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词条 List of spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries
释义

  1. Unmanned

  2. Batteries

  3. Manned

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

This is a list of spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries. While most spacecraft are powered by longer-lasting power sources such as solar cells or radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which can provide power for years to decades, some have been powered by primary (non-rechargeable) electrochemical cells, which provide runtimes of minutes to months. This is typically done only on spacecraft that are planned to operate for only a short time, even if they must travel for a long time before being activated. Some spacecraft classes where this applies are atmospheric probes, short-duration landers, and technology demonstrators. Some early Earth satellites, such as the first Sputnik and Explorer satellites, also used primary batteries, before solar panels were widely adopted.

Unmanned

Examples with non-rechargeable battery power only
Year of battery-powered operation, if later than launch yearSpacecraftRoleFrom either launch or start of battery-powered operation to end of mission due to either battery failure or another cause. If the mission ended due to a cause other than battery failure, battery life is given as ">" (greater than) because the battery could have lasted longer.Type of BatteryParentNotes
1999 Deep Space 2Scientific landers (2)1–3 days (planned)[1] Lithium–thionyl chloride[1]Mars Polar Lander Impact landers for Mars, lost during EDL
2016 ExoMars SchiaparelliTechnology demonstration lander2–8 Martian sols (planned)[2]ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Lander for Mars, lost during EDL but considered a successful demo
1958 Explorer 1Scientific satellite111 days (actual) Zinc–mercury oxide (Zn–HgO)[3] Earth/space science[4]
1960 Explorer 8Scientific satellite54 days (actual) Mercury[5] Earth science: ionospheric properties and micrometeorites
1966Explorer 17 (AE-A)Scientific satellite98 days (actual) Earth science: upper atmospheric properties
1995Galileo ProbeScientific atmospheric probe57 or 78 minutes after entry (actual, due to overheating){{Citation needed>date=February 2019|reason=Our article on it mentions both of these numbers, without a citation for either}}

≥61.4 minutes after entry, 6 hours after waking up (planned)[6][7]

 Lithium–sulfur dioxide[8][10]
Ca/CaCrO4 thermal (to fire pyrotechnics)[9]		GalileoAtmospheric entry into Jupiter
Launched 1997}} HuygensScientific atmospheric probedate=February 2019|reason=Our article on it mentions both of these numbers, without a citation for either}} Lithium–sulfur dioxide[10]Cassini Landed on Saturn's moon Titan
1959 Luna 1Scientific lunar impactor (planned); scientific lunar flyby probe (actual)(closest lunar approach was 34 hours after launch) Silver–zinc, mercury oxide[11] Intended to crash into the Moon but missed. Performed lunar flyby instead. Now derelict in heliocentric orbit
1959Luna 2Scientific lunar impactor>1 day, 14 hours, 22 minutes, 42 seconds (actual, from launch to impact)[12]Succeeded in impacting the Moon, where Luna 1 had failed
1966Luna 10Scientific lunar orbiterdate=February 2019|reason=Info from our article on it, which has no citation for it}} Studied radiation, fields, particles, meteorites, gravity[13]
1966Luna 11Scientific lunar orbiterdate=February 2019|reason=Info from our article on it, which has no citation for it}} Lunar orbit[14]
1976Luna 24Scientific lunar lander with sample return[15]
2018MASCOTScientific rover>17 hours (actual)<17 hours (planned)[16]Hayabusa2 Hopping rover that landed on asteroid 162173 Ryugu
1972Mars 2 and 3 landersScientific landers with tethered rovers (1 each) Mars 2 and 3 orbiters Rovers were ski walking type and were not deployed due to lander failures[17]
1961Mercury-Scout 1Technical satellite18.5 hours (planned)[18] Launch failure[18]
1959Pioneer 4Scientific lunar flyby probe3 days, 10 hours Mercury[19] Derelict in heliocentric orbit
1978Pioneer Venus MultiprobeScientific atmospheric probes (1 large, 3 small)>54 minutes (Large Probe actual)

>53 minutes (North Probe actual)

123 minutes (Day Probe actual)

>56 minutes (Night Probe actual)

 Silver–zinc (AgZn)[20]Pioneer Venus Bus Atmospheric entry into Venus. Day Probe survived impact and presumably died due to battery exhaustion. There was also a solar-powered bus that entered the atmosphere along with the probes
1989 Phobos Hopper (Prop-F)Scientific lander3 hours (planned)Phobos 2 Hopping lander for Phobos. Phobos 2 was lost enroute to Phobos due to computer failure
1957SputnikTechnology demonstration satellite22 days/326 orbits (actual)[21] Silver–zinc (AgZn)[22] Earth satellite
2006SuitSat-1Technical/commemorative satellitedate=February 2019|reason=Info from our article on it, which has no citation for it}}ISS Earth satellite
1966–1969Venera atmospheric probesScientific atmospheric probes>53 minutes (Venera 5 actual)

>51 minutes (Venera 6 actual)

Veneras 3–6 were atmospheric probes. Venera 3 failed upon entry. Venera 4 failed during descent due to overpressure. Veneras 5 and 6 were originally planned as landers, but changed to atmospheric probes due to learning about Venus's atmospheric pressure. Their parachutes were shrunk to increase descent speed, so as to reach crush depth before battery exhaustion
1970, 1972 Venera 7 and 8 landersScientific landersVenera 7 separated from its bus after atmospheric entry, at an altitude of 60 km. The parachute failed during descent, and the lander was knocked onto its side upon landing. This caused the radio link geometry to be suboptimal, reducing received signal strength and the duration a given received signal strength could be maintained. It was a few weeks after the landing that it was discovered from analyzing recordings of the received signal that the lander had kept transmitting after landing, but the signal was received too weakly to discern at first.}}[23]>50 minutes after landing (Venera 8 actual, until failure due to environmental conditions)

greater than up to 127 minutes (actual)

Venera 8–14 busesMost Venera landers' relay craft passed out of radio link range/geometry before the landers overheated or ran out of battery energy, rather than data return duration being limited by overheating as is commonly believed
1975–1982Venera 9 to 14 landersScientific landers>53 minutes after landing (Venera 9 actual)

>65 minutes after landing (Venera 10 actual)

>95 minutes after landing (Venera 11 actual)

>110 minutes after landing (Venera 12 actual)

>127 minutes after landing (Venera 13 actual)

>57 minutes after landing (Venera 14 actual)

30 minutes after landing (Venera 9–12 planned)

32 minutes after landing (Venera 13 & 14 planned)

1985Vega 1 and 2 landersScientific landersVega 1 and 2 buses
1985 Vega 1 and 2 balloonsScientific balloon aerobots48–52 hours (expected)[27] Lithium[24]
{{Notelist}}{{clear}}
Examples with a supplementary power
WhatParentType of BatterySecondaryNotes
Luna 9 Solar[25] Lunar landing (1966)
Sojourner rover Mars Pathfinder Lithium-thionyl chloride (LiSOCL2)[26] Solar Roved Mars (1997)
Sputnik 3 - Silver-Zinc[27] Solar (Experiment) Earth satellite
Philae Rosetta Lithium-thionyl chloride (LiSOCl2) (900 W*h)
Lithiu-ion (Li-ion) (100 W*h) 		Solar Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (2014)[28]
Vanguard 1 Mercury[29] Earth satellite (1958)
{{clear}}

Primary power comes from a chemical battery, but a secondary system exists. For example, Luna 9 ran out of power after three days.[25]

Manned

  • Space Shuttles, hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells[31]
  • Gemini, early on silver-zinc,[32] later hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells[33]
  • Mercury
  • Apollo Lunar Lander, Ag-Zn[34]
  • Soyuz 7K-T
  • Vostok
  • Voskhod

See also

  • Lists of spacecraft
  • Solar panels on spacecraft
  • List of passive satellites
  • Batteries in space

References

1. ^1 Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2
2. ^{{cite news|url=http://spacefellowship.com/news/art35863/exomars-lander-module-named-schiaparelli.html|title=ESA Names ExoMars Lander 'Schiaparelli'|last=Patterson|first=Sean|date=8 November 2013|work=Space Fellowship}}
3. ^G. Halpert, et al.- Batteries and Fuel Cells in Space
4. ^Universe Today- Explorer 1
5. ^Explorer 8
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102143553/http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/galileo_probe/htmls/probe_events.html|title=Galileo Probe Mission Events|date=2007-01-02|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-02-14}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/galileo_probe_time.html|title=Galileo Probe Entry Timeline|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
8. ^NASA Quest
9. ^1 B. Bienstock - Pioneer Venus and Galileo Entry Probe Heritage {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234128/http://www.mrc.uidaho.edu/entryws/presentations/Papers/bienstock_pioneer%20venus%20and%20galileo%20probe%20history-final.pdf |date=2014-04-26 }}
10. ^Huygen's Test - ESA
11. ^Luna - Exploring the Moon
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna02.php|title=USSR - Luna 2|website=www.zarya.info|access-date=2019-02-14}}
13. ^NSSDC - Luna 10
14. ^NSSDC - Luna 11
15. ^Gunter - Luna Ye-8-5M
16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MASCOT2018/status/1047806424334655488|title=All done with work! Oh my... can that be right? I explored Ryugu for more than 17 hours. That is more than my team expected. Do I get paid overtime for this? #asteroidlanding|last=Lander|first=MASCOT|date=2018-10-04|website=@MASCOT2018|language=en|access-date=2019-02-14}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-049F|title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=2019-02-14}}
18. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/mercury-ms.htm|title=Mercury-Scout 1 (MS 1, MNTV 1)|website=space.skyrocket.de|access-date=2019-02-14}}
19. ^NSSDC - Pioneer 4
20. ^J. Givens - Pioneer Venus & Galileo Probe Development
21. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27956829/argusleader/|title=Reds Say Sputnik's Batteries Worn Out|date=October 26, 1957|newspaper=Argus-Leader|agency=Associated Press|location=Sioux Falls, South Dakota|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}}
22. ^russianspaceweb
23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://files.seds.org/pub/info/newsletters/ejasa/1993/jasa9302.txt|title=Larry Klaes, THE SOVIETS AND VENUS, PART 1, 1993.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929111636/http://files.seds.org/pub/info/newsletters/ejasa/1993/jasa9302.txt|archive-date=29 September 2015|dead-url=yes|access-date=29 September 2015|quote=Sixty kilometers (thirty-six miles) above the planet, the vessel's main parachute popped free and the probe began transmitting information about the thick night air around it. Then, thirty-five minutes later, VENERA 7 suddenly went silent. Without any warning, something had apparently destroyed the capsule. Soviet controllers back on Earth were shocked. They had thought for certain that this time every possible contingency about Venus had been accounted for with room to spare. Fortunately the controllers had kept tracking and recording the mission even after the apparent signal loss. Several weeks later, a very pleasant discovery was made during a search through the recording tapes: VENERA 7 had reached the Venerean crust intact and continued to send data for twenty-three minutes from the southwestern section of Tinatin Planitia. It seems the capsule had somehow been knocked over upon landing, causing its transmitter antenna to point in an unfavorable direction. The lander's signal strength was only one percent of what it was during the descent through the atmosphere. The lander's transmissions became almost indistinguishable from the regular background radio noise.|df=}}
24. ^1 Kramnev, et al. - The Vega balloons (Page 2)
25. ^1 The Mission of Luna 9
26. ^A Description of the Sojourner rover
27. ^Sputnik 3
28. ^Ball, et al. - Planetary Landers and Entry Probes - Page 244
29. ^Early Unmanned NASA Craft (1957–1968) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724232133/http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/20th_close_earlynasa.html |date=2008-07-24 }}
30. ^Ball, et al. - Planetary Landers and Entry Probes - Page 102
31. ^Fuel Cell Use in the Space Shuttle
32. ^NSSDC - Gemini 4
33. ^NSSDC - Gemini 8
34. ^Ball, et al. - Planetary Landers and Entry Probes - Page 102

External links

  • Lithium-Sulfix Dioxide Batteries on Mars Rovers
  • Planetary Landers and Entry Probes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries}}

2 : Lists of spacecraft|Battery (electricity)
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