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词条 List of solar storms
释义

  1. Background

  2. Notable events

     Electromagnetic, geomagnetic, and/or particle storms  Proxy evidence  Direct measurements  Events not affecting Earth 

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

Solar storms of different types are caused by disturbances on the Sun, most often coronal clouds associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) produced by solar flares emanating from active sunspot regions, or, less often, from coronal holes. Solar filaments (solar prominences) may also trigger CMEs, trigger flares, or occur in conjunction with flares, and the associated CMEs can be intensified.

Background

Active stars produce disturbances in space weather with the field of heliophysics, the science that studies such phenomena; itself primarily an interdisciplinary combination of solar physics and planetary science (long-term space weather patterns comprise space climate). In the Solar System, the Sun can produce intense geomagnetic and energetic particle storms capable of causing severe damage to technology including but not limited to large scale power outages, disruption or blackouts of radio communications (including GPS), and temporary to permanent disabling of satellites and other spaceborne technology. Intense solar storms may also be hazardous to high-latitude, high-altitude aviation[1] and to human spaceflight.[2] Geomagnetic storms are the cause of auroras.[3] The most significant known solar storm, across the most parameters, occurred in September 1859 and is known as the "Carrington event".[4] The damage from the most potent solar storms is capable of existentially threatening the stability of modern human civilization,[5][6] although proper preparedness and mitigation can substantially reduce the hazards.[7][8] Proxy data from Earth, as well as analysis of stars similar to the Sun suggest that it may be capable of producing so called superflares, those which are much larger than any flares in the historical record (as much as 1000x stronger every 5000 years),[9][10][11] but it contradicts the models of solar flares[12] and to the statistic of extreme solar events reconstructed using cosmogenic isotope data in terrestrial archives.[13] The discrepancy is not yet resolved and may be related to a biased statistic of the stellar population of solar analogs [14]

Notable events

Electromagnetic, geomagnetic, and/or particle storms

Proxy evidence

  • 2225 BCE[15]
  • 1485 BCE[15]
  • ≈660 BCE[16]
  • 95 CE[15]
  • 265 CE[15]
  • 774–775 carbon-14 spike[17][18][19][20] — connected to the "Red Crucifix" aurora over British Isles and environs
  • 993-994 carbon-14 spike[21][20] — seemingly correlated with intense aurora in 990s[22]
  • 1460 CE[15]
  • 1505 CE[15]
  • 1707 CE[15]
  • 1709 CE[15]
  • 1719 CE[15]
  • 1810 CE[15]

Although there is proxy evidence[13], interpretation of such proxy data remains unresolved.[23]

Direct measurements

Date(s) Event Significance
17 September 1770 [24][25]
September 1859 Solar storm of 1859 ("Carrington event") Overall most extreme storm ever documented; telegraph machines reportedly shocked operators and caused small fires; aurora visible in tropical areas; first solidly established connection of flares to geomagnetic disturbances
November 1882 17-20 November 1882[26]
25 September 1909 Geomagnetic storm of September 1909[27] Dst calculated to have reached -595 nT, comparable to the March 1989 event
13–15 May 1921 May 1921 geomagnetic storm[28] Among most extreme known geomagnetic storms; farthest equatorward (lowest latitude) aurora ever documented; burned out fuses, electrical apparatus, and telephone station; caused fires at signal tower and telegraph station; total communications blackouts lasting several hours
January 1938 25-26 January 1938 geomagnetic storm ("Fátima storm")
17–19 September 1941 [29]
23 February 1956 [30][31]
September 1957 Geomagnetic storm of September 1957[43]
February 1958 Geomagnetic storm of February 1958[32]
July 1959 Geomagnetic storm of July 1959[32]
Late May 1967 [33] Blackout of polar surveillance radars during Cold War led U.S. military to scramble for nuclear war until solar origin confirmed
Early August 1972 Solar storm of August 1972[34] Fastest CME transit time recorded; most extreme solar particle event (SPE) by some measures and the most hazardous to human spaceflight during the Space Age; severe technological disruptions, caused accidental detonation of numerous magnetic-influence sea mines
March 1989 March 1989 geomagnetic storm Most extreme storm of the Space Age by several measures; outed power grid of province of Quebec
August 1989 [35]
6 April 2000 [36]
14 July 2000 Bastille Day event
11 April 2001 [36]
October 2003 Halloween solar storms, 2003[37][38] Among top few most intense storms of the Space Age
20 November 2003 Solar storms of November 2003[32]
20 January 2005 [39][40]

Events not affecting Earth

The above events affected Earth (and its vicinity, known as the magnetosphere), whereas the following events were directed elsewhere in the Solar System and were detected by monitoring spacecraft or other means.

Date(s) Event Significance
4 November 2003 Extreme solar flare[41][42][43] Strongest solar flare ever recorded at an estimated X28-X45+ (arguably, Y-class)
July 2012 Solar storm of 2012[44][45][46][47][48] Ultrafast CME directed away from Earth with characteristics that may have made it a Carrington-class storm

See also

{{cmn|colwidth=30em|
  • Earth's magnetic field
  • Gamma-ray burst and hypernova
  • Health threat from cosmic rays
  • Heliosphere and solar wind / interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)
  • List of coronal mass ejections
  • Magnetic cloud
  • Solar cycle
  • Space physics
  • Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC)

}}

References

1. ^[https://www.radsonaplane.com/ RadsOnAPlane.com]
2. ^{{cite web |last = Phillips |first = Tony |title = Severe Space Weather--Social and Economic Impacts |work = NASA Science News |publisher = National Aeronautics and Space Administration |date = 21 Jan 2009 |url = https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2009/21jan_severespaceweather/ |accessdate = 2014-05-07 }}
3. ^{{cite web |title = NOAA Space Weather Scales |publisher = NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center |date = 1 Mar 2005 |url = http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/images/NOAAscales.pdf |accessdate = 2017-09-13 }}
4. ^{{cite web |last = Bell |first = Trudy E. |author2=T. Phillips |title = A Super Solar Flare |work = NASA Science News |publisher = National Aeronautics and Space Administration |date = 6 May 2008 |url = https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/06may_carringtonflare/ |accessdate = 2014-05-07 }}
5. ^{{cite book |last = Kappenman |first = John |title = Geomagnetic Storms and Their Impacts on the U.S. Power Grid |publisher = Metatech Corporation for Oak Ridge National Laboratory |series = META-R |volume = 319 |date = 2010 |location = Goleta, CA |url = http://www.ornl.gov/sci/ees/etsd/pes/pubs/ferc_Meta-R-319.pdf |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120819022440/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/ees/etsd/pes/pubs/ferc_Meta-R-319.pdf |archivedate = 2012-08-19 |oclc = 811858155 }}
6. ^{{cite web |url = https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2009/21jan_severespaceweather/ |title = Severe Space Weather--Social and Economic Impacts |last = Phillips |first = Tony |date = 21 Jan 2009 |website = Science at NASA |publisher = NASA |access-date = 2015-11-20 }}
7. ^{{cite book |title = National Space Weather Action Plan |publisher = National Science and Technology Council |date = 28 Oct 2015 |location = Washington, DC |url = https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/final_nationalspaceweatheractionplan_20151028.pdf }}
8. ^{{cite arxiv |last = Lingam |first = Manasvi |author2 = Abraham Loeb |title = Impact and mitigation strategy for future solar flares |eprint=1709.05348 |date = 2017 |class = astro-ph.EP }}
9. ^{{cite conference |first = Kazunari |last = Shibata |title = Superflares on Solar Type Stars and Their Implications on the Possibility of Superflares on the Sun |booktitle = 2015 Space Weather Workshop |pages = |publisher = Space Weather Prediction Center |date = 15 Apr 2015 |location = Boulder, CO |url = http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/images/u33/final_shibata_SWW_2015.pdf |doi = |accessdate = }}
10. ^{{cite journal |last = Karoff |first = Christoffer |display-authors=etal |title = Observational evidence for enhanced magnetic activity of superflare stars |journal = Nat. Commun. |volume = 7 |issue = 11058 |pages = 11058 |date = 2016 |doi = 10.1038/ncomms11058 |bibcode = 2016NatCo...711058K |pmid=27009381 |pmc=4820840}}
11. ^{{cite journal |last = Lingam |first = Manasvi |author2 = A. Loeb |title = Risks for Life on Habitable Planets from Superflares of Their Host Stars |journal = Astrophysical Journal |volume = 848 |issue = 1 |pages = 41 |date = 2017 |doi = 10.3847/1538-4357/aa8e96 |bibcode = 2017ApJ...848...41L |arxiv = 1708.04241 }}
12. ^{{cite journal |last = Aulanier |first = G. |display-authors=et al. |title = The standard flare model in three dimensions. II. Upper limit on solar flare energy |journal = Astron. Astrophys. |volume = 549 |pages = A66 |date = 2013 |doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201220406 |bibcode = 2013A&A...549A..66A |arxiv = 1212.2086 }}
13. ^1 {{cite journal |last = Usoskin |first = Ilya |title = A history of solar activity over millennia |journal = Living Rev. Solar Phys. |volume = 14 |pages = 3 |date = 2017 |doi = 10.1007/s41116-017-0006-9 }}
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20. ^1 {{cite journal |last = Mekhaldi |first = Florian |display-authors=etal |title = Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4 |journal = Nature Communications |volume = 6 |issue = |pages = 8611 |date = 2015 |doi = 10.1038/ncomms9611 |pmid = 26497389 |pmc = 4639793 |bibcode = 2015NatCo...6E8611M }}
21. ^{{cite journal |last = Fusa |first = Miyake |author2= Kimiaki Masuda |author3 = Toshio Nakamura |title = Another rapid event in the carbon-14 content of tree rings |journal = Nature Communications |volume = 4 |issue = 1748 |pages = 1748 |date = 2013 |doi = 10.1038/ncomms2783 |bibcode = 2013NatCo...4E1748M |pmid=23612289 }}
22. ^{{cite journal |title = Historical Auroras in the 990s: Evidence of Great Magnetic Storms |journal = Solar Phys. |volume = 292 |date=2017 |author= Hayakawa, H. |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1007/s11207-016-1039-2 |arxiv = 1612.01106 }}
23. ^{{cite journal |last = Mekhaldi |first = F. |display-authors= etal |title = No Coincident Nitrate Enhancement Events in Polar Ice Cores Following the Largest Known Solar Storms |journal = Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume = 122 |issue = 21 |pages = 11,900–11,913 |date = 2017 |doi = 10.1002/2017JD027325 }}
24. ^{{cite journal |last = Kataoka |first = Ryuho |author2 = K. Iwahashi |title = Inclined Zenith Aurora over Kyoto on 17 September 1770: Graphical Evidence of Extreme Magnetic Storm |journal = Space Weather |volume = 15 |issue = 10 |pages = 1314–1320 |date = 2017 |doi = 10.1002/2017SW001690 |bibcode = 2017SpWea..15.1314K }}
25. ^{{cite journal |last = Hayakawa |first = Hisashi |display-authors=etal |title = Long-lasting Extreme Magnetic Storm Activities in 1770 Found in Historical Documents |journal = Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume = 850 |issue = 2 |pages = L31 |date = 2017 |doi = 10.3847/2041-8213/aa9661 |arxiv = 1711.00690 |bibcode = 2017ApJ...850L..31H }}
26. ^{{cite journal |last = Love |first = Jeffrey J. |title = The Electric Storm of November 1882 |journal = Space Weather |volume = 16 |issue = |pages = 37–46 |date = 2018 |doi = 10.1002/2017SW001795 }}
27. ^{{cite journal |last = Love |first = Jeffrey J. |author2 = H. Hayakawa |author3 = E. W. Cliver |title = On the Intensity of the Magnetic Superstorm of September 1909 |journal = Space Weather |volume = 17 |issue = 1 |pages = 37-45 |date = 2019 |doi = 10.1029/2018SW002079 }}
28. ^{{cite journal |last = Silverman |first = S.M. |author2 = E.W. Cliver |title = Low-latitude auroras: the magnetic storm of 14–15 May 1921 |journal = J. Atmospheric Sol.-Terr. Phys. |volume = 63 |issue = 5 |pages = 523–535 |date = 2001 |doi = 10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00174-7 }}
29. ^{{cite journal |last = Love |first = Jeffrey J. |last2 = Coïsson |first2 = P. |title = The Geomagnetic Blitz of September 1941 |journal = Eos |volume = 97 |issue = |pages = |date = 15 Sep 2016 |doi = 10.1029/2016EO059319 }}
30. ^{{cite journal |last = Meyer |first = P. |author2 = Parker, E. N. |author3 = Simpson, J. A |title = Solar Cosmic Rays of February, 1956 and Their Propagation through Interplanetary Space |journal = Phys. Rev. |volume = 104 |issue = 3 |pages = 768–83 |date = 1956 |doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.104.768 |bibcode = 1956PhRv..104..768M }}
31. ^{{cite journal |last = Belov |first = A. |author2 = E. Eroshenko |author3 = H. Mavromichalaki |author4 = C. Plainaki |author5 = V. Yanke |title=Solar cosmic rays during the extremely high ground level enhancement on 23 February 1956 |journal = Annales Geophysicae |volume = 23 |issue = 6 |pages = 2281–2291 |date=15 September 2005 |url = https://www.ann-geophys.net/23/2281/2005/angeo-23-2281-2005.pdf |bibcode = 2005AnGeo..23.2281B |doi = 10.5194/angeo-23-2281-2005 }}
32. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |last = Stanislawska |first = Iwona |author2 = T. L. Gulyaeva |author3 = O. Grynyshyna‐Poliuga |author4 = L. V. Pustovalova |title = Ionospheric Weather During Five Extreme Geomagnetic Superstorms Since IGY Deduced With the Instantaneous Global Maps GIM‐foF2 |journal = Space Weather |volume = 16 |issue = 2 |pages = 2068-2078 |date = 2018 |doi = 10.1029/2018SW001945 }}
33. ^{{cite journal |last = Knipp |first = Delores J. |author2= A. C. Ramsay |author3= E. D. Beard |author4=A. L. Boright |author5=W. B. Cade |author6=I. M. Hewins |author7=R. McFadden |author8=W. F. Denig |author9=L. M. Kilcommons |author10=M. A. Shea |author11=D. F. Smart |title = The May 1967 Great Storm and Radio Disruption Event: Extreme Space Weather and Extraordinary Responses |journal = Space Weather |volume = 14 |issue = 9 |pages = 614–633 |date = 2016 |doi = 10.1002/2016SW001423 |bibcode = 2016SpWea..14..614K }}
34. ^{{cite journal |last = Knipp |first = Delores J. |author2 = B. J. Fraser |author3 = M. A. Shea |author4 = D. F. Smart |title = On the Little‐Known Consequences of the 4 August 1972 Ultra‐Fast Coronal Mass Ejecta: Facts, Commentary and Call to Action |journal = Space Weather |volume = 16 |issue = 11 |pages = 1635–1643 |date = 2018 |doi = 10.1029/2018SW002024 }}
35. ^{{cite news |last = Deffree |first = Suzanne |title = Solar flare impacts microchips, August 16, 1989 |newspaper = EDN |date = 16 Aug 2013 |url = http://www.edn.com/electronics-blogs/edn-moments/4394205/Solar-flare-impacts-microchips--August-16--1989 }}
36. ^1 {{cite journal |last = Katamzi-Joseph |first = Zama Thobeka |author2 = J. B. Habarulema |author3 = M. Hernández-Pajares |title = Midlatitude postsunset plasma bubbles observed over Europe during intense storms in April 2000 and 2001 |journal = Space Weather |volume = 15 |issue = 9 |pages = 1177–90 |date = 2017 |doi = 10.1002/2017SW001674 |bibcode = 2017SpWea..15.1177K }}
37. ^{{cite book |last = Weaver |first = Michael |author2 = W. Murtagh |display-authors = et al |title = Halloween Space Weather Storms of 2003 |publisher = Space Environment Center |series = NOAA Technical Memorandum |volume = OAR SEC-88 |date = 2004 |location = Boulder, CO |url = http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/Services/HalloweenStorms_assessment.pdf |oclc = 68692085 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110728172705/http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/Services/HalloweenStorms_assessment.pdf |archivedate = 2011-07-28 |df = }}
38. ^{{cite book |last = Balch |first = Christopher |display-authors = et al |title = Service Assessment: Intense Space Weather Storms October 19 – November 07, 2003 |publisher = Department of Commerce |series = NOAA Technical Memorandum |date = 2004 |location = Silver Spring, MD |url = https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/SWstorms_assessment.pdf}}
39. ^{{cite journal |last = Mitthumsiri |first = W. |author2 = A. Seripienlert |author3 = U. Tortermpun |author4 = P.-S. Mangeard |author5 = A. Sáiz |author6 = D. Ruffolo |author7 = R. Macatanga |title = Modeling polar region atmospheric ionization induced by the giant solar storm on 20 January 2005 |journal = J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. |volume = 122 |issue = 8 |pages =7946 |date = 2017 |doi = 10.1002/2017JA024125 |bibcode = 2017JGRA..122.7946M }}
40. ^{{cite journal |last = Bieber |first = J. W. |author2 = J. Clem |author3 = P. Evenson |author4 = R. Pyle |author5 = A. Sáiz |author6 = D. Ruffolo |title = Giant Ground Level Enhancement of Relativistic Solar Protons on 2005 January 20. I. Spaceship Earth Observations |journal = Astrophysical Journal |volume = 771 |issue = 92 |pages = 92 |date = 2013 |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/771/2/92 |bibcode = 2013ApJ...771...92B }}
41. ^{{cite journal |last = Thomson |first = Neil R. |author2 = C. J. Rodger |author3 = R. L. Dowden |title = Ionosphere gives size of greatest solar flare |journal = Geophysical Research Letters |volume = 31 |issue = 6 |pages = n/a |date = 2004 |doi = 10.1029/2003GL019345 |bibcode = 2004GeoRL..31.6803T }}
42. ^{{cite journal |last = Thomson |first = Neil R. |author2 = C. J. Rodger |author3 = M. A. Clilverd |title = Large solar flares and their ionospheric D region enhancements |journal = Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |volume = 110 |issue = A6 |pages = A06306 |date = 2005 |doi = 10.1029/2005JA011008 |bibcode = 2005JGRA..110.6306T }}
43. ^{{cite journal |last = Brodrick |first = David |author2 = S. Tingay |author3 = M. Wieringa |title = X-ray magnitude of the 4 November 2003 solar flare inferred from the ionospheric attenuation of the galactic radio background |journal = Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |volume = 110 |issue = A9 |pages = A09S36 |date = 2005 |doi = 10.1029/2004JA010960 |bibcode = 2005JGRA..110.9S36B }}
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45. ^{{cite journal |last = Ngwira |first = Chigomezyo M. |author2=A. Pulkkinen |author3 = M. Leila Mays |author4 = M. M. Kuznetsova |author5 = A. B. Galvin |author6 = K. Simunac |author7 = D. N. Baker |author8 = X. Li |author9 = Y. Zheng |author10 = A. Glocer |title = Simulation of the 23 July 2012 extreme space weather event: What if this extremely rare CME was Earth directed? |journal = Space Weather |volume = 11 |issue = 12 |pages = 671–9 |date = 2013 |doi = 10.1002/2013SW000990 |bibcode = 2013SpWea..11..671N }}
46. ^{{cite journal |author = Ying D. Liu |author2 = J. G. Luhmann |author3 = P. Kajdič |author4 = E. K.J. Kilpua |author5 = N. Lugaz |author6 = N. V. Nitta |author7 = C. Möstl |author8 = B. Lavraud |author9 = S. D. Bale |author10 = C. J. Farrugia |author11 = A. B. Galvin |title = Observations of an extreme storm in interplanetary space caused by successive coronal mass ejections |journal = Nature Communications |volume = 5 |issue = 3481 |pages = 3481 |date = 2014 |doi = 10.1038/ncomms4481 |arxiv = 1405.6088 |bibcode = 2014NatCo...5E3481L |pmid=24642508 }}
47. ^{{cite web |last = Phillips |first = Tony |title = Carrington-class CME Narrowly Misses Earth |work = NASA Science News |publisher = National Aeronautics and Space Administration |date = 2 May 2014 |url = https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/02may_superstorm/ |accessdate = 2014-05-07 }}
48. ^{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Dr. Tony |title=Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm/ |date=23 July 2014 |work=NASA |accessdate=26 July 2014 }}
  • {{cite journal |last = Cliver |first = E.W. |author2 = L. Svalgaard |title = The 1859 Solar–Terrestrial Disturbance and the Current Limits of Extreme Space Weather Activity |journal = Solar Physics |volume = 224 |issue = 1–2 |pages = 407–22 |date = 2004 |url = http://www.leif.org/research/1859%20Storm%20-%20Extreme%20Space%20Weather.pdf |doi = 10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z |bibcode = 2004SoPh..224..407C }}

External links

  • The Most Powerful Solar Flares Ever Recorded (NASA's SpaceWeather.com)
  • [https://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/SEP/ Solar Proton Events Affecting the Earth Environment (1976 - present)] (SWPC)
  • Archive of the most severe solar storms (Solarstorms.org)
  • [https://sxi.ngdc.noaa.gov/sxi_greatest.html GOES X-ray Solar Imager Greatest Hits]
  • {{cite journal |last = Riley |first = Pete |author2 = J. J. Love |title = Extreme geomagnetic storms: Probabilistic forecasts and their uncertainties |journal = Space Weather |volume = 15 |issue = 1 |pages = 53–64 |date = 2017 |doi = 10.1002/2016SW001470 |bibcode = 2017SpWea..15...53R }}
  • {{cite journal |last = Riley |first = Pete |title = On the probability of occurrence of extreme space weather events |journal = Space Weather |volume = 10 |issue = 2 |pages = S02012 |date = 2012 |doi = 10.1029/2011SW000734 |bibcode = 2012SpWea..10.2012R }}
{{Solar storms}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Solar storms}}

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