| Sovereign state | Predecessors |
|---|
| Afghanistan | | Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926)
Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973)
Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) (renamed as "Republic of Afghanistan" in 1987)[3]
Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–2001) and Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) (Taliban-ruled state)[4]
Afghan Interim Administration (2001–2002) (provisional government)
Afghan Transitional Administration (2002–2004) (provisional government)
{{flag>Afghanistan|name=Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}} (2004–present)
| Armenia | Kingdom of Armenia (330 BC-428 AD)
Safavid Empire
Afsharid Empire
Qajar Empire
Ottoman Empire
Russian Empire (1828–1917)
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)
First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922)
Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union)
{{flag>Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}} (1922–1991)
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990) (republic of the Soviet Union)
Republic of Armenia (1990–1995) (republic of the Soviet Union to 1991)
{{flag|Armenia|name=Republic of Armenia}} (1995–present) |
| Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922)
Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union)
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic[5] (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union)
{{flag>Azerbaijan|name=Republic of Azerbaijan}} (1991–present)
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (1923–1991)
{{flag|Nagorno-Karabakh Republic}} (1991–2017)
{{flag|Republic of Artsakh}} (2017–present) |
| Bahrain | | State of Bahrain (1971–2002)
{{flag>Bahrain|name=Kingdom of Bahrain}} (2002–present)
| Bangladesh | | British India (1858–1947)
Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956)
Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1956–1971) (as East Pakistan)[6]
{{flag>Bangladesh|name=People's Republic of Bangladesh}} (1971–present)
| Bhutan | {{flag>Bhutan|name=Kingdom of Bhutan}} (1907–present) |
| Brunei | | Protectorate of Brunei (1888–1984) (British protectorate)
{{flag>Brunei|name=Brunei Darussalam}} (official English full name; full name in Malay Negara Brunei Darussalam, which means "Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace") (1984–present)
| Cambodia | | Angkor Empire] (802–1431)
Kingdom of Cambodia (1431–1863)
French Protectorate of Cambodia (1863–1953) (member of French Indochina 1887–1953)
French Indochina (1887–1946) (federation of existing French colonies)
Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)
Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1982)
People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)
Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1990, de jure government of Cambodia)
State of Cambodia (1989–1993) and United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992–1993)
{{flagdeco>Cambodia}} National Government of Cambodia (1990–1993)
{{flag|Cambodia|name=Kingdom of Cambodia}} (1993–present)
| China | Qin dynasty}} (221 BC-206 BC)
{{noflag|Han dynasty}} (206 BC-220 AD)
{{noflag|Three Kingdoms}} (220–280)
{{noflag|Jin dynasty}} (265–420)
{{noflag|North and South dynasies}} (386–590)
{{noflag|Sui}} (581–618)
{{noflag|Great Tang}} (618–907)
{{noflag|Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period}} (907–960)
{{noflag|Great Song}} (960–1279)
{{noflag|Mongol Empire}} (1206–1368) and Great Yuan[7] (1271–1368)
{{noflag|Great Ming}} (1368–1644)
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg}} Great Qing[8] (1664–1912)
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg}} Republic of China (1912–1927)
{{flag|Republic of China (1912–49)|name=Republic of China}} (1927–present) (ROC governed the Mainland until 1949 and located on Taiwan and other islands since)
{{flag|People's Republic of China}} (1949–present)
{{flagdeco|Netherlands}} Dutch Formosa (1624–1662)
{{flagicon image|Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg}} Spanish Formosa (1626–1642)
{{flagicon image|Flag of Ming Cheng.svg}} Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683)
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg}} Taiwan Prefecture (1683–1895)
{{flagicon image|Flag of Formosa 1895.svg}} Republic of Formosa (1895)
{{flagdeco|Empire of Japan}} Colony of Taiwan (1895–1945)
{{flagicon|Republic of China}} Republic of China (1945–present) |
| Cyprus | (vilayet of the Ottoman Empire)
Crown Colony of Cyprus (1914–1960)
{{flag>Cyprus|name=Republic of Cyprus}} (1960–present)
{{flagdeco|Turkey}} Provisional Turkish Cypriot Administration (1967–1974)
{{flagdeco|Turkey}} Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration (1974–1975)
{{flagdeco|Turkey}} Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (1975–1983)
{{flag|Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus}} (1983–present) |
| Georgia | | Principality of Iberia (588–1008)
Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1490)
Kingdom of Kartli (1490–1762)
Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1762–1800)
Russian Empire (1721–1917) (Georgian participation from 1800)
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)
Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922) (republic of the Soviet Union)
Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union)
{{flag>Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}} (1922–1991)
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union)
Republic of Georgia (1991–1995)
{{flag|Georgia|name=Georgia}} (1995–present)
Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (1921–1931)
Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1931–1991)
{{flag|Republic of Abkhazia}} (1991–present)
South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast (1922–1991)
{{flag|Republic of South Ossetia}} (1991–present)
| India | | Mahajanapadas(600-300 BCE)
Maurya Empire(322–185 BCE)
Early classical period (200 BCE-320 CE)
Gupta Empire – Golden Age (320–550 CE)
late Classical to early medieval periods (550–1200 CE)
Late medieval period (1200–1526 CE)
Early modern period (1526–1858 CE)
Company rule in India (1757–1858)
British India (1858–1947)
Dominion of India (1947–1950)
{{flag>India|name=Republic of India}} (1950–present)
| Indonesia | Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg}} Dutch East India Company in Indonesia (1603–1800)
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} Dutch East Indies (1800–1949)
{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} Republic of the United States of Indonesia (1949–1950) (autonomous republic of the Netherlands) and {{flagicon image|Morning Star flag.svg}} Netherlands New Guinea (1949–1962)
{{flag|Indonesia|name=Republic of Indonesia}} (1950–present) |
| Iran | Seleucid Empire (312 BC–63 BC)
Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD)
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468)
Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501)
Safavid Empire (1501–1736)
Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)
Sublime State of Persia (1785–1925)
Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979) (renamed from "Imperial State of Persia" in 1935)
{{flag>Iran|name=Islamic Republic of Iran}} (1979–present) |
| Iraq | | Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration (1920–1932)
Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958)
Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan (1958)
Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
Iraqi Republic (1968–2003)
Coalition Provisional Authority (2003–2004)
{{flag>Iraq|name=Republic of Iraq}} (2004–present)
| Israel | | Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920)
Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948)
{{flag>Israel|name=State of Israel}} (1948–present)
| Japan | Flag of the Tokugawa Shogunate.svg}} Tokugawa Shogunate (1600–1868) and {{flagicon image|Flag of Ryukyu.svg}} Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879)
{{flag|Empire of Japan}} (1868–1947)
{{flagdeco|Empire of Japan}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Allied Occupied Japan.svg}} Occupation of Japan (1947–1952)
{{flag|Japan|name=Japan}} (official English full name; Japanese referred to as Nihon-koku, literally translated as "State of Japan") (1952–present) |
| Jordan | | Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920)
Emirate of Transjordan (1921–1946)
{{flag>Jordan|name=Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan}} (1946–present)
| Kazakhstan | Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847)
{{flag>Russian Empire}} (1735/1860–1919)
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1919–1993) (independent Kazakh state in 1936)
{{flag|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}} (1922–1991)
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union until 1991)
{{flag|Republic of Kazakhstan}}[5] (1991–present) |
| Korea, North | | Kingdom of Goryeo (918–1392)
Joseon (1392–1897)
Korean Empire (1897–1910)
Japanese Korea (1910–1945)
People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946) (provisional government in Seoul, used as basis for modern North Korean politics)
Soviet Civil Authority (1945–1948)
Provisional People's Committee for North Korea (1946–1948)
{{flagdeco>North Korea}} Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–present)
| Korea, South | | Joseon (1392–1897)
Korean Empire (1897–1910)
Japanese Korea (1910–1945) and {{flagdeco>Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea|size=24px}} Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919–1948)
People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946) (provisional government in Seoul, forcibly dissolved in the South by the United States in 1946)
United States Army Military Government in Korea (1945–1948)
{{flagdeco|South Korea}} Republic of Korea (1948–present)
| Kuwait | | Republic of Kuwait (1990) (puppet state of Ba'athist Iraq)
Kuwait Governorate (1990–1991) (governorate of Ba'athist Iraq)
{{flag>Kuwait|name=State of Kuwait}} (1990–present)
| Kyrgyzstan | (Krai of the Russian Empire)
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)
Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (1924–1926) (autonomous oblast of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)
Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)
{{flag>Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}} (1922–1991)
Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union)
{{flag|Kyrgyzstan|name=Kyrgyz Republic}} (the name "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" adopted in 1990, changed to current in 1993) (1991–present) |
| Laos | Kingdom of Lan Xang}} (1354–1707)
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1949), Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904), and Kingdom of Siam (1782–1932) (Ever controlled to former Kingdom of Vientiane from 1778 until 1893),
French Protectorate of Laos (1893–1953) (constituent of French Indochina)
Kingdom of Laos (1947–1975) (French protectorate 1947–1953)
{{flag|Laos|name=Laos People's Democratic Republic}} (1975–present) |
| Lebanon | | Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920)
State of Greater Lebanon (1920–1943) (constituent of the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon)
{{flag>Lebanon|name=Lebanese Republic}} (1943–present)
| Malaysia | (both British protectorates)
Malayan Union (1946–1948)
Federation of Malaya (1948–1963)
{{flag>Malaysia}} (1963–present) |
| Maldives | | {{flag>Maldives|name=Republic of Maldive Islands}} (1953–1954;1968–1969)
{{flag|Maldives|name=Republic of Maldives}} (1969–present)
| Mongolia | Mongol Empire}} (1206–1368) and Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)
{{noflag|Northern Yuan dynasty}} (1368–1635)
Qing rule in Mongolia (1635–1911)
Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia (1911–1924) (partly interrupted by the Chinese Occupation of Mongolia 1919–1921)
Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)
{{flag|Mongolia}} (1992–present) |
| Myanmar | | British India (1858–1947)
Union of Burma (1948–1962)
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (1962–1988)
Union of Myanmar (1988–2011)
{{flag>Myanmar|name=Republic of the Union of Myanmar}} (2011–present)
| Nepal | Gorkha Kingdom}} (1743–1768)
Kingdom of Nepal (1768–2008)
{{flag|Nepal|name=Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal}} (2008–present) |
| Oman | | Imamate of Oman (751–1970) (constituent of Sultanate of Muscat and Oman)
{{flag>Oman|name=Sultanate of Oman}} (1970–present)
| Pakistan | | British India (1858–1947)
Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956)
{{flag>Pakistan|name=Islamic Republic of Pakistan}} (1956–present)
| Palestine | | Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920)
Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948)
All-Palestine Government (1948–1959), later Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt (1959–1967) and Jordanian annexation of the West Bank (1948–1967)
Palestinian Liberation Organization (1964–present)
Israeli Military Governorate (1967–1981)
Israeli Civil Administration (1981–1994)
Palestinian National Authority (1994–2013)
{{flag>State of Palestine|name=State of Palestine}} (2013–present) (claimed to be independent since 1988; an UN observer since 2013)
| Philippines | Late 19th Century Flag of Sulu.svg}} Sultanate of Sulu (1405–1915) and {{flagicon image|Flag of Maguindanao.svg}} Sultanate of Maguindanao (1500–1888)
{{flagdeco|Restoration (Spain)}} Spanish East Indies (1565–1898) and {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} British Manila (1762–1764)
{{flagdeco|United States|1896}} United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands (1898–1902) and {{flag|First Philippine Republic|name=República Filipina}} (1899–1901)
{{flagdeco|United States|1912}}{{flagdeco|Philippines|1919}} Insular Government of the Philippine Islands (1901–1935) (territory of the United States)
{{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}} Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946) and {{flagdeco|Second Philippine Republic}} Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)
{{flag|Philippines|name=Republic of the Philippines}} (1946–present) |
| Qatar | (British protectorate)
{{flag>Qatar|name=State of Qatar}} (1971–present) |
| Russia | Grand Duchy of Moscow}} (1283–1547)
Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)
Russian Empire (1721–1917)
Russian Republic (1917)
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991)
{{flag|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|size=24px}} (1922–1991)
Russian Federation (1991–1993) (Retained 1978 RSFSR Constitution)
{{flag|Russia|size=24px|name=Russian Federation}} (1993–present) |
| Saudi Arabia | | Emirate of Nejd (Second Saudi State) (1824–1891)
Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921) and Hejaz Vilayet (1872–1916)
Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (1902–1921)
Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1926), Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925) andIdrisid Emirate of Asir (1906–1934)
Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (1926–1932) (dual monarchy of Hejaz and Nejd)
{{flag>Saudi Arabia|name=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}} (1932–present)
| Singapore | | Straits Settlements (1926–1946)
Colony of Singapore (1946–1963)
Singapore (1963–1965) (state of Malaysia)
{{flag>Singapore|name=Republic of Singapore}} (1965–present)
| Sri Lanka | Jaffna Kingdom}} (1215–1624), Kingdom of Kotte (1412–1597), Kingdom of Kandy (1469–1815) and Kingdom of Sitawaka (1521–1594)
Portuguese Ceylon (1505–1658)
Dutch Ceylon (1656–1796)
British Ceylon (1815–1948)
Dominion of Ceylon (1948–1972)
{{flag|Sri Lanka|name=Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka}} (1972–present) (renamed from "Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka" in 1978) |
| Syria | Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920)
Alawite State (1920–1936) and Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920)
Jabal Druze State (1921–1936) and State of Aleppo (1920–1924) and State of Damascus (1920–1924), later State of Syria (1924–1930)
Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946)
Syrian Republic (1946–1958)
United Arab Republic (1958–1961)
{{flag|Syria|name=Syrian Arab Republic}} (1961–present)
{{flag|Syrian opposition|name=Syrian Arab Republic (opposition)}} (2011–present)
{{flag|Rojava|name=Democratic Federation of Northern Syria}} (2013–present)
|
| Tajikistan | (Krai of the Russian Empire)
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)
{{flag>Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}} (1922–1991)
Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1929) (autonomous Soviet socialist republic of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic)
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991)
{{flag|Tajikistan|name=Republic of Tajikistan}} (1991–present) |
| Thailand | Sukhothai Kingdom}} (1238–1438), Lan Na Kingdom (1292–1775), Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (1st millennium–15th century)
Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–1767)
Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782)
Kingdom of Siam (1782–1932)
{{flag|Thailand|name=Kingdom of Thailand}} (1932–present) (Be named Siam until 1939) |
Timor-Leste
(East Timor) | | Timor Timur (1975–1999) (created during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor)
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (1999–2002)
{{flag>East Timor|name=Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste}} (2002–present)
| Turkey | Hittite Empire}} (1600 – 1178 BC)
{{noflag|Phrygia}} (1200 – 700 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550 – 330 BC)
Roman Republic (167–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
{{flag|Byzantine Empire}} (476–1453)
Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
Seljuq Empire (1037–1194)
Seljuq Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307)
Karamanids (1250–1487)
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1299–1923)
{{flag|Turkey|name=Republic of Turkey}} (1923–present) |
| Turkmenistan | (Krai of the Russian Empire)
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925), Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
{{flag>Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}} (1922–1991)
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991)
{{flag|Turkmenistan|name=Turkmenistan}} (1991–present) |
| United Arab Emirates | (British protectorate)
{{flag>United Arab Emirates|name=United Arab Emirates}} (1971–present) |
| Uzbekistan | (Krai of the Russian Empire)
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925), Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
{{flag>Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}} (1922–1991)
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991)
{{flag|Uzbekistan|name=Republic of Uzbekistan}} (1991–present) |
| Vietnam | Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1887) still enthroned until 1945French Indochina (1887–1946) (federation of existing French colonies, Vietnamese constituents below) Colony of Cochinchina (1862–1949) Annam Protectorate (1884–1949) Tonkin Protectorate (1884–1949) State of Vietnam (1949–1955) (provisional government, official successor of French Indochina)
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) (1945–1976)
Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (1955–1975)
Republic of South Vietnam (1976) (existed from 1969 as Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, an underground opposition to South Vietnam, later a transitional government)
{{flag|Vietnam|name=Socialist Republic of Vietnam}} (1976–present) |
| Yemen | (vilayet of the Ottoman Empire)
Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962)
Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) (1962–1990)
Aden Protectorate (1869–1963)
Federation of South Arabia (1963–1967)
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) (1967–1990) (1967–1970 named People's Republic of Southern Yemen)
{{flag>Yemen|name=Republic of Yemen}} (1990–present) |
1. ^{{cite encyclopedia | title=Asia | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110518/Asia | encyclopedia=eb.com, Encyclopædia Britannica | year=2006 | location=Chicago | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}
2. ^{{cite book|title=National Geographic Atlas of the World|edition=7th|year=1999|location=Washington, DC|publisher=National Geographic|isbn=978-0-7922-7528-2}} "Europe" (pp. 68–9); "Asia" (pp. 90–1): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
3. ^{{cite book|last=Maley|first=William|title=The Afghanistan Wars: Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=6OMcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|series=Twentieth-Century Wars|volume=2|year=2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137013613|page=101}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/taliba.html|title=The Taliban|last=Marcin|first=Gary|year=1998|publisher=King's College|accessdate=23 March 2015}}
5. ^1 ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-4 changed the official name of Azerbaijan from "Azerbaijani Republic" to "Republic of Azerbaijan" and changed the spelling of "Kazakstan" to "Kazakhstan".
6. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Bangladesh.html |title=Bangladesh |author=Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org |accessdate=23 March 2015}}
7. ^"Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the 'New Reform Era'", p39, note 69.
8. ^{{cite book |last=Yamamuro |first=Shin'ichi |year=2006 |title=Manchuria Under Japanese Domination |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=7Jx0BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=Hong+Taiji+great+qing&source=bl&ots=YiIMuJX7ig&sig=-3_hzZ18Ykz3ffDkSONY66u8w_0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCWoVChMIzPC_zrKMxwIVhqCUCh3k5QXk#v=onepage&q=Hong%20Taiji%20great%20qing&f=false |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |translator= Joshua A. Fogel |page=246 |isbn=978-0-8122-3912-6 |access-date=3 August 2015}}
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