| 词条 | Sheck Exley |
| 释义 |
| name = Sheck Exley | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|4|1}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|1994|4|6|1949|4|1}} | death_place = El Zacatón, Tamaulipas, Mexico | other_names = | known_for = Cave diving pioneer | occupation = Automobile dealer / high school math teacher | nationality = United States }}Sheck Exley (April 1, 1949 – April 6, 1994) was an American cave diver. He is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of cave diving,[1][2] and he wrote two major books on the subject: Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival[3] and Caverns Measureless to Man.[4] On February 6, 1974, Exley became the first chairman of the Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society.[5][6] During his career, he established many of the basic safety procedures used in cave and overhead diving today.[2] Exley was also a pioneer of extreme deep scuba diving.[7] For purposes of rescue during cave diving, Exley helped standardize the usage of the "octopus", a redundant second stage diving regulator that can be used as a backup in the event the diver's primary second stage fails, or alternatively, to allow the diver and his buddy to have simultaneous access to the diver's gas if the buddy has an out-of-gas emergency.[2] The octopus is now considered an essential piece of equipment among virtually all scuba divers, whether caving or in open water.[7] He died at age 45 while trying to set a depth record by diving the world's deepest sinkhole, Mexico's {{convert|1,080|ft|m|adj=on}} deep, Zacatón, a fresh water cenote.[8] In the book, Diving into Darkness (a story about Dave Shaw and Don Shirley), the author comments: "Exley's status in the sport is almost impossible to overstate".[9] Early life and career outside of divingExley began diving in 1965 at the age of 16. That same year he entered his first cave and was hooked on cave diving for the rest of his life. To finance this passion, Exley worked as a mathematics teacher at Suwannee High School in Live Oak, Florida.[10][11] In spring 1973, Exley served as an aquanaut during an eight-day mission aboard the Hydrolab underwater habitat in the Bahamas.[12] RecordsExley was the first in the world to log over 1000 cave dives (at the age of 23); in 29 years of cave diving he made over 4000 dives.[10] Exley had an unusual resistance to nitrogen narcosis, and was one of the few divers to survive a {{convert|400|ft|m|adj=on}} open-water dive on simple compressed air. In acting as a safety diver for two divers trying to set an air-only depth record in 1970, Exley reached {{convert|465|ft|m}} in salt water, but could go no deeper due to narcosis and the start of blackout (the two record-depth attempting unconscious divers died just out of reach beneath him, and such air-depth records are no longer sought or recorded).[13] During his diving career, he set numerous depth and cave penetration records.[10][14] Exley is one of only eleven men in the history of technical SCUBA diving to dive below {{convert|800|ft|m}}, as well as the first.[15] His carefully planned multistage decompressions from these dives, in open water (not in a decompression tank), sometimes required times of as much as 13.5 hours. However, he never suffered a classic case of decompression sickness in his career.[16] Exley and German cave diver Jochen Hasenmayer became friends and rivals in the 1980s, each repeatedly attempting to break the depth records of the other.[17][18] DeathExley died, aged 45, on April 6, 1994 while attempting to descend to a depth of over {{convert|1000|ft|m}} in a freshwater cenote, or sinkhole, called Zacatón in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.[9][10][19] He made the dive as part of a dual dive with Jim Bowden, but Bowden aborted his descent early when his gas supply ran low. Exley's body was recovered when his support crew hauled up his unused decompression tanks. It was found that he had looped into the descent line, perhaps to sort out gas issues.[9][10] His wrist-mounted dive computer read a maximum depth of {{convert|906|ft|m}}.[20] The cause of Exley's death could not be determined. Team members concluded the causes "...could include stress of HPNS exacerbated by the narcotic effects of nitrogen at that depth".[21] The line was also wrapped (deliberately) around Exley's tank valves. Bowden and other experts have theorized that Exley might have done this in anticipation of his own death to prevent any dangerous body recovery operations.[9] The remipede L. exleyi, discovered by Australian cave divers Andrew Poole and Dave Warren in August 1993, was named in honor of Sheck Exley.[22] Further reading
References1. ^{{cite web |last=Ling |first=Rodger |title=Eulogy for an Explorer |publisher=Rodger Ling |url=http://www.stationr.org/caving/exley.php |date=July 2005 |accessdate=November 23, 2013}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Burgess|first=Robert F.|authorlink=Robert Forrest Burgess|title=The Cave Divers|chapter=Cave Diving: Evolution of the Sport|publisher=Aqua Quest Publications|location=Locust Valley, New York|year=1999|pages=268–274|isbn=1-881652-11-4|lccn=96-39661|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbwrLGZDMHMC&pg=PA268}} 3. ^{{cite book|edition=5th| title=Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival|author=Exley, Sheck|publisher= National Speleological Society|date=June 1986|isbn=978-9994663378 }} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Exley|first=Sheck|title=Caverns Measureless to Man|location=St. Louis|publisher=Cave Books|isbn=0-939748-25-8|year=1994}} 5. ^{{cite web |author=Staff |publisher=cavedivinghistory.com |title=Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society was founded |url=http://www.cavedivinghistory.com/forums/showthread.php?84-Cave-Diving-Section-of-the-National-Speleological-Society-was-founded |accessdate=2013-08-24 }} 6. ^{{cite journal |author=Kendrick, DF |title=Science of the National Association for Cave Diving (NACD): Water Quality, Hydrogeology, Biology and Psychology |journal=In: Pollock NW, ed. Diving for Science 2009. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 28th Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL: AAUS; 2009. |year=2009 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/10114 |accessdate=2013-04-20}} 7. ^1 {{cite web | title = Sheck Exley | publisher = Squalo Divers, 13 July 2017 | url = https://www.squalodivers.com/sheck-exley/ | accessdate = 14 July 2018 }} 8. ^{{cite news|work=Outside Magazine|title=Raising the Dead|author=Zimmermann, Tim|date=August 1, 2005|url=http://www.outsideonline.com/adventure-travel/africa/south-africa/Raising-the-Dead.html}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=Diving into Darkness: A True Story of Death and Survival|last=Finch|first=Phillip|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=0-312-38394-0|lccn=2008024271|pages=21–22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RTgh4Hn3TNgC&pg=PA21}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last=Burgess|first=Robert F.|title=The Cave Divers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbwrLGZDMHMC&pg=PA317|chapter=The Cave Tiger|pages=317–333}} 11. ^{{cite web|last=Menduno|first=Michael|title=Exley On Mix|url=http://web.mac.com/cobber/Trimix/AQUAcorps/mix/ExleyOnMix.htm|accessdate=2012-04-22}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 12. ^Caverns Measureless to Man, pp. 109–110. 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cisatlantic.com/AQUAcorps/mix/ExleyOnMix.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-06-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414122415/http://www.cisatlantic.com/AQUAcorps/mix/ExleyOnMix.htm |archivedate=2015-04-14 |df= }} Interview with Exley. 14. ^{{cite journal |author=Bowden, Jim |title=Sheck Exley: Remembering a legend |journal=Advanced Diver Magazine Ezine |issue=1, reprinted from ADM issue 1 (1999) |year=2008 |url=http://www.advanceddivermagazine.com/ADMEZINE/Issues/admezineissue1.pdf |accessdate=2009-06-03}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nunogomes.co.za/rec.htm|title=Verified dives below 200 metres|accessdate=2008-06-14}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cisatlantic.com/AQUAcorps/mix/ExleyOnMix.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-06-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414122415/http://www.cisatlantic.com/AQUAcorps/mix/ExleyOnMix.htm |archivedate=2015-04-14 |df= }} 17. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=LbwrLGZDMHMC&pg=PA320 Burgess], pp. 320-321. 18. ^{{cite book|last=Chowdhury|first=Bernie|title=The Last Dive: A Father and Son's Fatal Descent into the Ocean's Depths|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|location=New York, NY|year=2000|page=58|isbn=0-06-019462-6|lccn=00-033426|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mCsj8Q68VYC&pg=PA58}} 19. ^{{cite journal |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1994/10/03/132161/deep-dark-and-deadly-the-perils-of-cave-diving-didnt-spare-even-the-sports-greatest-star |last=Taylor |first=Michael Ray |title=Deep, Dark And Deadly |date=1994-10-03 |journal=Sports Illustrated |accessdate=2015-04-01 }} 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.techdivingmag.com/download012.asp|title=Zacaton: The tragic death of Sheck Exley |last=Gilliam |first=Bret |date=September 2013 |work=Tech Diving Mag |issue=12 |page=16 |accessdate=2015-04-08}} 21. ^{{cite journal |author1=Hamilton, Robert W |author2=Daughtery, Gordon |author3=Kristovich, Ann |author4=Bowden, Jim |year=1994 |title=What happened to Sheck Exley? |journal=Pressure, Newsletter of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |url=http://www.iucrr.org/aa_misc.htm#What%20happened%20to%20Sheck%20Exley%3F |accessdate=2009-06-03}} 22. ^{{cite web | title = Bundera Sinkhole | publisher = Cave Divers Association of Australia, by Bill Humphreys, Western Australian Museum, reprinted from CDAA Guidelines June 2000 | url = http://www.cavedivers.com.au/bundera-sinkhole | accessdate = 14 July 2018 }} External links
14 : 1949 births|1994 deaths|American cavers|American instructional writers|American schoolteachers|American underwater divers|Aquanauts|Cave diving explorers|Pioneering technical divers|Place of birth missing|Sport deaths in Mexico|Underwater diving deaths|20th-century American non-fiction writers|20th-century American educators |
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