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词条 List of threatened rays
释义

  1. See also

  2. References

  3. Further reading

  4. External links

{{see also|Threatened sharks}}{{Quote box
|quote = The market for shark and ray products is first and foremost a luxury one: The gill plates, in the case of manta rays, are used in China for a tonic soup that has become fashionable because of perceived medicinal properties, even though it is not in the traditional Chinese pharmacopoeia. This is a recent trend and has caused a population loss of up to 86% in the last six to eight years.
|source = – WWF 2013 [1]
|align = right
|width = 296px
|salign = right
}}Threatened rays are those vulnerable to endangerment (extinction) in the near future. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's oldest global environmental organisation.[2] It evaluates threatened species, and treats threatened species not as a single category, but as a group of three categories, depending on the degree to which they are threatened:[3]

Vulnerable species

Endangered species

Critically endangered species

The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories.[3] The terms can be used somewhat interchangeably, as all vulnerable species are threatened, all endangered species are vulnerable and threatened, and all critically endangered species are endangered, vulnerable and threatened. Threatened species are also referred to as a red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4]

Together rays and sharks make up the class of modern cartilaginous fishes. Modern fish are either cartilaginous or bony. Cartilaginous fishes have skeletons made of cartilage while bony fishes have skeletons made of bone. Because rays and sharks are closely related, they are often studied together. In 2010 a global IUCN study of vertebrates found that of 1,044 cartilaginous (ray and shark) species examined, 345 or 33% were threatened with extinction.[5][6]

There are four orders of rays: stingrays, skates, electric rays and sawfishes. Like sharks, rays are relatively long living and thrive in stable populations. They are K-strategists which grow slowly, mature late sexually and produce few offspring. They cannot recover as rapidly as many faster growing fish can if their populations are depleted.[7] As with sharks, rays are increasingly becoming vulnerable because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-ray fisheries on the seabed and ray prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution.[8] Most particularly, the continuing decline of threatened rays and sharks is the consequence of unregulated fishing.[9]

Manta rays are largest rays in the world, with wingspans reaching 7 metres.[11] They have one of the highest brain-to-body mass ratios of all fish.[12] Manta populations suffer when they are caught as bycatch by fishermen fishing for other species, but fisheries which target manta rays are even more harmful. Manta rays use their gills to filter plankton from the sea. Demand for their dried gill rakers, cartilaginous structures protecting the gills, has been growing in traditional Chinese medicine practices.[13] The market is "bogus" since dried manta gills have never been used historically in Chinese medicine, and there is no evidence that the gills have any medicinal value.[11][14][15] The flesh is edible and is consumed in some countries, but is tough and unattractive compared to other fish. To fill the growing demand in Asia for gill rakers, targeted fisheries have developed in other parts of the world, including Sri Lanka, Indonesia, West Africa and Central and South America.[16] Each year, thousands of manta rays, primarily the giant manta ray, are being caught and killed purely for their gill rakers. A fisheries study in Sri Lanka estimated that over a thousand of these were being sold in the country's fish markets each year.[17]

In 2011, manta rays became strictly protected in international waters thanks to their recent inclusion in the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals. The CMS is an international treaty organization concerned with conserving migratory species and habitats on a global scale. Although individual nations were already protecting manta rays, the fish often migrate through unregulated waters, putting them at increased risk from overfishing.[18] In 2013, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) listed both species of manta rays as CITES Appendix II species. This means that the international trade of manta rays will now be monitored and regulated.[19][20]

Sawfish are a less well known family of rays which have a long rostrum resembling a saw. Some species can reach {{convert|7|m|disp=or}} in length.[21][22][23] All species of sawfish are either endangered or critically endangered as a result of habitat destruction and overfishing.[10] Their young stay close to shore, and are particularly affected by coastal developments.[24] Because their rostrum is easily entangled, sawfishes can easily become bycatch in fishing nets. They are also exploited for the novelty value of their rostrum, their fins are eaten as a delicacy in China, and their liver oil used as a food supplement. While arguing for a global ban on international commerce in 2007, a representative from the National Museums of Kenya stated, "Only the meat is consumed locally; and artisanal fishermen can retire after catching one sawfish due to the high value of a single rostrum, up to $1,450."[10] In 2013 CITES uplisted the largetooth sawfish to Appendix I. This is CITES highest protection level, and means that all international trade of the species is banned.[25][26]{{clear}}
Order Image Scientific name Common name Population trend IUCN status Fish
Base		 FAO Comment
Stingray Aetobatus flagellum Longheaded eagle raydecreasing Endangered[27][28]
Stingray Aetomylaeus maculatus Mottled eagle raydecreasing Endangered[27][29]
Stingray Aetomylaeus nichofii Banded eagle raydecreasing Vulnerable[30][31]
Stingray Aetomylaeus vespertilio Ornate eagle raydecreasing Endangered[32][33]
Skate Amblyraja radiata Thorny skatedecreasing Vulnerable[34][35]
Sawfish Anoxypristis cuspidata Knifetooth sawfishdecreasing Endangered[36][37]
Stingray Aptychotrema timorensis Spotted shovelnose rayunknown Vulnerable[38][39]
Skate Atlantoraja castelnaui Spotback skatedecreasing Endangered[40][41]
Skate Atlantoraja cyclophora Eyespot skatedecreasing Vulnerable[42][43]
Skate Atlantoraja platana La Plata skatedecreasing Vulnerable[44][45]
Skate Bathyraja griseocauda Graytail skatedecreasing Endangered[46][47]
Electric ray Benthobatis kreffti Brazilian blind electric rayunknown Vulnerable[48][49]
Stingray Dasyatis colarensis Colares stingrayunknown Vulnerable[50][51]
Stingray Dasyatis fluviorum Estuary stingareedecreasing Vulnerable[52][53]
Stingray Dasyatis garouaensis Smooth freshwater stingraydecreasing Vulnerable[54][55] freshwater
Stingray Dasyatis laosensis Mekong freshwater stingraydecreasing Endangered[56][57] freshwater
Stingray Dasyatis margarita Daisy stingraydecreasing Endangered[58][59]
Stingray Dasyatis ukpam Daisy stingrayunknown Endangered[60][61] freshwater
Electric ray Diplobatis colombiensis Colombian electric rayunknown Vulnerable[62][63]
Electric ray Diplobatis guamachensis Brownband numbfishunknown Vulnerable[64][65]
Electric ray Diplobatis ommata Ocellated electric rayunknown Vulnerable[66][67]
Electric ray Diplobatis pictus Variegated electric rayunknown Vulnerable[68][69]
Skate Dipturus australis Sydney skateunknown Vulnerable[70][71]
Skate Dipturus batis Blue skatedecreasing Critically endangered[72][73]
Skate Dipturus crosnieri Madagascar skateunknown Vulnerable[74][75]
Skate Dipturus laevis Barndoor skatestable Endangered[76][77]
Skate Dipturus mennii South Brazilian skateunknown Vulnerable[78][79]
Skate Dipturus trachydermus Roughskin skatedecreasing Vulnerable[80][81]
Electric ray Electrolux addisoni Ornate sleeper rayunknown Critically endangered[82][83]
Skate Glaucostegus granulatus Sharpnose guitarfishdecreasing Vulnerable[84][85]
Skate Glaucostegus thouin Clubnose guitarfishunknown Vulnerable[86][87]
Skate Glaucostegus typus Common shovelnose raydecreasing Vulnerable[88][89]
Skate Gurgesiella dorsalifera Onefin skatedecreasing Vulnerable[90][91]
Stingray Gymnura altavela Spiny butterfly raydecreasing Vulnerable[92][93]
Stingray Gymnura zonura Zonetail butterfly raydecreasing Vulnerable[94][95]
Electric ray Heteronarce garmani Natal electric rayunknown Vulnerable[96][97]
Stingray Himantura gerrardi Whitespotted whiprayunknown Vulnerable[98][99] freshwater
Stingray Himantura chaophraya Giant freshwater stingraydecreasing Vulnerable[100][101] freshwater
Stingray Himantura hortlei Hortle's whipraydecreasing Vulnerable[102][103] freshwater
Stingray Himantura kittipongi Roughback whiprayunknown Endangered[104][105] freshwater
Stingray Himantura leoparda Leopard whipraydecreasing Vulnerable[106][107] freshwater
Stingray Himantura lobistoma Tubemouth whipraydecreasing Vulnerable[108][109] freshwater
Stingray Himantura oxyrhyncha Longnose marbled whiprayunknown Endangered[110][111] freshwater
Stingray Himantura pastinacoides Round whipraydecreasing Vulnerable[112][113] freshwater
Stingray Himantura polylepis Giant freshwater stingraydecreasing Endangered[114][115] freshwater
Stingray Himantura signifer White-edge freshwater whiprayunknown Endangered[116][117] freshwater
Stingray Himantura uarnacoides Bleeker's whipraydecreasing Vulnerable[118][119] freshwater
Stingray Himantura uarnak Reticulate whipraydecreasing Vulnerable[120][121] freshwater
Stingray Himantura undulata Bleeker's variegated whipraydecreasing Vulnerable[122][123] freshwater
Skate Leucoraja circularis Sandy rayunknown Vulnerable[124][125]
Skate Leucoraja melitensis Maltese skatedecreasing Critically endangered[126][127]
Skate Leucoraja ocellata Winter skatedecreasing Endangered[128][129]
Stingray Myliobatis hamlyni Purple eagle raydecreasing Endangered[130][131]
Skate Malacoraja senta Smooth skatedecreasing Endangered[132][133]
Stingray Manta alfredi Reef manta raydecreasing Vulnerable[134][135]
Stingray Manta birostris Giant manta raydecreasing Vulnerable[136][137]
Stingray Mobula mobular Giant devil raydecreasing Endangered[138][139]
Stingray Mobula rochebrunei Lesser Guinean devil rayunknown Vulnerable[140][141]
Electric ray Narcine bancroftii Caribbean electric rayunknown Critically Endangered[142][143]
Electric ray Narcine brevilabiata Shortlip electric rayunknown Vulnerable[144][145]
Electric ray Narke japonica Japanese sleeper rayunknown Vulnerable[146][147]
Skate Okamejei pita Pita skateunknown Critically endangered[148][149]
Stingray Pastinachus solocirostris Roughnose stingrayunknown Endangered[150][151]
Stingray Platyrhina sinensis Fanrayunknown Vulnerable[152][153]
Sawfish Pristis clavata Queensland sawfishdecreasing Endangered[154][155]
Sawfish Pristis pectinata Smalltooth sawfishdecreasing Critically endangered[156][157]
Sawfish Pristis pristis Common sawfishdecreasing Critically endangered[158][159]
Sawfish Pristis zijsron Narrowsnout sawfishdecreasing Critically endangered[160][161]
Skate Raja pulchra Mottled skatedecreasing Vulnerable[162][163]
Skate Raja undulata Undulate raydecreasing Endangered[164][165]
Skate Rhina ancylostoma Bowmouth guitarfishdecreasing Vulnerable[166][167]
Skate Rhinobatos albomaculatus White-spotted guitarfishdecreasing Vulnerable[168][169]
Skate Rhinobatos cemiculus Blackchin guitarfishdecreasing Endangered[170][171]
Skate Rhinobatos formosensis Taiwan guitarfishunknown Vulnerable[172][173]
Skate Rhinobatos horkelii Brazilian guitarfishdecreasing Critically endangered[174][175]
Skate Rhinobatos irvinei Spineback guitarfishdecreasing Vulnerable[176][177]
Skate Rhinobatos jimbaranensis Jimbaran shovelnose raydecreasing Vulnerable[178][179]
Skate Rhinobatos obtusus Widenose guitarfishdecreasing Vulnerable[180][181]
Skate Rhinobatos penggali Indonesian shovelnose raydecreasing Vulnerable[182][183]
Skate Rhinobatos rhinobatos Common guitarfishdecreasing Endangered[184][185]
Stingray Rhinoptera brasiliensis Brazilian cownose raydecreasing Endangered[186][187]
Stingray Rhinoptera javanica Javanese cownose rayunknown Vulnerable[188][189]
Skate Rhinoraja albomaculata Whitedotted skateunknown Vulnerable[190][191]
Skate Rhynchobatus australiae White-spotted guitarfishdecreasing Vulnerable[192][193]
Skate Rhynchobatus djiddensis Giant guitarfishdecreasing Vulnerable[194][195]
Skate Rhynchobatus laevis Smoothnose wedgefishunknown Vulnerable[196][197]
Skate Rhynchobatus luebberti Lubbert's guitarfishdecreasing Endangered[198][199]
Skate Rhynchobatus sp. nov. A Roughnose wedgefishdecreasing Vulnerable[200][201]
Skate Rhynchobatus springeri Broadnose wedgefishdecreasing Vulnerable[202][203]
Skate Rioraja agassizii Rio skateunknown Vulnerable[204][205]
Skate Rostroraja alba Bottlenose skatedecreasing Endangered[206][207]
Skate Spiniraja whitleyi Melbourne skateunknown Vulnerable[208][209]
Skate Sympterygia acuta Bignose fanskatedecreasing Vulnerable[210][211]
Stingray Taeniura meyeni Round ribbontail rayunknown Vulnerable[212][213]
Electric ray Temera hardwickii Finless sleeper rayunknown Vulnerable[214][215]
Skate Trygonorrhina melaleuca Magpie fiddler rayunknown Endangered[216][217]
Stingray Urogymnus asperrimus Porcupine rayunknown Vulnerable[218][219]
Stingray Urogymnus ukpam Pincushion rayunknown Endangered[220][221]
Stingray Urolophus bucculentus Sandyback stingareedecreasing Vulnerable[222][223]
Stingray Urolophus javanicus Java stingareedecreasing Critically endangered[224][225]
Stingray Urolophus orarius Coastal stingareeunknown Endangered[226][227]
Stingray Urolophus sufflavus Yellowback stingareedecreasing Vulnerable[228][229]
Stingray Urolophus viridis Greenback stingareedecreasing Vulnerable[230][231]
Stingray Urotrygon reticulata Reticulate round stingrayunknown Vulnerable[232][233]
Stingray Urotrygon simulatrix Fake round rayunknown Vulnerable[234][235]
Skate Zapteryx brevirostris Shortnose guitarfishdecreasing Vulnerable[236][237]
Skate Zearaja chilensis Yellownose skatedecreasing Vulnerable[238][239]
Skate Zearaja maugeana Maugean skateunknown Endangered[240][241]

See also

  • List of threatened sharks

References

1. ^The fight to save threatened sharks and rays WWF, 6 March 2013.
2. ^International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
3. ^1 {{Cite journal | title = Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria | publisher = IUCN | date = August 2010 | url = http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/RedListGuidelines.pdf | accessdate = 2012-09-05 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110221235804/http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/RedListGuidelines.pdf | archivedate = 21 February 2011 }}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/red-list-overview#redlist_authorities |title=Red List Overview |work=IUCN Red List |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527175928/http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/red-list-overview |archivedate=2012-05-27 |df= }}
5. ^[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101026184209.htm Third of Shark and Ray Species Are Threatened, Study Suggests] Science News, 27 October 2010.
6. ^Hoffmann M, C Hilton-Taylor and 173 others (2010) "The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates" Science, 330: 1503–1509. {{doi|10.1126/science.1194442}}
7. ^Conservation of Sharks CITES AC18 Inf. 1, 2002.
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oceana.org/sharks/threats/|title=The Greatest Threats to Sharks|year=2007|publisher=Oceana|accessdate=2009-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603052356/http://oceana.org/sharks/threats/ |archivedate=2009-06-03}}
9. ^The Future of Sharks: A Review of Action and Inaction CITES AC25 Inf. 6, 2011.
10. ^1 2 {{cite news |first=Richard |last=Black |date=June 11, 2007 |title=Sawfish protection acquires teeth |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6740609.stm}}
11. ^1 [https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2013/03/manta-ray-mouth.html Glider of the sea threatened by 'traditional' medicine] New Scientist, 25 March 2013.
12. ^{{cite journal|author=Ari, C.|year=2011|title=Encephalization and brain organization of mobulid rays (Myliobatiformes, Elasmobranchii) with ecological perspectives|journal=Open Anatomy Journal|volume=3|pages=1–13|url=http://www.benthamscience.com/open/toanatj/articles/V003/1TOANATJ.pdf|doi=10.2174/1877609401103010001|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919214353/http://www.benthamscience.com/open/toanatj/articles/V003/1TOANATJ.pdf|archivedate=2013-09-19|df=}}
13. ^{{cite news|title=No species is safe from burgeoning wildlife trade|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/12/world/asia/no-species-is-safe-from-burgeoning-wildlife-trade.html|accessdate=2013-03-13|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2013-03-12|author=Wassener, Bettina}}
14. ^Manta Rays Endangered by Sudden Demand from Chinese Medicine ScientificAmerican, 17 January 2012.
15. ^[https://sharksavers.box.com/s/44nbx900qajxghzb4oh8 "The global threat to manta and mobula rays"] WildAid and Shark Savers. 2011 report.
16. ^{{cite web | title = Manta Fisheries | publisher = The Manta Trust | year = 2011 | url = http://www.mantatrust.org/threats/manta-fisheries/ | accessdate =2013-02-21 }}
17. ^{{cite web | title = Sri Lanka Manta Project | publisher = The Manta Trust | year = 2011 | url = http://www.mantatrust.org/in-the-field/sri-lanka/ | accessdate =2013-02-21 }}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cms.int/news/PRESS/nwPR2012/01_jan/nw_130112_cop_manta_ray.htm |title=COP10 Outcome: Migratory Manta Ray under CMS Protection |date=2011-11-25 |work=Convention on Migratory Species |publisher=UNEP; CMS |accessdate=2013-02-19}}
19. ^1 Proposal 46: Genus Manta CITES, Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok (Thailand), 3–14 March 2013.
20. ^CITES conference takes decisive action to halt decline of tropical timber, sharks, manta rays and a wide range of other plants and animals
21. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Pristis | species = microdon | month = February | year = 2011}}
22. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Pristis | species = perotteti | month = February | year = 2011}}
23. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Pristis | species = pristis | month = February | year = 2011}}
24. ^Sawfish Is First Sea Fish on U.S. Endangered List National Geographic News, 4 June 2003.
25. ^Proposal 45: Pristis microdon CITES, Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok (Thailand), 3–14 March 2013.
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php |title=CITES Appendices I, II and III |publisher=Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) |accessdate=7 March 2013}}
27. ^1 {{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=White, W.T. |year=2006 |id=60119 |title=Aetobatus flagellum |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
28. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Aetobatus | species = flagellum | month = March | year = 2013}}
29. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Aetomylaeus | species = maculatus | month = March | year = 2013}}
30. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Kyne, P.M. |assessor2=Compagno, L.J.V. |assessor3=Bennett, M.B. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2003 |id=41717 |title=Aetomylaeus nichofii |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
31. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Aetomylaeus | species = nichofii | month = March | year = 2013}}
32. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=White, W.T. |year=2006 |id=60121 |title=Aetomylaeus vespertilio |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
33. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Aetomylaeus | species = vespertilio | month = March | year = 2013}}
34. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Kulka, D.W. |assessor2=Sulikowski, J. |assessor3=Gedamke, J. |assessor4=Pasolini, P. |assessor5=Endicott, M. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161542 |title=Amblyraja radiata |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
35. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Amblyraja | species = radiata | month = March | year = 2013}}
36. ^{{IUCN2013.1 |assessor=D'Anastasi, B. |assessor2=Simpfendorfer, C. |assessor3=van Herwerden, L. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2013 |id=39389 |title=Anoxypristis cuspidata |downloaded=26 August 2013}}
37. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Anoxypristis | species = cuspidata | month = March | year = 2013}}
38. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Last, P.R. |assessor2=Kyne, P.M. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60179 |title=Aptychotrema timorensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
39. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Aptychotrema | species = timorensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
40. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Hozbor, N. |assessor2=Massa, A |assessor3=Vooren, C.M. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2004 |id=44575 |title=Atlantoraja castelnaui |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
41. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Atlantoraja | species = castelnaui | month = March | year = 2013}}
42. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Massa, A. |assessor2=Hozbor, N. |assessor3=Vooren, C.M. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=61398 |title=Atlantoraja cyclophora |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
43. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Atlantoraja | species = cyclophora | month = March | year = 2013}}
44. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=San Martín, J.M. |assessor2=Stehmann, M.F.W. |assessor3=Kyne, P.M. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2007 |id=63110 |title=Atlantoraja platana |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
45. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Atlantoraja | species = platana | month = March | year = 2013}}
46. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=McCormack, C. |assessor2=Lamilla, J. |assessor3=San Martín, M.J. |assessor4=Stehmann, M.F.W. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2007 |id=63113 |title=Bathyraja griseocauda |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
47. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Graytail | species = griseocauda | month = March | year = 2013}}
48. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Rincon, G. |year=2004 |id=44577 |title=Benthobatis kreffti |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
49. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Benthobatis | species = kreffti | month = March | year = 2013}}
50. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Charvet-Almeida, P. |assessor2=de Almeida, M.P. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60151 |title=Dasyatis colarensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
51. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Dasyatis | species = colarensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
52. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Kyne, P.M. |assessor2=Pollard, D.A. |assessor3=Bennett, M.B. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2003 |id=41797 |title=Dasyatis fluviorum |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
53. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Dasyatis | species = fluviorum | month = March | year = 2013}}
54. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |year=2005 |id=39406 |title=Dasyatis garouaensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
55. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Dasyatis | species = garouaensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
56. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Vidthayanon, C. |year=2011 |id=39407 |title=Dasyatis laosensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
57. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Dasyatis | species = laosensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
58. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |assessor2=Marshall, L.J. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161495 |title=Dasyatis margarita |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
59. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Dasyatis | species = margarita | month = March | year = 2013}}
60. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |year=2009 |id=39414 |title=Dasyatis ukpam |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
61. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Dasyatis | species = ukpam | month = March | year = 2013}}
62. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Caldas, J.P. |assessor2=de Carvalho, M.R. |assessor3=McCord, M.E. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=61401 |title=Diplobatis colombiensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
63. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Diplobatis | species = colombiensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
64. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Caldas, J.P. |assessor2=de Carvalho, M.R. |assessor3=McCord, M.E. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=61402 |title=Diplobatis guamachensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
65. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Diplobatis | species = guamachensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
66. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=de Carvalho, M.R. |assessor2=McCord, M.E. |assessor3=Bizzarro, J.J. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=61403 |title=Diplobatis ommata |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
67. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Diplobatis | species = ommata | month = March | year = 2013}}
68. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=de Carvalho, M.R. |assessor2=McCord, M.E. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=61404 |title=Diplobatis pictus |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
69. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Diplobatis | species = pictus | month = March | year = 2013}}
70. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Stevens, J.D. |assessor2=Valenti, S.V. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161637 |title=Dipturus australis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
71. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Dipturus | species = australis | month = March | year = 2013}}
72. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Dulvy, N.K. |assessor2=Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. |assessor3=Serena, F. |assessor4=Tinti, F. |assessor5=Ungaro, N. |assessor6=Mancusi, C. |assessor7=Ellis, J. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=39397 |title=Dipturus batis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
73. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Dipturus | species = batis | month = March | year = 2013}}
74. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Brash, J.M. |assessor2=Séret, B. |assessor3=Compagno, L.J.V. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60118 |title=Dipturus crosnieri |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
75. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Dipturus | species = crosnieri | month = March | year = 2013}}
76. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Dulvy, N.K. |year=2003 |id=39771 |title=Dipturus laevis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
77. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Dipturus | species = laevis | month = March | year = 2013}}
78. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Kyne, P.M. |year=2007 |id=63124 |title=Dipturus mennii |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
79. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Dipturus | species = mennii | month = March | year = 2013}}
80. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Lamilla, J. |assessor2=Massa, A. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2007 |id=63116 |title=Dipturus trachydermus |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
81. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Dipturus | species = trachydermus | month = March | year = 2013}}
82. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |year=2009 |id=161428 |title=Electrolux addisoni |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
83. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Electrolux | species = addisoni | month = March | year = 2013}}
84. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Marshall, A.D. |assessor2=Last, P.R. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60166 |title=Glaucostegus granulatus |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
85. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Glaucostegus | species = granulatus | month = March | year = 2013}}
86. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=White, W.T. |assessor2=Marshall, A.D. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60175 |title=Glaucostegus thouin |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
87. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Glaucostegus | species = thouin | month = March | year = 2013}}
88. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=White, W.T. |assessor2=McAuley, R. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2003 |id=41849 |title=Glaucostegus typus |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
89. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Glaucostegus | species = typus | month = March | year = 2013}}
90. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Rincon, G. |year=2004 |id=44656 |title=Gurgesiella dorsalifera |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
91. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Gurgesiella | species = dorsalifera | month = March | year = 2013}}
92. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Vooren, C.M. |assessor2=Piercy, A.N. |assessor3=Snelson Jr., F.F. |assessor4=Grubbs, R.D. |assessor5=Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. |assessor6=Serena, S. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2007 |id=63153 |title=Gymnura altavela |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
93. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Gymnura | species = altavela | month = March | year = 2013}}
94. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=White, W.T. |year=2006 |id=60113 |title=Gymnura zonura |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
95. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Gymnura | species = zonura | month = March | year = 2013}}
96. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=de Carvalho, M.R. |assessor2=McCord, M.E. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161746 |title=Heteronarce garmani |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
97. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Heteronarce | species = garmani | month = March | year = 2013}}
98. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Manjaji, B.M. |assessor2= Fahmi |assessor3=White, W.T. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161566 |title=Himantura gerrardi |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
99. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = gerrardi | month = March | year = 2013}}
100. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Vidthayanon, C. |assessor2=Baird, I. |assessor3=Hogan, Z. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2011 |id=195320 |title=Himantura chaophraya |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
101. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = chaophraya | month = March | year = 2013}}
102. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=White, W. |assessor2=Manjaji, M. |assessor3=Fahmi |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161598 |title= Himantura hortlei|downloaded=10 March 2013}}
103. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = hortlei | month = March | year = 2013}}
104. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Vidthayanon, C. |assessor2=Manjaji, M. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161719 |title= Himantura kittipongi |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
105. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = kittipongi | month = March | year = 2013}}
106. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Rigby, C. |assessor2=Moore, A. |assessor3=Rowat, D. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2012 |id=195456 |title=Himantura leoparda |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
107. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = leoparda | month = March | year = 2013}}
108. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Manjaji, M. |assessor2= Fahmi |assessor3=White, W. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161546 |title=Himantura lobistoma |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
109. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = lobistoma | month = March | year = 2013}}
110. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |year=2005 |id=44185 |title=Himantura oxyrhyncha |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
111. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = oxyrhyncha | month = March | year = 2013}}
112. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Manjaji, B.M. |assessor2=Last, P.R. |assessor3=Fahmi |assessor4=White, W.T. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161540 |title=Himantura pastinacoides |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
113. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = pastinacoides | month = March | year = 2013}}
114. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Vidthayanon, C. |assessor2=Baird, I. |assessor3=Hogan, Z. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2011 |id=195320 |title=Himantura polylepis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
115. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = polylepis | month = March | year = 2013}}
116. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |year=2005 |id=39411 |title=Himantura signifer |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
117. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = signifer | month = March | year = 2013}}
118. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=White, W.T. |assessor2=Manjaji, B.M. |assessor3=Fahmi |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161547 |title= |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
119. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = uarnacoides | month = March | year = 2013}}
120. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Manjaji, B.M. |assessor2=White, W.T. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161692 |title=Himantura uarnak |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
121. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = uarnak | month = March | year = 2013}}
122. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Rigby, C. |year=2012 |id=161621 |title=Himantura undulata |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
123. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Himantura | species = undulata | month = March | year = 2013}}
124. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Ungaro, N. |assessor2=Serena, F. |assessor3=Ellis, J. |assessor4=Dulvy, N. |assessor5=Tinti, F. |assessor6=Bertozzi, M. |assessor7=Mancusi, C. |assessor8=Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161464 |title=Leucoraja circularis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
125. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Leucoraja | species = circularis | month = March | year = 2013}}
126. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Ungaro, N. |assessor2=Serena, F. |assessor3=Dulvy, N.K. |assessor4=Tinti, F. |assessor5=Bertozzi, M. |assessor6=Pasolini, P. |assessor7=Mancusi, C. |assessor8=Notarbartolo di Sciara, G |year=2006 |id=61405 |title=Leucoraja melitensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
127. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Leucoraja | species = melitensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
128. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Kulka, D.W. |assessor2=Sulikowski, J. |assessor3=Gedamke, T. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161631 |title=Leucoraja ocellata |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
129. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Leucoraja | species = ocellata | month = March | year = 2013}}
130. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Kyne, P.M. |assessor2=Last, P.R. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60124 |title=Myliobatis hamlyni |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
131. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Myliobatis | species = hamlyni | month = March | year = 2013}}
132. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Sulikowski, J. |assessor2=Kulka, D. |assessor3=Gedamke, T. |assessor4=Barker, A. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161477 |title=Malacoraja senta |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
133. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Malacoraja | species = senta | month = March | year = 2013}}
134. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Marshall, A. |assessor2=Kashiwagi, T. |assessor3=Bennett, M.B. |assessor4=Deakos, M. |assessor5=Stevens, G. |assessor6=McGregor, F. |assessor7=Clark, T. |assessor8=Ishihara, H. |assessor9=Sato, K. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2011 |id=195459 |title=Manta alfredi |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
135. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Manta | species = alfredi | month = March | year = 2013}}
136. ^1 {{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Marshall, A. |assessor2=Bennett, M.B. |assessor3=Kodja, G. |assessor4=Hinojosa-Alvarez, S. |assessor5=Galvan-Magana, F. |assessor6=Harding, M. |assessor7=Stevens, G. |assessor8=Kashiwagi, T. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2011 |id=198921 |title=Manta birostris |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
137. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Manta | species = birostris | month = March | year = 2013}}
138. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. |assessor2=Serena, F. |assessor3=Mancusi, C. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=39418 |title=Mobula mobular |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
139. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Mobula | species = mobular | month = March | year = 2013}}
140. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Valenti, S.V. |assessor2=Kyne, P.M. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161510 |title=Mobula rochebrunei |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
141. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Mobula | species = rochebrunei | month = March | year = 2013}}
142. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Carvalho, M.R. de |assessor2=McCord, M.E. |assessor3=Myers, R.A. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2007 |id=63142 |title=Narcine bancroftii |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
143. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Narcine | species = bancroftii | month = March | year = 2013}}
144. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=de Carvalho, M.R. |assessor2=McCord, M.E. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=61406 |title=Narcine brevilabiata |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
145. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Narcine | species = brevilabiata | month = March | year = 2013}}
146. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Carvalho, M.R. de |assessor2=McCord, M.E. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161665 |title=Narke japonica |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
147. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Narke | species = japonica | month = March | year = 2013}}
148. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Moore, A. |assessor2=Jawad, L.A. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161723 |title=Okamejei pita |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
149. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Okamejei | species = pita | month = March | year = 2013}}
150. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Fahmi |assessor2=White, W. |assessor3=Manjaji, B.M. |assessor4=Vidthayanon, C. |assessor5=Badi, S. |assessor6=Capuli, E. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161465 |title=Pastinachus solocirostris |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
151. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Pastinachus | species = solocirostris | month = March | year = 2013}}
152. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Ishihara, H. |assessor2=Wang, Y. |assessor3=Tanaka, S. |assessor4=Nakaya, K. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161589 |title=Platyrhina sinensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
153. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Platyrhina | species = sinensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
154. ^{{IUCN2013.1 |assessor= Kyne, P.M. |assessor2= Rigby, C. |assessor3= Simpfendorfer, C. |last-assessor-amp= yes |year=2013 |id=39390 |title=Pristis clavata |downloaded=26 August 2013}}
155. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Pristis | species = clavata | month = March | year = 2013}}
156. ^{{IUCN2013.1 |assessor=Carlson, J. |assessor2=Wiley, T. |assessor3=Smith, K. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2013 |id=18175 |title=Pristis pectinata |downloaded=26 August 2013}}
157. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Pristis | species = pectinata | month = March | year = 2013}}
158. ^{{IUCN2013.1 |assessor= Kyne, P.M. |assessor2= Carlson, J. |assessor3= Smith, K. |last-assessor-amp= yes |year=2013 |id=18584848 |title=Pristis pristis |downloaded=26 August 2013}}
159. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Pristis | species = pristis | month = March | year = 2013}}
160. ^{{IUCN2013.1 |assessor=Simpfendorfer, C. |year=2013 |id=39393 |title=Pristis zijsron |downloaded=26 August 2013}}
161. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Pristis | species = zijsron | month = March | year = 2013}}
162. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Ishihara, H. |assessor2=Wang, Y. |assessor3=Tanaka, S. |assessor4=Nakaya, K. |assessor5=Jeong, C-H. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161669 |title=Raja pulchra |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
163. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Raja | species = pulchra | month = March | year = 2013}}
164. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Coelho, R. |assessor2=Bertozzi, M. |assessor3=Ungaro. N. |assessor4=Ellis, J. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161425 |title=Raja undulata |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
165. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Raja | species = undulata | month = March | year = 2013}}
166. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=McAuley, R. |assessor2=Compagno, L.J.V. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2003 |id=41848 |title=Rhina ancylostoma |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
167. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhina | species = ancylostoma | month = March | year = 2013}}
168. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Séret, B. |assessor2=Valenti, S.V. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161320 |title=Rhinobatos albomaculatus |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
169. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhinobatos | species = albomaculatus | month = March | year = 2013}}
170. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. |assessor2=Bradai, M.N. |assessor3=Morey, G. |assessor4=Brahim, K. |assessor5=Camara L. |assessor6=Litvinov |assessor7=F., Dulvy |assessor8=N. Doumbouya, F. |assessor9=Ducrocq, M. |assessor10=Heenan, A. |display-assessors=etal |year=2007 |id=63132 |title=Rhinobatos cemiculus |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
171. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhinobatos | species = cemiculus | month = March | year = 2013}}
172. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |assessor2=Ishihara, H. |assessor3=Marshall, A.D. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60165 |title=Rhinobatos formosensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
173. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhinobatos | species = formosensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
174. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Lessa, R. |assessor2=Vooren, C.M. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2007 |id=41064 |title=Rhinobatos horkelii |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
175. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhinobatos | species = horkelii | month = March | year = 2013}}
176. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Séret, B. |assessor2=Valenti, S.V. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161409 |title=Rhinobatos irvinei |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
177. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhinobatos | species = irvinei | month = March | year = 2013}}
178. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=White, W.T. |year=2006 |id=63167 |title=Rhinobatos jimbaranensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
179. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhinobatos | species = jimbaranensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
180. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |assessor2=Marshall, A.D. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60170 |title=Rhinobatos obtusus |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
181. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhinobatos | species = obtusus | month = March | year = 2013}}
182. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=White, W.T. |year=2006 |id=63166 |title=Rhinobatos penggali |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
183. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhinobatos | species = penggali | month = March | year = 2013}}
184. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. |assessor2=Bradai, M.N. |assessor3=Morey, G. |assessor4=Marshall, A.D. |assessor5=Compagno, L.J.V. |assessor6=Mouni, A. |assessor7=Hicham, M. |assessor8=Bucal, D. |assessor9=Dulvy, N. |assessor10=Heenan, A. |display-assessors=etal |year=2007 |id=63131 |title=Rhinobatos rhinobatos |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
185. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhinobatos | species = rhinobatos | month = March | year = 2013}}
186. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Vooren, C.M. |assessor2=Lamónaca, A.F. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2004 |id=44595 |title=Rhinoptera brasiliensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
187. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhinoptera | species = brasiliensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
188. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Dudley, S.F.J |assessor2=Kyne, P.M. |assessor3=White, W.T. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60129 |title=Rhinoptera javanica |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
189. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhinoptera | species = javanica | month = March | year = 2013}}
190. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=McCormack, C. |assessor2=Lamilla, J. |assessor3=San Martín, M.J. |assessor4=Stehmann, M.F.W. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2007 |id=63102 |title=Rhinoraja albomaculata |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
191. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhinoraja | species = albomaculata | month = March | year = 2013}}
192. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=White, W.T. |assessor2=McAuley, R. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2003 |id=41853 |title=Rhynchobatus australiae |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
193. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhynchobatus | species = australiae | month = March | year = 2013}}
194. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Dudley, S.F.J. |assessor2=Cavanagh, R.D. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=39394 |title=Rhynchobatus djiddensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
195. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhynchobatus | species = djiddensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
196. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=McAuley, R. |assessor2=Compagno, L.J.V. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2003 |id=41854 |title=Rhynchobatus laevis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
197. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhynchobatus | species = laevis | month = March | year = 2013}}
198. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |assessor2=Marshall, A.D. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60180 |title=Rhynchobatus luebberti |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
199. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhynchobatus | species = luebberti | month = March | year = 2013}}
200. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |assessor2=Marshall, A.D. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60181 |title=Rhynchobatus sp. nov. A |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
201. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhynchobatus | species = palpebratus | month = March | year = 2013}}
202. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |assessor2=Marshall, A.D. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60182 |title=Rhynchobatus springeri |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
203. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rhynchobatus | species = springeri | month = March | year = 2013}}
204. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Kyne, P.M. |assessor2=San Martín, J. |assessor3=Stehmann, M.F.W. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2007 |id=63109 |title=Rioraja agassizii |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
205. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rioraja | species = agassizii | month = March | year = 2013}}
206. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Dulvy, N.K. |assessor2=Pasolini, P. |assessor3=Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. |assessor4=Serena, F. |assessor5=Tinti, F. |assessor6=Ungaro, N. |assessor7=Mancusi, C. |assessor8=Ellis, J.E. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=61408 |title=Rostroraja alba |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
207. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Rostroraja | species = alba | month = March | year = 2013}}
208. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Treloar, M.A. |year=2009 |id=161496 |title=Spiniraja whitleyi |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
209. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Spiniraja | species = whitleyi | month = March | year = 2013}}
210. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Massa, A. |assessor2=Hozbor, N. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2004 |id=44642 |title=Sympterygia acuta |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
211. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Sympterygia | species = acuta | month = March | year = 2013}}
212. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Kyne, P.M. |assessor2=White, W.T. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60162 |title=Taeniurops meyeni |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
213. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Taeniurops | species = meyeni | month = March | year = 2013}}
214. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Carvalho, M.R. de |assessor2=McCord, M.E. |assessor3=Vidthayanon, C. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161745 |title=Temera hardwickii |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
215. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Temera | species = hardwickii | month = March | year = 2013}}
216. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Stevens, J.D. |year=2009 |id=161538 |title=Trygonorrhina melaleuca |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
217. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Trygonorrhina | species = melaleuca | month = March | year = 2013}}
218. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |year=2005 |id=39413 |title=Urogymnus asperrimus |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
219. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Urogymnus | species = asperrimus | month = March | year = 2013}}
220. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Compagno, L.J.V. |year=2009 |id=39414 |title=Urogymnus ukpam |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
221. ^{{FishBase species | genus =Urogymnus | species = ukpam | month = March | year = 2013}}
222. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Last, P.R. |assessor2=Marshall, L.J. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60088 |title=Urolophus bucculentus |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
223. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Urolophus | species = bucculentus | month = March | year = 2013}}
224. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Last, P.R. |assessor2=Marshall, L.J. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60095 |title=Urolophus javanicus |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
225. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Urolophus | species = javanicus | month = March | year = 2013}}
226. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Last, P.R. |assessor2=Kyne, P.M. |assessor3=Marshall, L.J. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60100 |title=Urolophus orarius |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
227. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Urolophus | species = orarius | month = March | year = 2013}}
228. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Last, P.R. |assessor2=Marshall, L.J. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60104 |title=Urolophus sufflavus |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
229. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Urolophus | species = sufflavus | month = March | year = 2013}}
230. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Last, P.R. |assessor2=Marshall, L.J. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=60105 |title=Urolophus viridis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
231. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Urolophus| species = viridis | month = March | year = 2013}}
232. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Robertson, R. |assessor2=Valenti, S.V. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161541 |title=Urotrygon reticulata |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
233. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Urotrygon | species = reticulata | month = March | year = 2013}}
234. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Robertson, R. |assessor2=Valenti, S.V. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2009 |id=161394 |title=Urotrygon simulatrix |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
235. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Urotrygon | species = simulatrix | month = March | year = 2013}}
236. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Vooren, C.M. |assessor2=Lamónaca, A.F. |assessor3=Massa, A. |assessor4=Hozbor, N. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2006 |id=61419 |title=Zapteryx brevirostris |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
237. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Zapteryx | species = brevirostris | month = March | year = 2013}}
238. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Kyne ,P.M. |assessor2=Lamilla, J. |assessor3=Licandeo, R.R. |assessor4=Jimena San Martín, M. |assessor5=Stehmann, M.F.W. |assessor6=McCormack, C. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2007 |id=63147 |title=Zearaja chilensis |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
239. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Zearaja | species = chilensis | month = March | year = 2013}}
240. ^{{IUCN2012.1 |assessor=Gledhill, D. |assessor2=Last, P. |last-assessor-amp=yes |year=2005 |id=64442 |title=Zearaja maugeana |downloaded=10 March 2013}}
241. ^{{FishBase species | genus = Zearaja | species = maugeana| month = March | year = 2013}}

Further reading

  • {{cite conference | url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ssg_pelagic_report_final.pdf | title=The Conservation Status of Pelagic Sharks and Rays | publisher=IUCN Shark Specialist Group | accessdate=April 3, 2012 |editor1=Camhi, M.D |editor2=Valenti, S.V. |editor3=Fordham, S.V. |editor4=Fowler, S.L. |editor5=Gibson, C. | booktitle=Pelagic Shark Red List Workshop |date=February 2007 | location=Oxford, England |ISBN=978-0-9561063-1-5 |format=PDF}}
  • Dulvy, N.K., Baum, J.K., Clarke, S., Compagno, L.J.V., Cortés, E., Domingo, A., Fordham, S., Fowler, S., Francis, M.P., Gibson, C., Martínez, J., Musick, J.A., Soldo, A., Stevens, J.D. and Valenti, S. (2008) "You can swim but you can’t hide: The global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays" Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18 (5): 459–482.
  • FAO (2000) Conservation and Management of Sharks Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, Rome. {{ISBN|92-5-104514-3}}.
  • Faria VV, McDavitt MT, Charvet P, Wiley TR, Simpfendorfer CA and Naylor GJP (2013) "Species delineation and global population structure of Critically Endangered sawfishes (Pristidae)" Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 167 (1): 136–164. {{doi|10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x}}
  • Fowler SL, Cavanagh RD, Camhi M, Burgess GH, Cailliet GM, Fordham SV, Simpfendorfer CA and Musick JA (comp. and ed.) (2005) [https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/2005-029.pdf Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes] IUCN Shark Specialist Group, Status Survey. {{ISBN|2-8317-0700-5}}.
  • Musick, John A and Bonfil, Ramón (2005) Management techniques for elasmobranch fisheries Fisheries Technical Paper 474, FAO, Rome.
  • Teutscher, Frans (2004) "Sharks (Chondrichthyes)" In: World markets and industry of selected commercially-exploited aquatic species with an international conservation profile, Camillo Catarci. Fisheries Circular 990, FAO
  • Endangered and Threatened Species Under NMFS’ Jurisdiction National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Updated: 28 February 28, 2013.

External links

  • Protecting the fragile manta rays of the Maldives BBC, 5 March 2012.
{{fishery science topics|expanded=management}}{{threatened species}}

4 : Lists of endangered animals|Endangered fish|Lists of fishes|Rays
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