| 词条 | Sharchops |
| 释义 |
|group = Sharchop |image = |caption = |pop = 212,500 |popplace = Eastern Bhutan (Lhuntse, Trashiyangtse, Mongar, Pemagatshel, Trashigang, Samdrup Jongkhar) Southwest China (Tibet Autonomous Region) Northeast India (Assam) |langs = Tshangla{{·}}Monpa languages{{·}}Dzongkha{{·}}Tibetan Languages |rels = Buddhism{{·}}Bon |related-c = Monpa{{·}}Ngalop{{·}}Tibetan people }} The Sharchops ({{lang-dz| ཤར་ཕྱོགས་པ}}, {{bo|w=shar phyogs pa}}; "Easterner") are the populations of mixed Tibetan, Southeast Asian and South Asian descent that mostly live in the eastern districts of Bhutan.[1][2] EthnicityThe Sharchops are an Indo-Mongoloid people who migrated from Assam, or possibly Burma, c. 1200 – c. 800 BC.[3] Van Driem (1993) indicates that Sharchops are closely related to the Mönpa and that both are descendants of the indigenous pre-Tibetan (pre-Ngalop) peoples of Bhutan. Due to the societal prominence and political power of Dzongkha-speaking Bhutanese, however, Sharchops are marginalized (and sometimes persecuted) in Bhutan.[4] The Sharchops are the largest ethnic group in Bhutan.[5][6] PopulationThe Sharchops comprise most of the population of eastern Bhutan, a country whose total population in 2010 was approximately 708,500.[7] Although they have long been the largest single ethnic group in Bhutan, the Sharchop have been largely assimilated into the culturally and politically dominant Tibetic Ngalop culture.[7] Together, the Ngalop, Sharchop, and tribal groups constituted up to 72 percent of the population in the late 1980s, according to official Bhutanese statistics.[7][8] The 1981 census claimed that Sharchops represented 30% of the population, and Ngalops approximately 17%.[9] The World Factbook, however, estimates that the "Bhote" Ngalop and Sharchop ethnic groups together comprise approximately 50% of Bhutan's population, at 354,200 people.[10] Assuming Sharchops still outnumber Ngalops at a 3:2 ratio, the total population of Sharchops in Bhutan is approximately 212,500. LanguageMost Sharchops speak Tshangla, a Tibeto-Burman language; fewer speak the Olekha language.[11] They also learn the national language, Dzongkha. Because of their proximity to India, some speak Assamese or Hindi. Tshangla is also spoken by the Monpa (Menba) national minority across the border in China, distributed in Mêdog, Nyingchi and Dirang. Tshangla is similar to the Kalaktang and Dirang languages spoken by the Monpa of Arunachal Pradesh, India.[12] LifestyleSharchop peoples practice slash-and-burn and tsheri agriculture, planting dry rice crops for three or four years until the soil is exhausted and then moving on,[7] however the practice has been officially banned in Bhutan since 1969.[13][14] Most of the Sharchops follow matrilineal lines in the inheritance of land and livestock.[15] ReligionMost Sharchops follow Tibetan Buddhism with some elements of Bön, although those who live in the Duars follow Animism.[7] See also
References1. ^https://books.google.com.au/books?id=7uIjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=sharchop+South+Asian+mix&source=bl&ots=ZY_9OCtPJ6&sig=DWKAUPRwv9JqdEycq_JuQf6_p98&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBmo_NjOLKAhWCmJQKHchjDikQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q&f=false {{Bhutanese society}}2. ^http://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/ClusterDetails.aspx?rop2=C0052 3. ^{{cite web|title=Culture of Bhutan|url=http://www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Bhutan.html|work=Countries and Their Cultures|publisher=Advameg, Inc.|accessdate=30 September 2013}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1999 - Bhutan|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8c413.html|work=United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|accessdate=29 September 2013|date=1 January 1999}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:3003 |format=PDF |last=van Driem |first=George L. |authorlink=George van Driem |title=Language Policy in Bhutan |publisher=SOAS |location=London |year=1993 |accessdate=2011-01-18}} 6. ^{{cite book|first=George |last=van Driem |year=2001 |title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region |publisher=Brill |page=915 et seq.}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{Country study|author=Robert L. Worden |country=Bhutan |abbr=bt |section=Ethnic Groups |editor=Andrea Matles Savada |date=September 1991 |pd=yes}} 8. ^{{Country study|author=Robert L. Worden |country=Bhutan |abbr=bt |section=Society |editor=Andrea Matles Savada |date=September 1991 |pd=yes}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bhutan/backgrounders/index.html |title=Bhutan Backgrounder |work=SATP online |publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal |date=2002-09-20 |accessdate=2011-07-10}} 10. ^1 {{CIA_World_Factbook_link|bt|Bhutan}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BT |title=Languages of Bhutan |work=Ethnologue Online |publisher=SIL International |location=Dallas |year=2006 |accessdate=2011-01-18}} 12. ^Blench, Roger (2014). Sorting out Monpa: The relationships of the Monpa languages of Arunachal Pradesh. 13. ^{{Country study|author=Robert L. Worden |country=Bhutan |abbr=bt |section=Farming |editor=Andrea Matles Savada |date=September 1991 |pd=yes}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/v8380e/V8380E01.htm |title=Shifting Cultivation in Bhutan: A Gradual Approach to Modifying Land Use Patterns |publisher=FAO |work=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online |year=1987 |accessdate=2011-03-13}} 15. ^{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet Bhutan. Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production |url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/Gender/BHU.PDF |publisher=FAO |work=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online |accessdate=8 Sep 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 1 : Ethnic groups in Bhutan |
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