| 词条 | Shanti Bahini |
| 释义 |
|name = Shanti Bahini |native_name = শান্তি বাহিনী |native_name_lang = bn |war = the Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict |image = Flag of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Shanti Bahini.svg |image_size = 200px |caption = Flag of the Shanti Bahini |active = {{Start date|1972}}–{{End date|1997}} |previous = |leaders = M.N. Larma Shantu Larma |ideology = Autonomy for the indigenous tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts |clans = |headquarters = |area = Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh |strength = 2,000–47,000[1] |partof = {{flagicon image|Flag of Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (PCJSS).png}} PCJSS |allies = |opponents = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|battles = Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict |website = }} The Shanti Bahini ({{lang-bn|শান্তি বাহিনী}}; meaning "Peace Force") was the armed wing of the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts) in Bangladesh. It is considerend an insurgent group in Bangladesh.[2] The Shanti Bahini was made out of mostly members from the Chakma tribe.[3] HistoryFollowing the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Manabendra Narayan Larma founded the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (PCJSS) on February 15, 1972, seeking to build an organization representing all the tribal peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Larma was elected to the Bangladesh Jatiya Sangsad, the national legislature of Bangladesh as a candidate of the PCJSS in 1973.[4] When Larma's continued efforts to make the government recognize the rights of the tribal peoples through political discussions had failed,[5] Larma and the PCJSS began organizing the Shanti Bahini (Peace Corps), an armed force operating in the Hill Tracts area. It was formed in 1972 and fought for many years against the government.[6] Shanti Bahini began attacking Bangladesh Army convoys in 1977.[7] They carried out kidnappings and extortion.[8][9][10] Larma subsequently went into hiding from government security forces.[8][10] Factionalism within the PCJS weakened Larma's standing and he was assassinated on November 10, 1983.[8][10] On 23 June 1981 the Shanti Bahini attacked a camp of Bangladesh rifles, killing 13 people. They later captured and executed 24 members of the Bangladesh rifles.[11] In the 1980s the Government of Bangladesh started to provide land for thousands of landless Bengali . Many Bengali were forced to move to secure regions because of the insurgency, abandoning their land to the tribal communities.[12] On 29 April 1986, Shanti Bahini massacred 19 Bengali.[13][14] On 26 June 1989 the Shanti Bahini burned down villages where inhabitants had voted in Bangladeshi elections.[15] In 1996 Shanti Bahini abducted and killed 30 Bengali.[16] On 9 September 1996, the Shanti Bahini massacred a group of Bengali woodcutters, who were under the impression they'd been called to a meeting.[17] Members of Shanti Bahini extorted some four million dollars from the local population in the name of toll collection.[18] The Shanti Bahini abandoned militancy when the Bangladesh Awami League negotiated the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord between the government and the PCJSS on 2 December 1997.[19] Members of Shanti Bahini surrendered their weapons in a stadium in Khagrachari. The treaty saw the lifting of nighttime curfew and the return of 50 thousand refugees.[20] However, some members opposed to the peace deal formed a dissident group.[21] Some of those who opposed the peace treaty formed the United People's Democratic Front as an alternate to the PCJSS.[22] The treaty was also criticised by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party[23] and has not been fully implemented.[24] Some members of Shanti Bahini became police officers after the peace treaty. On November 2012, two of those members of Bangladesh police were arrested for stealing ammunition from the police.[25] On August 2014 Indian security forces arrested members of Shanti Bahini, two Bangladeshi and three Indian nationals, with weapons in Mizoram.[26] Alleged foreign helpThe spokesman for the Shanti Bahini, Bimal Chakma alleged Indian involvement by stating that after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the removal of Bangladesh Awami League from power in 1975, [27] India provided support and shelter to the members of Shanti Bahini.[28][29][30] Members of Shanti Bahini were trained in Chakrata, India.[31][32] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZryFK8lI4cC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=Shanti+bahini+25000&source=bl&ots=4Liv-L2rtV&sig=-BtwS-8UF5WAgE2Clw23UPVxwmQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NrAFUtWuKs2prAftkICACw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Shanti%20bahini%2025000&f=false|title=Does Peacekeeping Work?|publisher=|accessdate=8 March 2015}} 2. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/where-kalpana-1238266|title=Where is Kalpana?|date=2016-06-12|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-04-16|language=en}} 3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czSm7cmhgA0C&pg=PA235&dq=Shanti+Bahini&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1kr2v3anTAhUL64MKHbrGBVcQ6AEIYTAK#v=onepage&q=Shanti%20Bahini&f=false|title=State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia|last=Ahmed|first=Ishtiaq|date=1998-01-01|publisher=A&C Black|year=|isbn=9781855675780|location=|pages=235|language=en}} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Kader |first=Rozina |year=2012 |chapter=Larma, Manabendra Narayan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Larma,_Manabendra_Narayan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/book-reviews/engrossing-perspective-the-chittagong-hill-tracts-1356478|title=An engrossing perspective on the Chittagong Hill Tracts|date=2017-02-06|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-04-16|language=en}} 6. ^{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE3D71E3BF932A25755C0A96F948260|title=Bangladeshi Insurgents Say India Is Supporting Them|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|date=11 June 1989|newspaper=The New York Times}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/18-days-that-shook-bangladesh-27020|title=18 DAYS THAT SHOOK BANGLADESH|date=2014-06-06|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-04-16|language=en}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Nagendra K. 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Lookback and Reality Check|date=2014-05-09|work=TIMES OF ASSAM|access-date=2017-04-16|language=en-US}} 31. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QD9qPQznBXYC&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219&dq=chakrata+shanti+bahini&source=bl&ots=tcUrRAism-&sig=kS2IQdRIjoKQHO-TQmoAF9Z7Vjg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNoYOh5KnTAhUi6IMKHQz0CDQQ6AEIRTAH#v=onepage&q=chakrata%20shanti%20bahini&f=false|title=Pakistan: Terrorism Ground Zero|last=Gunaratna|first=Rohan|last2=Iqbal|first2=Khuram|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=|isbn=9781780230092|location=|pages=219|language=en}} 32. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aH7Gjwts5UYC&pg=PT373&dq=Shanti+Bahini&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijv5XK4anTAhXCbSYKHYr9DMY4HhDoAQhBMAY#v=onepage&q=Shanti%20Bahini&f=false|title=Strangers Of The Mist: Tales of War and Peace from India's Northeast|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|date=2000-10-14|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=8184753349|language=en}} 6 : Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict|Paramilitary organisations based in Bangladesh|History of Bangladesh|History of Chittagong Division|Separatism in Bangladesh|1972 establishments in Bangladesh |
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