1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)|title=East African Campaign|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
2. ^[https://www.issafrica.org/pubs/Monographs/No36/ECOMOG.html "The Ecomog Experience with Peacekeeping in West Africa - Whither Peacekeeping in Africa? - Monograph No 36, 1999."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102120535/http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No36/ECOMOG.html|date=2015-01-02}} Accessed January 29, 2016.* Despite the often discouraging prospects, the ECOMOG operation was ultimately successful for several reasons. The first was the sheer political will and tenacity of ECOWAS. The organisation did not have the option of cutting and running, for reasons that were as much self-interested as humanitarian. The second was the ability to combine three phases of conflict resolution: peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peace enforcement, thereby changing mandates of forces in the field as developments on the ground required (a flexibility due, ironically, to the autonomy enjoyed by the military command and as a result of the weak control exercised by the ECOWAS directorate).
3. ^^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/terrorist-organizations-and-networks/al-qaeda-islamic-maghreb-aqim/p12717#p8|title=Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)|work=Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate=26 October 2014}}
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5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ledauphine.com/actualite/2013/01/31/4600-soldats-francais-mobilises |title=4600 soldats français mobilisés |publisher=Ledauphine.com |date=2013-01-31 |accessdate=2013-11-22}}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/28/tunisia-and-the-fall-after-the-arab-spring|title=Exporting Jihad|date=28 March 2016|work=The New Yorker}}
7. ^{{Cite news|authors=Aaron Y. Zelin, Andrew Lebovich, Daveed Gartenstein-Ross|title=Al-Qa`ida in the Islamic Maghreb’s Tunisia Strategy|url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/al-qaida-in-the-islamic-maghrebs-tunisia-strategy|work=Combating Terrorism Center|date=July 23, 2013}}
8. ^{{Cite news|title=Tipping point of terror|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/04/magazine.features7|work=The Guardian|date=4 April 2004}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35842300|title=Niger attacked by both al-Qaeda and Boko Haram|work=BBC News|accessdate=13 May 2016}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/december_2013_defense_industry_military_news_uk/chinese_army_soldiers_conduct_first_mission_as_peacekeepers_in_mali_1612131.html|title=Chinese army soldiers conduct first mission as peacekeepers in Mali 1612131 - Army Recognition|date=|publisher=Armyrecognition.com|accessdate=2014-02-11}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2013/01/14/ghana-agrees-to-send-troops-to-mali/|title=Ghana agrees to send troops to Mali|date=14 January 2013|publisher=Ghana Business News|accessdate=18 January 2013}}
12. ^¹ {{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21029916|title=Mali conflict: West African troops to arrive 'in days'|date=15 January 2013|publisher=Mali conflict: West African troops to arrive 'in days'|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.apa.az/news_int_l_support_mission_for_mali_to_begin__186169.html|title=APA – Int'l Support Mission for Mali to begin operations on Friday|date=18 January 2013|publisher=APA|accessdate=28 January 2013}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.news.heritageliberia.net/index.php/inside-heritage/general-news/78-slides/1191-ellen-liberia-will-send-troops-to-mali-for-peace-mission|title=Ellen: Liberia Will Send Troops to Mali for Peace Mission – Heritage Newspaper Liberia|publisher=News.heritageliberia.net|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130221230533/http://www.news.heritageliberia.net/index.php/inside-heritage/general-news/78-slides/1191-ellen-liberia-will-send-troops-to-mali-for-peace-mission|archive-date=21 February 2013|dead-url=yes|accessdate=28 January 2013}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/12/us-mali-rebels-niger-idUSBRE90B0A520130112|title=Niger says sending 500 soldiers to Mali operation|last=Irish|first=John|date=12 January 2013|agency=Reuters|accessdate=13 January 2013}}
16. ^¹ {{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/11/us-mali-rebels-partners-idUSBRE90A0UX20130111|title=Mali says Nigeria, Senegal, France providing help|last=Felix|first=Bate|date=11 January 2013|agency=Reuters|accessdate=13 January 2013}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323783704578248002130070528|title=Aid Pledged to Mali as More Troops Deploy|date=17 January 2013|accessdate=18 January 2013|newspaper=Wall Street Journal}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20130114-mali-djihadistes-semparent-dune-ville-a-400-km-bamako-le-drian|title=Les djihadistes s'emparent d'une ville à 400 km de Bamako|language=fr|accessdate=14 January 2013}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/chad-to-send-2000-soldiers-to-mali/story-e6freoo6-1226555842447|title=Chad to send 2000 soldiers to Mali|date=17 January 2013|accessdate=18 January 2013|newspaper=Courier Mail}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.africareview.com/News/AU-to-hold-donor-conference-on-Mali-intervention/-/979180/1668702/-/u8hj4h/-/index.html|title=AU to hold donor conference on Mali intervention|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=18 January 2013|newspaper=Africa Review}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/12667/global-insider-despite-early-successes-france-s-mali-challenge-is-long-term|title=WPR Article | Global Insider: Despite Early Successes, France’s Mali Challenge is Long-Term|date=8 March 2004|publisher=Worldpoliticsreview.com|accessdate=28 January 2013}}
22. ^^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.nzweek.com/world/five-more-african-countries-pledge-to-send-troops-into-mali-nigerian-minister-45103/|title=Five more African countries pledge to send troops into Mali: Nigerian minister|publisher=NZweek|accessdate=28 January 2013}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/forces-capture-gao-rebel-stronghold-5327697|title=Forces capture Gao rebel stronghold – World News|publisher=TVNZ|accessdate=28 January 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127175219/http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/forces-capture-gao-rebel-stronghold-5327697|archivedate=27 January 2013}}
24. ^http://www.dw.com/en/bundeswehr-in-mali-dangerous-but-necessary/a-37321264