine wind) typhoon destroyed the 2,200 ships of the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan, that were in Hakata Bay for attempting an invasion of Japan. Legends tells of 45,000 to 65,000 Mongol and Korean casualties from the typhoon.[2] 1820s1824-1825Two typhoons were recorded during this typhoon season, both at Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands.[3] 1826
This typhoon at Okinawa caused 30 deaths and destroyed thousands of houses. Over 100 fishing boats were lost and 2,200 people died in the subsequent famine.[3] 1828
A typhoon hit Nagasaki causing an estimated 14,429 deaths on the shore of the Ariake Sea. This was the highest death toll from any typhoon in Japanese history.[2] The German physician Philipp Franz von Siebold was present during this storm and succeeded in taking barometric pressure readings around Nagasaki at the risk of drowning. The storm was formerly named after him.[4] 1835
Typhoon recorded at Yaeyama in the Ryukyu Islands.[5] 1844
A typhoon hit Miyako in the Ryukyu Islands. Over 2,000 houses were destroyed.[5] 1850s1852
Typhoon recorded at Miyako in the Ryukyu Islands. Miyako was also hit by a storm surge. 3,000 people died in the subsequent famine and disease.[5] 1853On 17 July, ships near Okinawa reported falling pressure and increasing winds, a sign of an approaching storm. During the subsequent days, swells became stronger as the storm moved toward northeastern China. On 22 July, the barometer aboard USS Supply subsided to {{Convert|28.74|inHg|mbar|abbr=on}}, and winds increased to force-10. The winds split the inner jib and the foresail of the British schooner Eament. The storm stalled off the east coast of China, and when the Eament encountered the eye, it reported a barometric pressure of {{convert|28.14|inHg|mbar|abbr=on}}. Turning back east, the storm moved through the Ryukyu Islands. The ship-based observations suggest a spatially enormous, slow moving tropical storm (or typhoon) in the East China Sea, and force-6 winds continued to be reported through 31 July. 1854Typhoons were recorded at Okinawa in 1854.[5][6] 1870s1874The 1874 Hong Kong Typhoon hit Hong Kong during the night of Tuesday 22 September and the morning of Wednesday 23 September 1874. [7]{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=February 2018}} 1880s1881{{main article|1881 Haiphong typhoon}}In October, a powerful typhoon hit what is now the Philippines, before curving around Hainan Island and devastating Haiphong, Vietnam. Up to 300,000 people were killed by the typhoon, tying it for the tied second deadliest tropical cyclone on record. With 20,000 fatalities in the Philippines, the typhoon is also the deadliest there on record.[8] 1890s1894A tropical storm was first reported on October 1, which quickly moved westward across the Philippine archipelago. It moved northwestward through the South China Sea and slowed its forward motion. Over 27 hours, the system brought gale-force winds to Hong Kong, the longest duration as of 1955, due to the storm's slow movement and landfall on southern China on October 5. The storm also dropped {{convert|279.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall over 24 hours, making it the wettest storm in Hong Kong as of 1955. On the next day, the storm dissipated after turning to the northeast.[14][9] [10]1896A tropical cyclone was observed on July 26 to the east of the Philippines. The system moved quickly to the northwest, crossing the extreme northern Luzon island on July 28. Next day, the storm struck southeastern China near Hong Kong, dissipating on July 30.[11] At Hong Kong, where the storm produced winds of 128 km/h (79 mph) continuously for one hour, which was the highest hourly wind speed there as of 1955.[12] [13]1899
On April 23 a tropical storm was reported southeast of Guam. It moved northwest and passed very close to Guam before moving to the north. It dissipated on April 28.[14] On May 18 a typhoon appeared to the east of Visayan Islands and moved inland on May 21. After crossing over into the South China Sea the storm moved northward. It passed through the Taiwan Strait between the 26 and 27 of May. On May 28 the storm was pushed out to sea by an advancing cold front and absorbed on May 29.[14][15]
On June 27 a typhoon was detected to the southeast of Manila. It passed to the south through central Luzon island during June 28. It continued northwest and made landfall on the island of Hainan (China) on July 1. The storm later dissipated inland near the borders of Vietnam and China on July 3.[16] There is some indication of damage at Sambonya, with a passing of a steamer noting all the buildings being nearly destroyed with few people seen.[17] On July 2 a typhoon was spotted to the south of Okinawa Islands. It moved north over the following days, reaching violent intensities, it brushed past the islands to the east on July 6 and 7. It continued north reaching Japan by July 8, briefly moved into the Sea of Japan, and dissipated on the Korean Peninsula on July 10. A minimal pressure of 956 millibars was recorded at Oshima.[14] See also{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/garyp_mgtcs/may03sum.txt |title=GARY PADGETT'S MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY: May 2003 |accessdate=2007-01-15 |last=Padgett |first=Gary |author2=John Wallace |author3=Kevin Boyle |author4=Simon Clarke |date=2003-08-17 |work=Typhoon2000.ph |publisher=David Michael V. Padua |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5v6pTB3S4?url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/garyp_mgtcs/may03sum.txt |archivedate=2010-12-20 |df= }} 2. ^1 Longshore, page 125 3. ^1 Kerr, page 241 4. ^Longshore, pages 404-405 5. ^1 2 3 Kerr, page 242 6. ^Redfield, pages 337-342 7. ^1874 Hong Kong typhoon 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Terry|first=James P.|last2=Winspear|first2=Nigel|last3=Cuong|first3=Tran Quoc|date=2012-03-01|title=The ‘terrific Tongking typhoon’ of October 1881 - implications for the Red River Delta (northern Vietnam) in modern times|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257144336_The_'terrific_Tongking_typhoon'_of_October_1881_-_Implications_for_the_Red_River_Delta_northern_Vietnam_in_modern_times|journal=Weather|volume=67|issue=3|pages=72–75|doi=10.1002/wea.882|issn=0043-1656|bibcode=2012Wthr...67...72T}} 9. ^{{IBTRACS url|id=1894275N14132}} 10. ^http://www.weather.gov.hk/publica/tc/tc1973.pdf 11. ^{{IBTRACS url|id=1896209N14135}} 12. ^1 {{cite report|author=Jean Kan Hsieh|author2=Chiao-min Hsieh|title=Typhoons on the Southeastern Coast of China and Formosa|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|page=42|date=September 1955|accessdate=August 16, 2016|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/85171/829815544.pdf?sequence=1|format=PDF}} 13. ^http://www.weather.gov.hk/publica/tc/tc1973.pdf 14. ^1 2 {{cite report|author=R. García-Herrera|author2=P. Ribera|author3=E. Hernández|author4= L. Gimeno|year=2010|work=Typhoons in the Philippine Islands 1566-1900|title=The Selga Chronology Part I: 1348-1900|publisher=JGR - Atmospheres|accessdate=2014-07-27|url=http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/tropical/selga-i.html}} 15. ^{{cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=2013|accessdate=27 July 2014|title=1899 MISSING (1899144N15116) IBTrACS File|url=ftp://eclipse.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/ibtracs/v03r05/all/csv/storm/Storm.1899144N15116.ibtracs_all.v03r05.csv}} 16. ^{{cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=2013|accessdate=27 July 2014|title=1899 MISSING (1899180N16115) IBTrACS File|url=ftp://eclipse.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/ibtracs/v03r05/all/csv/storm/Storm.1899180N16115.ibtracs_all.v03r05.csv}} 17. ^{{cite news|newspaper=Queensland Times|date=1899-07-13|title=Arrival of a Japanese Steamer at Thursday Island|accessdate=2014-07-28|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article123277617}} Bibliography
5 : Pre-1940 Pacific typhoon seasons|19th century in Asia|19th century in Oceania|19th-century meteorology|19th-century natural disasters |
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