| 词条 | Shawarma |
| 释义 |
| name = Shawarma | alternate_name = chawarma, shaurma, showarma,[1] other variations | image = Al-Naser Restaurant.jpg | image_size = | caption = | country = Ottoman Empire[1] | region = Anatolia, Levant, Middle East[1][4] | creator = | course = | type = Meat | served = Hot | main_ingredient = Meat: lamb, chicken, turkey, beef Sandwich: Shawarma meat, pita or wrap bread, chopped or shredded vegetables, pickles and assorted condiments | variations = | calories = | other = | similar_dish = Doner kebab, al pastor, gyros }}Shawarma ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|w|ɑːr|m|ə}}; {{lang-ar|شاورما}}) is a Middle Eastern meat preparation based on the döner kebab of Ottoman Turkey. Originally made of lamb or mutton, today's shawarma may also be chicken, turkey, beef, or veal, cut in thin slices and stacked in a cone-like shape on a vertical rotisserie.[2][3][4] Thin slices are shaved off the cooked surface as it continuously rotates.[5][6] Shawarma is one of the world's most popular street foods, especially in Egypt and the countries of the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula.[7] HistoryGrilling a vertical spit of stacked meat slices, and cutting it off as it cooks, first appeared in the 19th century in Ottoman Turkey, where it was known as {{lang|tr|döner kebap}}.[8][9] Shawarma and the Greek gyros, is derived from the döner kebap.[1][10] Shawarma was brought to Mexico by immigrants from the Middle East, where it evolved in the early 20th century into tacos al pastor.[1][11] Israelis adopted shawarma from the cuisine of the Palestinians.[11] EtymologyShawarma is an Arabic rendering of Turkish çevirme {{IPA-tr|tʃeviɾˈme|}} 'turning', referring to the turning rotisserie.[12]PreparationsShawarma is prepared from thin cuts of seasoned marinated lamb, mutton, beef, chicken, or turkey. The slices are stacked on a skewer about {{cvt|60|cm|sigfig=1}} high. Lamb fat may be added to provide extra fat for juiciness and flavor. A motorized spit slowly turns the stack of meat in front of a heating element, continuously roasting the outer layer. Shavings are cut off the rotating stack for serving, customarily with a long, sharp knife.[4] Spices may include cumin, cardamom, cinnamon, turmeric and paprika, and in some areas baharat.[11][13] Shawarma is commonly served as a sandwich or wrap, in a flatbread such as pita or laffa.[4][14] It is often garnished with diced tomatoes, cucumbers, and onions, pickled vegetables, and tahini sauce or amba mango sauce.[4] Some restaurants may offer additional toppings like grilled peppers, eggplant or french fries.[15] In Israel, most shawarma is made with dark meat turkey and is commonly served with tahini sauce because serving yogurt sauce with meat would violate the dietary restriction of eating milk and meat together.[11] A dessert variation of shawarma, originating in Italy, has been introduced. Chocolate shawarma is layered milk and white chocolate, instead of meat, kept at a cool temperature and shaved into a "pita crepe".[16] See also{{portal|Food}}
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Prichep|first1=Deena|author2=Estrin, Daniel|title=Thank the Ottoman Empire for the taco al pastor|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-05-07/thank-ottoman-empire-taco-youre-eating|website=pri.org|accessdate=19 March 2017}} 2. ^{{cite book|editor-first1=Ken|editor-last1=Albala|title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&dq=shawarma|pages=197, 225, 250, 260–261, 269|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2011 |isbn=9780313376269|via=Google Books}} 3. ^{{cite book|first1=Alan|last1=Davidson|title=The Oxford Companion to Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA259|pages=259 |publisher=Oxford University Press|date=21 August 2014|isbn=9780191040726|via=Google Books}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|first1=Gil|last1=Marks|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC&pg=PT1682|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=2010|isbn=9780544186316|via=Google Books}} 5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqgUAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Shawarma+is+a+popular+Levantine+Arab+specialty.%22&dq=%22Shawarma+is+a+popular+Levantine+Arab+specialty.%22 |title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle Eastern |author=Philip Mattar|edition=Hardcover |publisher=Macmillan Library Reference |year=2004 |isbn=0028657713 |page=840 |quote=Shawarma is a popular Levantine Arab specialty.}} 6. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ier6CmQ-e-kC&pg=PA115&dq=Shawarma+arab#v=onepage&q=Shawarma%20arab&f=false |title=Around the World of Food: Adventures in Culinary History |author=John A La Boone III |edition=Paperback |publisher=iUniverse, Inc|year=2006|isbn=0595389686|page=115 |quote=Shawarma - An Arab sandwich similar to the gyro.}} 7. ^{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/864676073 |title=Street food around the world : an encyclopedia of food and culture |isbn=1598849557 |location=Santa Barbara, California |pages=18, 339 |oclc=864676073}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.zeit.de/1996/20/Doener-Fieber_sogar_in_Hoyerswerda |title=Döner-Fieber sogar in Hoyerswerda |author=Eberhard Seidel-Pielen |date=May 10, 1996 |website=ZEIT ONLINE |publisher= |language=German |trans-title=Doner fever even in Hoyerswerda |accessdate=May 6, 2016}} 9. ^Kenneth F. Kiple, Kriemhild Coneè Ornelas, eds., Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge, 2000. {{ISBN|0-521-40216-6}}. Vol. 2, p. 1147 10. ^Aglaia Kremezi and Anissa Helou, "What's in a Dish's Name", "Food and Language", Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 2009, {{ISBN|190301879X}} 11. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |title=How to Make Shawarma Like an Israeli |url=https://www.haaretz.com/food/.premium-how-to-make-shawarma-like-an-israeli-1.5467110 |publisher=Haaretz|date=2017-05-01}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/culture/shawarma-the-arabic-fast-food-1.503641|title=Shawarma: the Arabic fast food|first=Mohammed N. Al Khan, Staff|last=Reporter|date=31 July 2009|website=gulfnews.com}} 13. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Salloum |first1=Habeeb |title=The Arabian Nights Cookbook |publisher=Tuttle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5TTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66}} 14. ^{{cite book|last=Al-Masri|first=Mohammad|title=Colloquial Arabic (Levantine): The Complete Course for Beginners|publisher=Routledge}} 15. ^{{cite news |title=Shawarma, the Iconic Israeli Street Food, Is Slowly Making a Comeback in Tel Aviv |url=https://www.haaretz.com/food/.premium-shawarma-the-iconic-israeli-street-food-is-slowly-making-a-comeback-in-tel-aviv-1.6824350 | date=2019-01-10 |publisher=Haaretz}} 16. ^{{cite news |title=Israel’s Newest Delicacy? Chocolate Shawarma |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/161950/israels-newest-delicacy-chocolate-shawarma |accessdate=17 February 2019 |publisher=Tablet Magazine |date=2014}} External links
18 : Kebabs|Spit-cooked foods|Street food|Sandwiches|Arab cuisine|Middle Eastern cuisine|Levantine cuisine|Lebanese cuisine|Syrian cuisine|Iraqi cuisine|Jordanian cuisine|Palestinian cuisine|Israeli cuisine|Turkish cuisine|Egyptian cuisine|Middle Eastern grilled meats|Chicken dishes|Culinary dishes |
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