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词条 List of territorial entities where German is an official language
释义

  1. German as an official language

      Dependent entities  

  2. Other legal statuses

  3. International institutions

  4. Notes

  5. References

{{Pie chart
|caption=Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide.
|value1=78.3
|label1=Germany
|color1=#282828
|value2=8.4
|label2=Austria
|color2=Yellow
|value3=5.6
|label3=Switzerland
|color3=#FF0000
|value4=0.4
|label4=Italy
|color4=#008751
|value5=7.3
|label5=Other
|color5=Grey
}}

The following is a list of the territorial entities where German is an official language. It includes countries, which have German as (one of) their nationwide official language(s), as well as dependent territories with German as a co-official language.

German as an official language

German is the official language of six countries, all of which lie in central and western Europe. These countries (with the addition of South Tyrol of Italy) also form the Council for German Orthography and are referred to as the German Sprachraum (German language area).

CountryPopulation
[1]		SpeakersNotes
(native)[2][3][4](second)[2][4]
Germany}} 84,900,000 75,101,421 (91.8%) 5,600,000 (6.9%) De facto sole nationwide official language{{efn>While several specific laws, e.g., §23 VwVfG or $184 GVG, specify German as the administrative language in Germany, the Grundgesetz does not specifically mention it as federal official language.|group=efn}}
Belgium}} 11,420,163 73,000 (0.6%) 2,472,746 (22%) De jure official language in the German speaking community
Austria}} 8,838,171 8,040,960 (93%) 516,000 (6%) De jure sole nationwide official language
Switzerland}} 8,508,904 5,329,393 (64.6%) 395,000 (5%) Co-official language at federal level; de jure sole official language in 17, co-official in 4 cantons (out of 26)
Luxembourg}} 602,000 11,000 (2%) 380,000 (67.5%) De jure nationwide co-official language
Liechtenstein}} 37,370 32,075 (85.8%) 5,200 (13.9%) De jure sole nationwide official language
Total 112,238,899 87,875,432 9,368,946 Total speakers: 97,244,378

Dependent entities

German, or one of its dialects, is a co-official language in several dependent entities. In each of these regions, German, along with the official language of the host nation, is an official language on the administrative level.

Region Country Population
2006/2011		 Native
speakers		 Notes
Autonomous Province of South Tyrol Italy}} 511,750 354,643 (69.3%)[5] Co-official language on province level; equal to Italian
Opole Voivodeship (28 communes)
Silesian Voivodeship (3 communes) 		Poland}} 250,000 ~50,000 (~20%)[6] Auxiliary language in 31 communes;[7]
also national minority language[10]
Espírito Santo (5 municipalities)
Santa Catarina (2 municipalities)
Rio Grande do Sul (2 municipalities) 		Brazil}} 205,000 {{n/a}} Co-official language in 9 municipalities[8] (as "German", "Pomeranian", and "Hunsrückisch");
also statewide cultural language in Espírito Santo;[9][10] Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German is an integral part of the historical and cultural heritage of Rio Grande do Sul.[11]

In the two Slovak villages of Krahule/Blaufuss and Kunešov/Kuneschhau (total population 530) the percentage of ethnic Germans exceeds 20%,[12] therefore making German a co-official language according to Slovak law.[13][14][15] However, due to the size of the villages and the approximate number of native German speakers (~100), the administrative impact is negligible.

Other legal statuses

{{See also|Geographical distribution of German speakers}}

There are other political entities (countries as well as dependent entities) which acknowledge other legal statuses for the German language or one of its dialects. While these may cover minority rights, support of certain language facilities (schools, media, etc.), and the promotion of cultural protection/heritage, they do not encompass the establishment of German as an "official" language, i.e., being required in public offices or administrative texts.

  • {{BRA}} (German is a statewide cultural language in Espírito Santo; Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German is an integral part of the historical and cultural heritage of Rio Grande do Sul; also co-official in 9 municipalities in southern Brazil)[9][10][11]
  • {{BIH}} (national minority language)[10]
  • {{flag|Czech Republic}} (national minority language)[4][16][17]
  • {{DEN}} (minority language in Syddanmark)[16][18][19]
  • {{HUN}} (national minority language)[16][20][21]
  • {{ITA}} (outside South Tyrol) (minority language in Trentino[22][23] (as "Cimbrian" & "Mòcheno/Fersentalerisch"); Piedmont[24]/Valle d'Aosta[25] (as Walser German); Friuli-Venezia Giulia[26] (various dialects))
  • {{KAZ}} (national minority language)[27]
  • {{NAM}} (national language; co-official language 1884–1990)[4][28]
  • {{POL}} (national minority language; also auxiliary language in 31 communes)[16]
  • {{ROM}} (national minority language)[4][16][29]
  • {{RUS}} (minority language in the Azovo German National District)[30]
  • {{flag|Slovakia}} (regional minority language; also co-official in 2 villages)[16]
  • {{UKR}} (national minority language)[16]

Although in {{FRA}}, the High German varieties Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as "regional languages" according to the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages of 1998, the French government has not yet ratified the treaty, and those varieties have no official legal status.[31]

The constitution of {{flag|South Africa}} identifies German as a "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to "promote and ensure respect" for it.[32]

Due to the German diaspora and Russian Mennonites (speaking Mennonite Low German), other countries with sizable populations of (mostly bilingual) German L1 speakers include {{ARG}}, {{AUS}}, {{CAN}}, {{CRC}}, {{PAR}} (see also Mennonites in Paraguay), as well as the {{USA}}.[33] However, in none of these countries does German or a German variety have any legal status.

In the {{NED}}, the Limburgish and Low German languages are protected regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages,[16] however they are widely considered separate languages and neither German nor Dutch dialects.

International institutions

German is an official language of the following international institutions:

  • European Patent Organisation – EPO
  • European Space Agency – ESA
  • European Union - EU
  • Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe - OSCE
  • Reporters Without Borders – RWB
  • World Association of Newspapers – WAN
  • Numerous international sports associations:
    • European Handball Federation – EHF
    • Fédération Internationale de Basketball – FIBA
    • Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing – FIBT
    • Fédération Internationale de Football Association – FIFA
    • Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique – FIG
    • Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course – FIL
    • Fédération Internationale de Ski – FIS
    • International Biathlon Union – IBU
    • Union of European Football Associations – UEFA

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

1. ^See: List of countries and dependencies by population
2. ^1 Eurobarometer 2012 - Annex
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/deu|title=German, Standard|work=Ethnologue}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=vPvmBQAAQBAJ |author=Ammon, Ulrich |title=Die Stellung der deutschen Sprache in der Welt |language=German |edition=1st |date=November 2014 |publisher=de Gruyter |location=Berlin, Germany |ISBN=978-3-11-019298-8 |accessdate=2015-07-24}}
5. ^Census of South Tyrol 2011
6. ^Polish census 2011 (note that ethnic associations allow only for a very rough estimate of first language distribution)
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/english/files/list_of_minority_names.pdf |title=Map on page of Polish Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names |date= |accessdate=20 June 2015}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://e-ipol.org/ipol-realizara-formacao-de-recenseadores-para-o-censo-linguistico-do-municipio-de-antonio-carlos-sc/|title=IPOL realizará formação de recenseadores para o censo linguístico do município de Antônio Carlos-SC|work=e-ipol.org}}
9. ^1 [https://claudiovereza.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/pec-11-de-2009_1.pdf Legislative Assembly of the state of Espírito Santo (Commissioner for Culture and Social Communication - Addition to the constitutional amendment number 11/2009 establishing the Pomeranian dialect as well as German as cultural heritage of the state (February 2011)]
10. ^1 Plenário aprova em segundo turno a PEC do patrimônio
11. ^1 Lei N.º 14.061, de 23 de julho de 2012
12. ^Úrad splnomocnenca vlády SR pre národnostné menšiny (The Government Council of the Slovak Republic for National Minorities and Ethnic Groups) - List of Slovakian municipalities with >20% minority population (2011)
13. ^{{cite book | authorlink = National Geographic | title = National Geographic Collegiate Atlas of the World | publisher = R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company |date=April 2006 | location = Willard, Ohio | pages = 257–299 | isbn = 978-0-7922-3662-7}}
14. ^Annual of Language & Politics and Politics of Identity - Language Policy of Slovak Republic (Zdeněk Škrobák)
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kbdesign.sk/cla/projects/language_policy/legislation/Act%20on%20the%20usage%20of%20languages%20of%20national%20minorites.htm|title=National Council of the Slovak Republic - 184 Act (dated 10 July 1999) on the use of languages of national minorities|work=kbdesign.sk}}
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Council of Europe - List of ratifications of the Charter for regional/minority languages
17. ^Carolin Zwilling (European Academy Bolzano-Bozen, 2004) - Minority Protection and Language Policy in the Czech Republic
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/about/history/german-danish-border-region/bonn-copenhagen-declarations/|title=European Centre for Minority Issues - Bonn-Copenhagen Declarations|work=ecmi.de}}
19. ^Die deutsche Minderheit in Dänemark - Sprache – Identität und Schlüssel (German). Letzter Zugriff am 3. Mai 2015
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.budapest.diplo.de/Vertretung/budapest/de/04_20Pol/Deutsche_20Minderheit/0-Ungarndeutsche.html|title=Deutsche Botschaft Budapest - Die deutsche Minderheit in Ungarn|accessdate=3 May 2015|publisher=}}
21. ^Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Budapest - The national and ethnic minorities in Hungary
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.minoranzelinguistiche.provincia.tn.it/normativa/tutela_comunita_linguistiche/|title=Tutela delle comunità linguistiche storiche – Provincia Autonoma di Trento – Minoranze Linguistiche|work=provincia.tn.it}}
23. ^Sprachminderheiten in Italien - Autonome Region Trentino-Südtirol
24. ^L.R. n. 26 del 10 aprile 1990 - Tutela, valorizzazione e promozione della conoscenza dell'originale patrimonio linguistico del Piemonte - B.U. n. 16 del 18 aprile 1990
25. ^Loi constitutionnelle n° 4 du 26 février 1948 STATUT SPECIAL POUR LA VALLEE D'AOSTE
26. ^Sprachminderheiten in Italien - Friuli Venezia Giulia
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/KZ/languages|title=German as recognized language in Kazakhstan according to Language Law, No. 151-1, 11 July, Articles 4,6,7 (1997)|work=Ethnologue}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf|title=Deutsch in Namibia|publisher=Supplement of the Allgemeine Zeitung|date=18 August 2007|accessdate=23 June 2008|format=PDF|language=German}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=o3bse2hTyeIC&pg|title=Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz|work=google.de}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://russia.bestpravo.com/omsk/data04/tex17941.htm|title=УСТАВ АЗОВСКОГО РАЙОННОГО СОВЕТА ОТ 21.05.2002 N 5-09 УСТАВ МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ "АЗОВСКИЙ НЕМЕЦКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ РАЙОН ОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (ПРИНЯТ РЕШЕНИЕМ АЗОВСКОГО РАЙОННОГО СОВЕТА ОТ 21.05.2002 N 5-09, ЗАРЕГИСТРИРОВАН ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕМ ЗС ОТ 25.06.2002 N 106)|work=bestpravo.com}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/societe/2015/06/05/31003-20150605ARTFIG00157-charte-europeenne-des-langues-regionales-hollande-nourrit-la-guerre-contre-le-francais.php|title=Charte européenne des langues régionales : Hollande nourrit la guerre contre le français|work=Le Figaro}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions#5|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|work=www.gov.za}}
33. ^German L1 speakers outside Europe
{{Countries and languages lists}}

6 : German-speaking countries and territories|Lists of administrative territorial entities by language|German as official language|German language|German diaspora in Europe|Cultural regions
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