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词条 List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid
释义

  1. People subject to banning orders

  2. External links

  3. References

  4. Further reading

Banning was a repressive extrajudicial measure[1][2], used by the racist South African apartheid régime (1948-1994) against its political opponents[3]. A banning order entailed restrictions on where the banned person could live and who they could have contact with, required that they report weekly to a police station, and also proscribed them from traveling outside a specific magisterial district and from appearing or speaking in public. It proscribed broadcasters and the press from broadcasting, publishing or reporting the banned person's words. It thus mixed elements of internal exile, suppression orders and censorship.

Contact restrictions under a banning order typically included a prescribed maximum number of other people permitted to be in the same room with the banned person at any time. As few as two other people might be permitted. The banned person was forbidden all contact with other banned persons and was forbidden to engage in political, social or community organizing.

The legislative authority for banning orders was the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950[4], which defined virtually all opposition to apartheid as "Communism", followed by the Internal Security Act, 1982. The régime ceased to deploy bannings and lifted all remaining banning orders in 1990[3][5], in the run-up to the advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994[5].

People subject to banning orders

{{Expand list|date=June 2015}}

Details of banning orders for entries lacking citations are sourced from their linked Wikipedia page.

  • Phyllis Altman: Banned in 1964.[6]
  • Mabel Balfour: Banned in 1963.[7]
  • Saul Bastomsky: Banned in 1965, emigrated to U.K., 1966 to Australia[8]
  • Mary Benson: Banned in 1966.[9]
  • Jean Bernadt: Banned 1959 to 1964.
  • Hilda Bernstein: Banned 1953 and 1958.[10][11]
  • Lionel Bernstein: Banned 1950 and 1953.[12]
  • Steve Biko: Banned February 1973 to 1977 (killed in police custody).[13][14][15][16][17]
  • Brian Brown: Banned 17 October 1977 for five years.[18]
  • Peter Brown: Banned for 5 years July 1964, renewed for a further 5 years 1969.[19][20]
  • Dennis Brutus: Banned for 5 years, October 1960.
  • Neville Curtis: Banned 1973 to 1990.[23]
  • Yusuf Dadoo: Banned 1953 until exile and death in 1983.[21]
  • Lionel Davis: Banned 1971 to 1976.
  • Patrick Duncan: Banned 1961, 1962; went into exile 1962.
  • Bettie du Toit: Banned in 1952.[22]
  • Paula Ensor: Banned 30 June 1973 to 31 March 1978.[23][23][24]
  • Ruth First: Banned 1960 to 1982 (killed in exile by police letter bomb).
  • Ela Gandhi: Banned in 1975.
  • Alcott 'Skei' Gwentshe: Banned November 1952; sentenced to 9 years in prison for violating the banning order, 26 March 1953.
  • Bertha Gxowa: Banned in 1960.[25]
  • Viola Hashe: Banned in 1963 until her death in 1977.[26]
  • Ruth Hayman: Banned from 1966 to 1981 (died in exile).
  • Helen Joseph: Banned four times, starting in 1957.
  • Ronnie Kasrils: Banned 1962 to 1990.
  • Clive Keegan:[27] Banned from 1973.
  • Bennie Khoapa: Banned 1973 to 1978; went into exile 1978.[28]
  • Theo Kotze:[18] Banned 17 October 1977 for five years.
  • Sheila Barsel Lapinsky: Banned 30 June 1973 to 31 March 1978.[29][27]
  • Philip Le Roux: Banned 1973.[27]
  • Albert Lutuli: Banned 1952 to 1967.
  • Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
  • Elizabeth Mafekeng: Banned in 1959.[30][31]
  • Mac Maharaj: Banned on release from prison in 1976; went into exile in 1977.[32]
  • Trevor Manuel: Banned 1985 to 1986, banned again 1988.
  • Joe Matthews: Banned in 1953; went into exile in 1960[33].
  • Cedric Mayson:[18] Banned 17 October 1977 for five years.
  • Fatima Meer: Banned in 1952.
  • Florence Mkhize: Banned in 1952.
  • Mary Moodley: Banned in 1963.[34]
  • Shulamith Muller: Banned in 1962; went into exile in 1962 (died in exile in 1978).[35]
  • Beyers Naudé: Banned 1977 to 1984.
  • Sister Bernard Ncube: Banned from Kagiso in 1987.[36]
  • Rita Ndzanga: Banned in 1964.[37]
  • J. B. Marks: Banned 1950 to 1972 (died in exile).
  • Barney Pityana
  • Paul Pretorius:[27] Banned from 1973.
  • Mamphela Ramphele: Banned 1977 to 1984.
  • Peter Ralph Randall: Banned 17 October 1977 for five years.
  • Robert Resha:[38] Banned 1961 (died in exile in 1973)[39].
  • Ian Robertson: Banned 1966 to 1971.[40][41]
  • Marius Schoon: Banned 1976 to 1990.
  • Jeanette Curtis Schoon:[42][27] Banned 1975(?) to 1984 (killed in exile by police letter bomb).
  • Dulcie September: Banned 1969 to 1973.
  • Annie Silinga
  • Walter Sisulu: Banned 1955[43] to 1990.
  • Robert Sobukwe: Banned 1969 to 1978.
  • Oliver Tambo: Banned 1959 to 1990.
  • Rick Turner: Banned 1973, murdered 1978.
  • Chris Wood: Banned 1973.[27]
  • Donald Woods: Banned 1977 to 1990.

External links

  • [https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/banned People banned under apartheid] (at South African History Online)

References

1. ^Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, at Wikipedia
2. ^[https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/suppression-of-communism-act%2C-act-no-44-of-1950 Suppression of Communism Act, 1950], at South African History Online
3. ^1 [https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/number-banned-persons-south-africa-totals-936 Number of banned persons in South Africa totals 936], at South African History Online
4. ^[https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/DC/leg19500717.028.020.044/leg19500717.028.020.044.pdf Suppression of Communism, Act no. 44 of 1950, full text PDF]
5. ^1 [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094918 South Africa profile - Timeline - BBC News]
6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/sep/25/guardianobituaries1|title=Phyllis Altman|last=Herbstein|first=Denis|date=24 September 1999|work=The Guardian|access-date=10 September 2016|via=}}
7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXl9aGN5WGAC&lpg=PA168&ots=Tvpb7au5VL&dq=%22mabel%20balfour%22%20sactu&pg=PA168#v=onepage&q=%22mabel%20balfour%22%20sactu&f=false|title=Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900-1980|last=Berger|first=Iris|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780852550779|location=|pages=267|via=}}
8. ^Who was on the apartheid police spy list? | IOL
9. ^{{cite web|author=David Clover |url=http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/blog/no-easy-walk-freedom-nelson-mandela-archives |title=No Easy Walk to Freedom: Nelson Mandela in the Archives |publisher=Senate House Library |date=2013-12-16 |accessdate=2016-10-22}}, p. 49
10. ^Hilda Bernstein, author, fighter for women's rights, Luthuli award winner - Profile
11. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/hilda-bernstein-416691.html Hilda Bernstein obituary], The Independent (UK)
12. ^Treason trial to Rivonia - Rusty (Lionel) Bernstein
13. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/steve-biko-google-doodle-who-five-things-anti-apartheid-south-africa-activist-birthday-a7482486.html Steve Biko: Five facts you didn’t know about the anti-apartheid activist], at The Independent (UK)
14. ^{{cite book |last=Woods |first=Donald |title=Biko |location=New York and London |publisher=Paddington Press |year=1978 |isbn=0-8050-1899-9 |page=49 |ref=harv}}
15. ^{{cite book |last=Mangcu |first=Xolela |title=Biko: A Life |year=2014 |location=London and New York |publisher=I. B. Tauris |page=190 |isbn=978-1-78076-785-7 |ref=harv}}
16. ^{{cite journal |last=Hadfield |first=Leslie |year=2010 |title=Biko, Black Consciousness, and ‘the System’ eZinyoka: Oral History and Black Consciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=62 |number=1 |doi=10.1080/02582471003778342 |page=84 |ref=harv}}
17. ^{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Shannen L. |title=Biko's Ghost: The Iconography of Black Consciousness |location=Minneapolis |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0816676361 |page=151 |ref=harv}}
18. ^1 2 Cited in article on Peter Ralph Randall
19. ^[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sthash.BKSLgpS8.dpuf Peter Brown] at South African History Online
20. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-brown-550049.html Peter Brown obituary], at The Independent (UK)
21. ^{{cite web|website=South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/freedom-charter-adopted-kliptown|title=The Freedom Charter is adopted in Kliptown: Sunday, 26 June 1955|date=22 June 2018|accessdate=17 March 2019}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/bettie-du-toit|title=Bettie du Toit|last=|first=|date=29 June 2012|website=South African History Online|publisher=|access-date=3 September 2016}}
23. ^[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/paula-margaret-ensor Paula Ensor], at South African History Online
24. ^Paul Ensor at Tshisimani Centre for Activist Education
25. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.sanews.gov.za/features/anc-veteran-bertha-gxowa-dies|title=ANC Veteran, Bertha Gxowa, Dies|last=|first=|date=19 November 2010|work=SA News|access-date=4 September 2016|via=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923114710/http://www.sanews.gov.za/features/anc-veteran-bertha-gxowa-dies#|archive-date=2016-09-23|dead-url=yes|df=}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/viola-hashe|title=Viola Hashe|last=|first=|date=23 January 2013|website=South African History Online|publisher=|access-date=3 September 2016}}
27. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/banning-orders-served-nusas-leaders|title=Banning orders served on NUSAS leaders|first=|last=Anonymous|date=16 March 2011|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/bennie-khoapa-khoapa|title=Bennie Khoapa Khoapa|first=|last=tinashe|date=23 March 2012|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}
29. ^[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sheila-lapinsky-nee-barsel Sheila Lapinsky nee Barsel], at South African History Online
30. ^http://www.fawutributes.org/press/2008{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fawu.org.za/index.php?include=veterans/mafikeng.html|title=Food and Allied Workers Union|website=www.fawu.org.za}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/amntrans/1998/98110206_pre_98112pta.htm|title=TRC testimony of Mac Maharaj|publisher=}}
33. ^Vincent Joseph Gaobakwe Matthews | South African History Online
34. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgzGqNhLY1UC&lpg=PA34&ots=jogz4wTVe9&dq=%22south%20african%20coloured%20people's%20congress%22%20moodley&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q=%22south%20african%20coloured%20people's%20congress%22%20moodley&f=false|title=Women Marching Into the 21st Century: Wathint' abafazi, wathint' imbokodo|last=Human Sciences Research Council|first=|publisher=HSRC Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0796919663|location=|pages=33–34|via=}}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/shulamith-muller|title=Shulamith Muller|last=|first=|date=12 September 2011|website=South African History Online|publisher=|access-date=12 September 2016}}
36. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J0Pw2XMCzkC&lpg=PP1&dq=%22united%20democratic%20front%22&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q=%22united%20democratic%20front%22&f=false|title='Beyond Our Wildest Dreams': The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of South Africa|last=Van Kessel|first=Ineke|publisher=University Press of Virginia|year=2000|isbn=0813918685|location=|pages=159|via=}}
37. ^{{Cite web|url=http://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/organisations/SACTU/09_women-play-role.htm#mabel|title=Organize... or Starve! - The History of the SACTU|last=Luckhardt|first=|last2=Wall|date=|website=South African Congress of Trade Unions|publisher=South African History Online|access-date=7 September 2016}}
38. ^{{cite book | title=Nelson Mandela: A Biography | publisher=Public Affairs Books | author=Meredith, Martin | authorlink=Martin Meredith | year=1999 | location=United States}}
39. ^Robert M. Resha | South African History Online
40. ^{{cite web |title=NUSAS President Ian Robertson is banned |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/nusas-president-ian-robertson-banned |website=South African History Online}}
41. ^{{cite web |title=Kennedy and South Africa |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1966/5/18/kennedy-and-south-africa-pthe-last/ |website=The Harvard Crimson}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/jeannette-schoon-and-her-daughter-are-killed-letter-bomb|title=Jeannette Schoon and her daughter are killed by a letter bomb|first=|last=Anonymous|date=16 March 2011|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}
43. ^Cited in article on Oliver Tambo

Further reading

  • Banned persons law

6 : Anti-apartheid activists|Lists of people by legal status|South Africa history-related lists|South Africa politics-related lists|South African activists|South African democracy activists
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