“List of Traffic Separation Schemes”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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List of Traffic Separation Schemes

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Atlantic Ocean: East
Europe Irish Sea English Channel Southern North-Sea Russia and Norway Baltic Sea North Sea: Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea
Atlantic Ocean: West
Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico East Coast of North America
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean: Africa Arabian Peninsula Central Indian Ocean Malacca Strait, Singapore Strait and Sumatra
Pacific Ocean
China Seas Japan Korea and Russia (Pacific Coast) Philippines, Borneo and Indonesia Australia and Papua New Guinea Aleutian Islands, Alaska, US West Coast, Canada and Mexico Pacific: Central and South America
Sources and references

A Traffic Separation Scheme is an area in the sea where navigation of ships is highly regulated. It is meant to create lanes in the water and ships in a specific lane are all going in (roughly) the same direction.

A TSS is created in locations with dense shipping where ships can go in different directions and where there is a high risk of collisions. In the overview below the regulating authority is always the IMO unless stated differently)

If below TSS or Routing Scheme is not governed by the IMO the governing body will be mentioned between '

(brackets).

Traffic Separation Schemes and similar routing-systems can be found at:^[1]

Atlantic Ocean: East

Europe

Approaches to Vigo (Spain)
Cape Roca or Cabo da Roca
Cape St. Vincent or Cabo de São Vicente
Banco del Hoyo
Canary Islands
off Finisterre
before the coast of Ouessant (in English: (Ushant).
around the Isles of Scilly, off the coast at Lands End
Fastnet Rock, south of Ireland

Irish Sea

Off Tuskar Rock, named after the lighthouse on one of the islands forming Tuskar rock
Off Smalls
Holyhead Harbour, governed by Stena Line Ferries/
Off Skerries at the northern coast of Northern Ireland
Liverpool Bay
Approaches to Dublin, governed by the Government of Ireland
In the North Channel
Off Neist Point

English Channel

The English Channel connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Southern part of the North Sea and belong to the busiest shipping areas in the world with ships going in numerous direction: you have ships that are 'just' passing through from the Southwest to Northeast (or vice versa), ships going to or departing from one of the many ports around the English Channel and then the ferries crossing the channel. In the English Channel several TSS schemes are in operation:^[1]^[2]

Dover Straights TSS
Casquets TSS near Alderney
West Hinder TSS off the Belgium coast.

Southern North-Sea

The Southern North Sea overlaps the TSS mentioned in the English Channel above^[1]

Approaches to the Humber River
Sunk and Northern approaches to the Thames Estuary
North Hinder TSS
Approaches to Hook of Holland

Russia and Norway

TSS in these areas aren't governed by the IMO but by either the government of Russia (marked: R) or the Norwegian government (marked N)

off Mys Zimnegorskiy (R)
off Ostrov Sosnovets (R)
off Ostrova Ponoyskiye Ludki (R)
off Tersko-Orlovskiy (R)
off Svyatonosskiy Poluostrov (R)
Entrance to Kol’skiy Zaliv (R)
Proliv Karskiye Vorota (R)
off Makkaur (N)
off Cape Nordkinn (N)
off Nordkapp (N)
Coast of Western Norway (IMO)
Coast of Southern Norway (IMO)
4 different TSS around Oslo Fjord (N)
Vardø to Røst (IMO)
off the Southwest coast of Iceland (IMO)

Baltic Sea

Most TSS in the Baltic Sea are governed by the IMO, but some are the responsibility of the local country.

Sea of Åland
Seskar Island (R)
Sommers Island
Gogland or Hogland Island
Rodsher Island
Kalbådagrund Lighthouse
Porkkala Lighthouse
Hanko Peninsula
Hiiumaa Peninsula
Approaches to Stockholm, Sandhamn entrance (Sweden)
Hoburgs Bank, North and South
West Klintehamn
South Midsjöbankarna
Adlergrund
Slupska Bank
Öland Island
Bornholmsgat
North of Rügen
South of Gedser
Between Korsør and Sprogø
Hatter Barn
In The Sound
Falsterbo
Kiel Lighthouse
Zatoka Gdanska or Gdańsk Bay (Poland)

North Sea: Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands

In the area of the North Sea which lies North of the earlier mentioned Dover Straits several TSS are in place to manage the traffic to and from some of the busiest ports in the world such as: Port of Rotterdam, Bremerhaven, Port of Amsterdam, Antwerp etc.

All of these TSS and routing-schemes are governed by the IMO

German Bight, Western approach
Approaches to the River Elbe
Jade approach
Terschelling - German Bight
Vlieland North
Vlieland
Texel
Brown Ridge
West Friesland
East Friesland
Botney Ground

Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea

Numerous TSS and similar routing-schemes are active in the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the waters within this area such as the Adriatic Sea. On the charts of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office some 56 schemes can be found.^[1] Many of these schemes are governed by the local state, such as Italy, Spain, Croatia etc.)

Some of the most important TSS are mentioned below. A complete list can be retrieved from the Notice 17: TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES AND INFORMATION CONCERNING ROUTEING SYSTEMS SHOWN ON ADMIRALTY CHARTS^[1]

Straits of Gibraltar
Approaches to Skikda, Algeria (Algeria)
Approaches to Barcelona 'Spain)
Approaches to Genova (Italy)
Approaches to Napoli (Italy)
TSS in the North Adriatic Sea
Between the Dardanelles and Istanbul including the Bosphorus
Approaches to the Port of Odessa
Sevastopol Harbour approaches
Western and Eastern approaches to Bur Sa'id (Port Said)

Atlantic Ocean: West

On the Western shores of the Atlantic Ocean you can find the coasts of North America with the United States of America and Canada. Then there is the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the South American coast.

Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico

Canal de Maracaibo, (Venezuela)
Golfo de Venezuela or Gulf of Venezuela, (Venezuela)
off Cabo San Antonio
off La Tabla
off Costa de Matanzas, Cuba
in the Old Bahama Channel
off Punta Maternillos, Cuba
off Punta Lucretia, Cuba
off Cape Maisí, Cuba
in the approaches of the Port of Veracruz
in the approaches to Galveston Bay, (IMO with parts by the US Government)

East Coast of North America

the approaches of Cape Fear River
the approaches of Chesapeake Bay
Chesapeake Bay, off Smith Point, (US government)
off Delaware Bay
off New York
the approaches to Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island and Buzzards Bay
the approaches to Boston, Massachusetts
the approaches to Portland, Maine
approaches to Bay of Fundy
approaches to Halifax Harbor
approaches to Chedabucto Bay
Saint Lawrence River and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, (Canada)
St. George's Bay, (Canada)
Placentia Bay, (Canada)

Indian Ocean

Indian Ocean: Africa

Apart from the TSS schemes in the Mediterranean above it, the African continent has only a few TSS schemes around the waters of South Africa:

approaches to Port Elizabeth (South Africa)
approaches to Saldanha Bay (South Africa)
approaches to Table Bay (South Africa)
Alphard Banks, South of Cape Infanta
FA Platform, South of Cape St. Blaize (Mossel Bay)

Arabian Peninsula

This covers the Red Sea, Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf. Some 15 TSS schemes can be found in this area: in the Red Sea you find the traffic using the Suez Channel while in the Persian Gulf much of the traffic are the (large) oil and gas tankers to Iran and Iraq. All TSS here are governed by the IMO, except the Approaches to Yanbu which is the responsibility of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)

Gulf of Suez
Straits of Tiran
approaches to Yanbu (The Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu’, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)
in Bab-el-Mandeb
West and South of Hanish al Kubra (Hanish Islands)
East of Zuqar Island (Jabal al-Tair Island)
off Ra’s al Hadd
off Ra’s al Kûh (which forms the border of the Persion Gulf)
Strait of Hormuz
Tonb-Forur
off Mînâ’al Ahmadî
between Zaqqum and Umm Shaif oil-fields
approaches to Ra’s Tannûrah
approaches to Ra’s al Ju’aymah (Saudi Arabia)
between Zuluf and Marian Oilfields

Central Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean region links in the West with the (above) area of the Arabian Sea and the African Continent. And in the East it borders with the Pacific Ocean. Apart from schemes in these border-areas only two TSS are mentioned around India and Sri Lanka:

off Mumbai, India, governed by the Director General Shipping, India
off Dondra Head, Sri Lanka

Malacca Strait, Singapore Strait and Sumatra

On the Eastern borders of the Indian Ocean you find the Malacca Strait, Singapore Strait and the waters around the Indonesian island of Sumatra. This is a very busy shipping area and also very dangerous (see also this section).

Singapore Harbour are - the waters around Singapore are part of two TSS schemes ^[3] governed by the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore^[1]
One Fathom Bank
Port Klang to Port Dickson
Port Dickson to Tanjung Kling
Malacca to Iyu Kecil (Karimun Regency)
Three TSS in the Singapore Straits: Main Strait, Saint John's Island and off Changi
Horsburgh Lighthouse at the entrance of the Singapore Strait

Pacific Ocean

China Seas

Some 25 TSS schemes are in operation in and around the China Seas. Shipping is very busy around Hong Kong, the mainland of South-East China and around Taiwan.

Some of the most important TSS schemes in this area:

East Lamma Channel off Lamma Island, Hong Kong
Tathong Channel, Hong Kong
Cheung Chau North and West (SAR Hong Kong)
Dangan Shuida and Lan Tau channel (SAR Hong Kong)
Qingzhou, (China). only applies to high-speed craft
approaches to Shanghai, (China)
Chengshan Jiao (IMO)
approaches to Dalian, (China)
approaches to Caofeidian, (China)
Taichung
Chilung
Taipei
approaches to Kaohsiung, (Kaohsiung Harbour Bureau)
North Eastern approaches to Qiongzhou Haixia, (China)

Japan

In Japan there are 5 TSS Schemes all governed by the Japanese government. Apart from these mandatory schemes there are also Voluntary and Recommended schemes. These are not shown on Admiralty Charts and (thus) not shown in this overview

Kurushima Kaikyo off Ōshima
North, South and East Bisan Seto; approaches to Mizushima and Uko
Akashi Kaikyō
Irago Suido
Na Ka-no-Se

Korea and Russia (Pacific Coast)

In (North) Korean and Pacific Russian waters some 35 schemes are in operation with only 5 of them being governed by the IMO. All major ports in this area have a TSS in operation. In North Korea none of the TSS schemes are IMO schemes; only locally governed by the North Korean central government. Below an overview of the IMO schemes and some of the most important locally governed schemes:

Nampho
Wonsan
Hong Do
Chongjin
Najin
approaches to Vladivostok, (Russia)
approaches to Zaliv Nakhodka (to Kozmino), (IMO)
off Mys Ostrovnoy, (IMO)
off Mys Anvina, (IMO)
Proliv Bussol’, (IMO)
Chetvertyy Kuril’skiy Proliv, (IMO)
approaches to Avachinskaya Guba, (Avachinsky, Kamchatka Peninsula)

Philippines, Borneo and Indonesia

There are six TSS around the Philippines and one in Malaysia. None of them are governed by the IMO:

Isla Verde Passage or Verde Island Passage, (Government of Philippines)
approaches to Manila Bay, (Government of Philippines)
approaches to Manila Harbour, (Government of Philippines)
Cebu, Mactan Channel, (Government of Philippines)
Malapascua Island, (Government of Philippines)
Batangas, (Government of Philippines)
approaches to Bintulu Port, (Government of Malaysia)

Australia and Papua New Guinea

In this area there are 5 TSS in operation: two in the Bass Strait, governed by the IMO and three leading to Australian ports, governed by Australia.

South of Wilsons Promontory in the Bass Strait
In the Bass Strait
Port Jackson, (Australia)
Port Darwin, (Australia)
Botany Bay, (Australia)

Aleutian Islands, Alaska, US West Coast, Canada and Mexico

On the East side of the Pacific Ocean the TSSes are divided in two groups: the North side with the West Coast of Mexico and everything North of that. And the other group are formed by the West coast of Central and South America.

The TSS in the far North around the Aleutian Islands and Alaska are not put in place because of the high density of shipping but the nature of the ships and the vulnerability of the area.

The TSS schemes are:

Prince William Sound and Valdez Arm
Strait of Juan de Fuca and approaches
Puget Sound and areas around it
Vancouver Harbour, (Canada)
off San Francisco
San Francisco Harbour and inner approaches, (USA)
Santa Barbara Channel in the approaches to Long Beach, Los Angeles
approaches to Manzanillo, (API Manzanillo)
approaches to Salina Cruz

Pacific: Central and South America

The IMO governs 16 TSS schemes on the Pacific side of Central and South America:

landfall and approaches to Talara Bay, Peru
landfall and approaches to Bahia de Paita, Peru
landfall of Puerto Salaverry, Peru
landfall and approaches to Chimbote or Ferrol Bay, Peru
approaches to Callao, Peru
landfall and approaches to San Martín
landfall and approaches to San Nicolas Bay
landfall and approaches to Puerto Ilo
landfall and approaches to Arica
landfall and approaches to Iquique
landfall and approaches to Antofagasta
in the approaches to Quintero Bay
in the approaches to Valparaíso
in the approaches to Bay of Concepción
in the approaches to Bahía San Vicente, Chile
in the approaches to Puntas Arenas

Sources and references

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵UK Hydrographic Office: TSS shown on Admiralty Charts {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824035807/http://www.ukho.gov.uk/ProductsandServices/MartimeSafety/AnnualNm/17.pdf |date=2012-08-24 }}, retrieved: 28 April 2012
2. ^National Archive Dover Straits TSS chartlet, retrieved: 28 April 2012
3. ^IMO website with a chartlet of the waters around Singapore, visited 28 April 2012

3 : Law of the sea|Navigation|Maritime safety

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