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词条 List of space stations
释义

  1. Past stations

  2. Prototypes

  3. Operational stations

  4. Planned stations

  5. Cancelled projects

  6. Timeline

  7. See also

  8. Notes

  9. References

  10. External links

A space station is a manned satellite designed to remain in low Earth orbit for a long period of time. In general, space stations have the ability for other spacecraft to dock to them. As of 2018, the International Space Station is the only operational manned space station currently in orbit. Other experimental and prototype labs are also in orbit. Previous stations include the Salyut and Almaz series, Skylab, Mir and Tiangong 1.[1]

Space stations are used to study the effects of long-term space flight on the human body. They also serve as a platform for extended scientific studies.[2] All space stations have been designed with the intention of rotating multiple crews, with each crew member staying aboard the station for weeks or months, but rarely more than a year. As of today, Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov, Sergei Avdeyev and Valeriy Polyakov have completed single missions of over a year, all aboard Mir.[3]

Space stations have been used for both military and civilian purposes. The first military-use space station was Salyut 2, which was launched by the Soviet Almaz program in 1973.[4] The Soviet Union also claimed the first civilian space station with the launch of Salyut 1. {{As of |2018}}, Russia, China, and private companies are building space stations.

Past stations

These stations have re-entered the atmosphere and disintegrated.

The Soviet Union ran two programs simultaneously, both of which were known to the outside world as Salyut. The Long Duration Orbital Station (DOS) program was intended for scientific research into spaceflight. The Almaz program was a secret military program that tested space reconnaissance tactics.[5]

{{Clear}}
{{double-dagger}}Never manned
NameEntityProgramCrew sizeLaunchedReenteredDays
in orbit		Days
occupied		Total crew
and visitors		Number of
manned visits		Number of
unmanned visits		MassPressurized volume
Salyut 1Soviet Union}} USSR DOS[6]{{sort|0003|3[7]}}{{sort|0710419|19 April 1971[8]}}{{sort|0711011|11 October 1971[9]}}0175|175}}0024|24[10]}}0006|6[11]}}0002|2[11]}}0000|0[11]}}018425|{{convert|18425|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[8]}}100|{{convert|100|m3|ft3|abbr=on}}[12]}}
DOS-2{{double-daggerSoviet Union}} USSR DOS[13]—[14]0720729|29 July 1972[8][15]}}0720729|29 July 1972 (failed to reach orbit)}}000|—}}000|—}}000|—}}000|—}}000|—}}018000|{{convert|18000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[16]}}000|—}}
Salyut 2{{double-daggerSoviet Union}} USSR Almaz[15]—[14]{{sort|0730403|3 April 1973[15]}}{{sort|0730416|16 April 1973[15]}}0013|13[15]}}000|—}}000|—}}000|—}}000|—}}018500|{{convert|18500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[17]}}000|—}}
Kosmos 557{{double-daggerSoviet Union}} USSR DOS[18]—[14]{{sort|0730511|11 May 1973[19]}}{{sort|0730522|22 May 1973[20]}}0011|11}}000|—}}000|—}}000|—}}000|—}}019400|{{convert|19400|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[16]}}000|—}}
SkylabUSA}} NASA Skylab[21]{{sort|0003|3[22]}}{{sort|0730514|14 May 1973[23]}}{{sort|0790711|11 July 1979[24]}}2249|2249}}0171|171[25]}}0009|9[26]}}0003|3[27]}}0000|0[28]}}077088|{{convert|77088|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[29]}}360|{{convert|360|m3|ft3|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}[30]}}
Salyut 3Soviet Union}} USSR Almaz[6]{{sort|0002|2[31] }}{{sort|0740525|25 May 1974[32]}}{{sort|0750124|24 January 1975[33]}}0213|213}}0015|15[34]}}0002|2[34]}}0001|1[34]}}0000|0}}018900|{{convert|18900|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
(at launch)[35]}}		090|{{convert|90|m3|ft3|abbr=on}}[18]}}
Salyut 4Soviet Union}} USSR DOS[36]{{sort|0002|2[37]}}{{sort|0741226|26 December 1974[38]}}{{sort|0770203|3 February 1977[38]}}0770|770[38]}}0092|92[39]}}0004|4[39]}}0002|2[39][40]}}0001|1[39]}}018900|{{convert|18900|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[18]
(at launch)}}		090|{{convert|90|m3|ft3|abbr=on}}[18]}}
Salyut 5Soviet Union}} USSR Almaz[36]{{sort|0002|2[41]}}{{sort|0760622|22 June 1976[42]}}{{sort|0770808|8 August 1977[43]}}0412|412}}0067|67[44]}}0004|4[44]}}0003|3[44]}}0000|0[44]}}019000|{{convert|19000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[18]
(at launch)}}		100|{{convert|100|m3|ft3|abbr=on}}[18]}}
Salyut 6Soviet Union}} USSR DOS[36]{{sort|0002|2[45]}}{{sort|0770929|29 September 1977[45]}}{{sort|0820729|29 July 1982[46]}}1764|1764}}0683|683[47]}}0033|33[47]}}0016|16[47]}}0014|14[47]}}009000|{{convert|19000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[48]}}090|{{convert|90|m3|ft3|abbr=on}}[49]}}
Salyut 7Soviet Union}} USSR DOS[36]{{sort|0003|3[50]}}{{sort|0820419|19 April 1982[51]}}{{sort|0910207|7 February 1991[51]}}3216|3216[51]}}0861|861[50]}}0022|22[50]}}0010|10[50]}}0015|15[50]}}019000|{{convert|19000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[52]}}090|{{convert|90|m3|ft3|abbr=on}}[18]}}
Mir{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} USSR | {{flagicon|Russia}} RFSA }} DOS[53]{{sort|0003|3[54]}}{{sort|0860219|19 February 1986[55][56]}}{{sort|1010323|23 March 2001[24][55]}}5511|5511[55]}}4594|4594[57]}}0125|125[57]}}0031|39[58]}}0068|68[57]}}129700|{{convert|129700|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[59]}}350|{{convert|350|m3|ft3|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}[60]}}
Tiangong-1China}} CNSA Tiangong program3[61]29 September 2011[62][63]2 April 2018[64] 2377 25[65] 6[65][66] 2[65] 1[67]8,506 |kg|lb|abbr=on}}[68]15|m3|ft3|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}[69]

Note: Prototypes and various parts of Chinese, Japanese, and Russian, U.S. programs are in orbit, but not necessarily operational.

Prototypes

These stations and parts are prototypes; they only exist as testing platforms and will never be manned. OPS 0855 was part of a cancelled Manned Orbiting Laboratory project by the United States, while the Genesis stations were launched privately and remain in orbit. Japan also has a tested version of a space elevator in orbit.

NameEntityProgramLaunchedReenteredDays in orbitMassPressurized volume
OPS 0855USA}} US Air Force MOL3 November 1966[70]9 January 1967[70] 679680|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}11.3|m3|ft3|abbr=on}}
Genesis I Bigelow Aerospace12 July 2006[71] (In Orbit)2006|07|12}}1360|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}[72]11.5|m3|ft3|abbr=on}}[73]
Genesis II Bigelow Aerospace28 June 2007[71] (In Orbit)2007|06|28}}1360|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}[72]11.5|m3|ft3|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}[73]

Operational stations

These stations are currently orbiting Earth and where a life support system is in place. Only one is fully operational.

NameEntityCrew sizeLaunchedDays in
orbit[74]		Days
occupied		Total crew
and visitors		Manned
visits		Unmanned
visits		MassPressurized
volume
International Space Station {{flagicon|USA}} NASA | {{flagicon|Russia}} Roscosmos | ESA | {{flagicon|Canada}} CSA | {{flagicon|Japan}} JAXA }}6[75]20 November 1998[75][56]1998|11|20}}2000|10|31}}[76] 215[76] 88 [77] 94 [77]417289|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[78]907|m3|ft3|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}[79]

Planned stations

These space stations have been announced by their host entity and are currently in active development or production. The launch date listed here may change as more information becomes available.

NameEntityPlanned
crew size		Planned
launch date
Chinese large modular space stationChina}} CNSA 3 2019–2022[80]
Space Complex Alpha Bigelow Aerospace 3+[81] 2020[82]
Space Complex Bravo Bigelow Aerospace 24[83] 2020 or later[82]
Lunar Orbital Platform-GatewayUSA}} NASA{{flagicon|Russia}} Roscosmos 2022[84]
Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex
(OPSEK)		Russia}} Roscosmos Unknown Pre-ISS deorbit (2024 at earliest)[85]
Lunar Orbital Station[86]
(LOS)		Russia}} Roscosmos —[87] after 2030[88]

Cancelled projects

Most of these stations were cancelled due to financial difficulties. However, Mir-2 and Freedom were later converted into the joint International Space Station project.

Space stationEntityCrew sizeLaunch dateRemarks
Manned Orbiting Laboratory 1–7USA}} NASA2[89]Mockup launched 3 November 1966[90]
(In orbit 40 days, cancelled after launch)[91]		Canceled due to excessive costs[92]
Skylab B{{flagicon|USA}} NASA3[93]Between 1975 and 1979 (planned)[94]Constructed, but launch canceled due to lack of funding.[95] Now a museum piece.
Freedom{{flagicon|USA}} NASA14–16[96]March 1994[97]Converted into the International Space Station[97]
Mir-2{{flagicon|Russia}} RFSA2 [98]1993[99]Canceled due to financial difficulties[99] Converted into the ISS
GalaxyBigelow AerospaceUnmanned[100]late 2008 (planned)[100]Canceled due to rising costs and ability to ground test key Galaxy subsystems[101]
Almaz commercialExcalibur Almaz4 or more2015Lack of funds. To be converted into an educational exhibit[102]

Timeline

{{Timeline of space stations}}

See also

  • Space portal
  • Spaceflight portal
  • Spacelab

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |title=A history of space stations|url=http://articles.cnn.com/1998-11-23/tech/9811_23_station.history_1_russianamerican-orbital-station-space-station?_s=PM:TECH |publisher=Cable News Network |date=23 November 1998 |accessdate=25 May 2012}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php?page=habitat02 |title=Space Stations |publisher=Oracle Thinkquest |accessdate=20 February 2012}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.windows2universe.org/space_missions/manned_table.html |title=A History of Manned Space Missions |publisher=National Earth Science Teachers Association |accessdate=4 May 2012}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spacestationinfo.com/space-stations.php |title=Space Stations, Space Agencies, Space Laboratories, Space Obervatory, Space Missions |publisher=Space Station Info |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118213739/http://www.spacestationinfo.com/space-stations.php |archivedate=18 January 2012}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/spacestation/station/russian.htm |title=The Station: Russian Space History |publisher=PBS |accessdate=8 May 2012}}
6. ^1 {{cite book |title=The Story Of Space Station Mir |last=Harland |first=David Michael|year=2005|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-73977-9|page=351|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBdUh8WqEfYC&pg=PA341}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php?page=habitat02 |title=Space Stations |publisher=ThinkQuest |accessdate=14 February 2012}}
8. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/salyut1.htm |title=Salyut 1 |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=January 1, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509060444/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/salyut1.htm |archivedate=May 9, 2008}}
9. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2011/04/0419soviets-launch-first-space-station/|title=April 19, 1971: Soviets Put First Space Station Into Orbit |journal=Wired|author=Tony Long|date=19 April 2011}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://kids.yahoo.com/science/space/article/spacestation |title=Space Station |publisher=World Almanac Education Group Inc. |accessdate=14 February 2012}}
11. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestation/salyut1.html |title=The first Space Station - Salyut 1 |author=Vic Stathopoulos |publisher=aerospaceguide.net |accessdate=5 January 2012}}
12. ^{{cite book |title=Salyut: Soviet steps toward permanent human presence in space.|last=Gibbons |first=John H.|year=2008 |publisher=DIANE Publishing|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kk10eqF6lXcC&pg=PA15|isbn=978-1-4289-2401-7}}
13. ^{{cite book|author=Grujica S. Ivanovich|title=Salyut - The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbDGMiXvdG0C|year=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-73973-1|page=329|bibcode=2008saly.book.....I}}
14. ^1 2 The USSR intended to man this station, however; it re-entered the atmosphere before the cosmonauts were launched.
15. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |title=Leaving Earth |last=Zimmerman |first=Robert |year=2003 |publisher=Joseph Henry Press |location=Washington, DC, United States |isbn=978-0-309-08548-9 |page=84 }}
16. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/project/salyut.htm|title=Salyut|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|accessdate=30 November 2010}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1973-017A|title=Saylut 2|publisher=NASA|accessdate=30 November 2010}}
18. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal|url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf |title=Mir Hardware Heritage |journal=NASA Sti/recon Technical Report N |volume=95 |pages=23249 |author=D.S.F. Portree |year=1995 |accessdate=30 November 2010 |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5il9QixAg?url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf |archivedate=3 August 2009|bibcode=1995STIN...9523249P }} (Full text available on Wikisource)
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1973-026A |title=NASA {{Ndash}} NSSDC {{Ndash}} Spacecraft {{Ndash}} Trajectory Details |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |accessdate=3 February 2012}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.planet4589.org/space/jsr/ree |title=Large Uncontrolled Reentries |publisher=planet4589.org |accessdate=3 February 2012}}
21. ^{{cite book|title=Space Enterprise: Living and Working Offworld in the 21st Century|last=Harris|first=Phillip|year=2008 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-77639-2|page=582|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9RlRq_DP0UC&pg=PA582}}
22. ^{{cite book |title=After Sputnik: 50 Years of the Space Age |editor1-last=Collins |editor1-first=Martin |year=2007 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution with Harper Collins Books|location=United States |isbn=978-0-06-089781-9|page=161}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/project/skylab.htm |title=Skylab |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=1 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111103738/http://www.astronautix.com/project/skylab.htm |archivedate=11 November 2011}}
24. ^1 {{cite journal |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2001/03/42564?currentPage=|author=Stewart Taggart |title=The Day the Sky(lab) Fell |journal=Wired |accessdate=1 January 2012 |date=22 March 2001}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scienceclarified.com/scitech/Space-Stations/Modest-Beginnings-Salyut-and-Skylab.html |title=Modest Beginnings: Salyut and Skylab {{Ndash}} The Architecture of Space Stations, Optimizing Internal Space, Engineering for Weightlesness |publisher=Science Clarified |accessdate=28 January 2012}}
26. ^{{cite news |title=Skylab 30 Years Later|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/skylab-03a.html |newspaper=Space Daily |date=11 November 2003}}
27. ^{{cite journal |url=https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2008/07/july-11-1979-look-out-below-here-comes-skylab/ |title=July 11, 1979: Look Out Below! Here Comes Skylab! |journal=Wired |author=Tony Long |accessdate=1 January 2012 |date=11 July 2008}}
28. ^{{cite journal|last1=Oberg|first1=Jame|year=1992|title=Skylab's Untimely Fate|journal=Air & Space|url=http://www.astronautix.com/articles/skyyfate.htm|accessdate=5 May 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426074003/http://www.astronautix.com/articles/skyyfate.htm|archivedate=26 April 2012}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/space_missions/skylab |title=BBC {{Ndash}} Solar System {{Ndash}} Skylab (pictures, video, facts & news) |publisher=BBC |accessdate=31 January 2012}}
30. ^{{cite book |title=Leaving Earth |last=Zimmerman |first=Robert |year=2003 |publisher=Joseph Henry Press |location=Washington, DC, United States |isbn=978-0-309-08548-9 |page=51 }}
31. ^{{cite book|title=A History of Space Exploration: And Its Future...|last=Furniss |first=Tim|year=2003 |publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-58574-650-7|page=200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-jQG5C8wwcC&pg=PA100}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops2.html |title=Salyut-3 (OPS-2) |publisher=Russian Space Web |accessdate=5 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601040059/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops2.html |archivedate=1 June 2009}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://reentrynews.aero.org/largeobject.html |title=Largest Objects to Reenter |publisher=Aerospace Corporation |accessdate=1 February 2012}}
34. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/salyut/english/salyut-3_1.htm |title=Resident Crews of Salyut 3 |publisher=spacefacts.de |accessdate=5 May 2012}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/space/lectures/lec21.html |title=Skylab |publisher=University of Oregon |accessdate=31 January 2012}} (Lecture at the University of Oregon, Salyut 3 is mentioned later in the lecture)
36. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |last1=Dudley-Rowley |first1=Marilyn |year=2006 |title=The Mir Crew Safety Record: Implications for Space Colonization|page=2|publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/salyut4.htm |title=Salyut 4 |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=5 May 2012}}
38. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestation/salyut4.html |title=Salyut-4 |publisher=Aerospaceguide |accessdate=5 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526035157/http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestation/salyut4.html |archivedate=26 May 2012}}
39. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/StationsDOS/Salyut4.php |title=The DOS Space Stations: Salyut 4 |publisher=Zarya.info |accessdate=5 May 2012}}
40. ^{{cite web |url=http://centennialofflight.net/essay/SPACEFLIGHT/soviet_stations/SP22.htm |title=Spaceflight :Soviet Space Stations |publisher=Centennial of Flight |accessdate=9 January 2012}}
41. ^{{cite web |url=http://astronautix.com/flights/soyuz21.htm |title=Soyuz 21 |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=5 May 2012}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops3.html |title=OPS-3 (Salyut-5) space station |publisher=Russian Space Web |accessdate=5 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604032933/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops3.html |archivedate=4 June 2009}}
43. ^{{cite journal|year=1977|title=Sixth Salyut Space Station Launched|journal=Science News|volume=112|issue=15|pages=229|doi=10.2307/3962473|jstor=3962472}} (requires JSTOR access)
44. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestation/salyut5.html |title=Salyut 5 |publisher=Aerospaceguide |accessdate=5 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526035022/http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestation/salyut5.html |archivedate=26 May 2012}}
45. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-097A |title=Salyut 6 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |accessdate=5 May 2012}}
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/StationsDOS/Salyut6Ex5.php |title=The DOS Space Stations: Expedition 5 (1981) and The End |author=Robert Christy |publisher=Zarya |accessdate=5 May 2012}}
47. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestation/salyut6.html |title=Salyut 6 |publisher=Aerospaceguide |accessdate=5 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724185021/http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestation/salyut6.html |archivedate=24 July 2008}}
48. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/salyut6.htm |title=Salyut 6 (craft information) |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=5 May 2012}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/project/salyut6.htm |title=Salyut 6 |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=5 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601023754/http://www.astronautix.com/project/salyut6.htm |archivedate=1 June 2009}}
50. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/salyut7.htm |title=Salyut 7 |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=5 May 2012}}
51. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://reentrynews.aero.org/recovered.html |title=Summary of Recovered Reentry Debris |publisher=Aerospace Corporation |accessdate=26 May 2012}}
52. ^{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1982-033A |title=Salyut 7 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |accessdate=5 May 2012}}
53. ^{{cite book|author=Grujica S. Ivanovich|title=Salyut - The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbDGMiXvdG0C|year=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-73973-1|page=358|bibcode=2008saly.book.....I}}
54. ^{{cite news |title=Atlantis' Astronauts Bear Gifts To Mir Crew |author=Seth Borenstein |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1995-11-16/news/9511151643_1_station-mir-mir-crew-atlantis |newspaper=Orlando Sentinel |date=16 November 1995 |accessdate=25 June 2012}}
55. ^1 2 {{cite journal |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/02/dayintech_0219 |author=Tony Long |title=Feb. 19, 1986: Mir, the Little Space Station That Could |journal=Wired |accessdate=1 January 2012 |date=19 February 2008}}
56. ^1 Launch date of the initial module. Additional modules for this station were launched later.
57. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/mir/mir.htm |title=Mir Space Station |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |accessdate=5 May 2012}}
58. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/mir.htm |title=Mir |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=5 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223180808/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/mir.htm |archivedate=23 December 2008}}
59. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spacestationinfo.com/space-station-Mir-8.html |title=Space Station Mir |publisher=SpaceStationInfo |accessdate=27 June 2012}}
60. ^{{cite journal |last1=Macatangay |first1=Ariel V. |last2=Perry |first2=Ray L.|title=Cabin Air Quality On Board Mir and the International Space Station—A Comparison|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070013700_2007011164.pdf|accessdate=5 May 2012}}
61. ^{{cite web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1109/29tiangonglaunch |title=Chinese rocket successfully launches mini-space lab |author=Stephen Clark |publisher=Spaceflight Now |accessdate=3 February 2012}}
62. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/89316/chinas-blasts-first-space-lab-tiangong-1-to-orbit/ |title=China Blasts First Space Lab Tiangong 1 to Orbit |author=Ken Kremer |publisher=universetoday.com|date=29 September 2011}}
63. ^{{cite news |title=China Successfully Launches 1st Space Lab Module|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=6FI3704001549&site=src-live |newspaper=Arabia 2000|date=29 September 2011}}
64. ^{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/tiangong-1-crash-china-space-station | title=Tiangong-1 crash: Chinese space station comes down in Pacific Ocean| newspaper=The Guardian| date=2018-04-02| last1=Kuo| first1=Lily}}
65. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18481806 |title=Shenzhou 9 Docks with Tiangong 1 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=18 June 2012|work=BBC News |date=2012-06-18 |last1=Amos |first1=Jonathan }}
66. ^Shenzhou 10#Crew
67. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15562928 |title=Chinese spacecraft dock in orbit |author=Amos, Jonathan |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=22 January 2012 |date=2 November 2011}}
68. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tiangong.htm |title=Tiangong |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|accessdate=3 January 2012}}
69. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/spacelab/tiangong1.asp |title=Chinese Space Program {{pipe}} Tiangong 1 {{pipe}} SinoDefence.com |publisher=SinoDefence.com |accessdate=22 January 2012}}
70. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app3/ov.html |title=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles |publisher=Designation Systems |accessdate=20 November 2013}}
71. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/dnepr.html |title=The Dnpur launcher |publisher=Russian Space Web |accessdate=5 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624051626/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/dnepr.html |archivedate=24 June 2015}}
72. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18142397/#.T6VgX2yI98E |title=Private space station test delayed till May |author=Alan Boyle |publisher=MSNBC |accessdate=5 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519220824/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18142397/ |archivedate=19 May 2007}}
73. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/4007-bigelow-orbital-module-launches-space.html |title=Bigelow's Second Orbital Module Launches Into Space |author=Tariq Malik and Leonard David |publisher=Space.com |accessdate=5 May 2012}}
74. ^Correct as of {{Currentdaymonth}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}
75. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration/international-space-station-article/ |title=International Space Station, ISS Information, Space Station Facts, News, Photos {{Ndash}} National Geographic |publisher=National Geographic |accessdate=15 January 2012}}
76. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/onthestation/facts_and_figures.html |title=Facts and Figures |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |accessdate=5 May 2012}}
77. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_chronology_flights.html |title=A timeline of ISS missions |publisher=Russian Space Web |accessdate=27 September 2016}}
78. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/isstodate.html |title=The ISS to Date |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |accessdate=10 May 2012}}
79. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/spacestation/station/issfactsheet.htm |title=Space Station {{pipe}} FYI {{pipe}} ISS Fact Sheet |author=Public Broadcasting Station |publisher=PBS |accessdate=9 January 2012}}
80. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-space-idUSKBN17U0GG China to begin construction of manned space station in 2019] Reuters April 28, 2017
81. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/story/nevada-aerospace-company-aims-florida?quicktabs_1=0 |title=Nevada Aerospace Company Aims for Florida: Bigelow eyes launch of commercial space stations from Cape Canaveral |author=Kenric Ward |publisher=Sunshine State News|date=2 February 2011}}
82. ^1 {{Cite web | url=http://www.space.com/32541-private-space-habitat-launching-2020.html | title=Private Space Habitat to Launch in 2020 Under Commercial Spaceflight Deal}}
83. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lvrj.com/business/las-vegas-entrepreneur-wants-to-upgrade-space-modules-115356329.html |title=Las Vegas entrepreneur wants to upgrade space modules |author=Tim O'Reiley |publisher=Las Vegas Review-Journal |accessdate=8 February 2012}}
84. ^https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/09/sls-em-1-em-3-notional-mission-outline/
85. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8064060.stm |title=Russia 'to save its ISS modules' |author=Anatoly Zak |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=10 February 2012 |date=22 May 2009}}
86. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/los.html |title=Lunar Orbital Station, LOS |author=Ahatoly Zak |publisher=Russian Space Web |accessdate=11 February 2012}}
87. ^This station was announced in 2007, details are still forthcoming.
88. ^{{cite web |url=http://english.cntv.cn/20120428/109000.shtml |title=Russia unveils space plan beyond 2030 |author=Xinhua|date=28 April 2012|work=english.cntv.cn |publisher=China Central Television}}
89. ^{{cite book |title=After Sputnik: 50 Years of the Space Age |editor1-last=Collins |editor1-first=Martin |year=2007 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution in association with Harper-Collins Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-089781-9 |page=93 }}
90. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/history/molsuits.html |title=Spacesuits Open Doors to MOL History |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |author=Steven Siceloff |accessdate=12 November 2012}}
91. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/mol.htm |title=MOL |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=14 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721035424/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/mol.htm |archivedate=21 July 2009}}
92. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/SPACEFLIGHT/space_station/SP27.htm |title=Spaceflight :The International Space Station and Its Predecessors |publisher=centennialofflight.net |accessdate=22 January 2012}}
93. ^{{cite book|title=NASA'S scientist-astronauts|journal=Nasa's Scientist-Astronauts|last1=Shayler|first1=David|last2=Burgess|first2=Colin|year=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-21897-7|page=280|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TweEC3h633AC&pg=PA280|bibcode=2006nasa.book.....S}}
94. ^{{cite book |last1=Shayler |first1=David |title=Skylab: America's space station |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4WaYqQDVKwC&pg=PA301|edition=1st|date=2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-85233-407-9|page=303|chapter=Revisit, reboost and reentry, 1974-1979}}
95. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/flights/skylabb.htm |title=Skylab B |author=astronautix.com |publisher=astronautix.com |accessdate=1 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131121948/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/skylabb.htm |archivedate=31 January 2012}}
96. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/spaeedom.htm |title=Space Station Freedom |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=24 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611042229/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/spaeedom.htm |archivedate=11 June 2012}}
97. ^1 {{cite journal |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/03/space-station-columbia-1991/ |title=Space Station Columbia (1991) |journal=Wired |author=David S. F. Portree|date=13 March 2012}}
98. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceref.com/iss/elements/sm.html |title=ISS Elements: Service Module ("Zvezda") |publisher=spaceref.com |accessdate=24 June 2012}}
99. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/mir2.htm |title=Mir-2 |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=24 June 2012}}
100. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/out_there/developing_a_galaxy.php |title=Developing a Galaxy |author=Dan Cohen |publisher=Bigelow Aerospace, LLC |accessdate=23 November 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5TZsvEzlh?url=http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/out_there/developing_a_galaxy.php |archivedate=24 November 2007}} (page has been taken down, link is to an archived version)
101. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/4220-bigelow-aerospace-fast-tracks-manned-spacecraft.html |title=Bigelow Aerospace Fast-Tracks Manned Spacecraft {{pipe}} Space.com |author=SPACE.com Staff |publisher=space.com |accessdate=4 January 2012}}
102. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/shooting-for-the-moon-time-called-on-isle-of-man-space-race-10101750.html | title=Shooting for the Moon: Time is called on Isle of Man space race| date=2015-03-11}}

References

{{reflist |3}}

External links

{{commons-inline |Category:Space stations |Space stations}}{{Space stations}}

2 : Space stations|Spaceflight timelines
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