| 词条 | Little Shamokin Creek |
| 释义 |
| name = Little Shamokin Creek | image = Little Shamokin Creek.JPG | image_caption = Little Shamokin Creek | map = Little Shamokin Creek satellite map.PNG | map_caption = Satellite map of Little Shamokin Creek. The red dot is the stream's source and blue dot is its mouth. | source1_location = Irish Valley | mouth_location = Little Shamokin Creek near Sunbury | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|40.86110|-76.77616|region:US-PA|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | length = {{convert|12|mi|km|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{convert|37|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} | river_system = Susquehanna River | tributaries_right = Plum Creek }} Little Shamokin Creek is a tributary of Shamokin Creek and a sub-tributary of the Susquehanna River in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.[1] The watershed of the creek has an area of 37 square miles, spread out over Upper Augusta Township, Lower Augusta Township, Rockefeller Township, and Shamokin Township.[2] The creek's watershed contains four rock formations. These are the Hamilton Group, the Spechty Kopf formation, the Irish Valley formation, and the Buddy Run formation. The watershed also contains three main soil types. They are the Berks-Weikert-Bedington series, the Leck Kill-Meckesville-Calvin series and the Hazelton-Dekalb-Buchanan series. Little Shamokin Creek is the only stream in the Shamokin Creek watershed where fish can survive, as of 1999.[2]{{update after|2013|10|4}} CourseLittle Shamokin Creek starts in eastern Northumberland County, several miles north of Trevorton. From its starting point, the creek flows west through the Irish Valley and eventually exits the valley. Upon reaching the Augustaville Church, it turns northwards. The creek continues northwards until it reaches its confluence with Shamokin Creek.[3] GeologyLittle Shamokin Creek is located in the ridge-and-valley Appalachian Mountains. The headwaters of the creek are located {{convert|960|ft|m}} higher than the mouth. The highest portions of the watershed are in the southeastern area, where Little Mountain is located.[3] 90% of the rocks in the upper portion of the Little Shamokin Creek watershed are interbedded sedimentary rocks. The other 10% are sandstone.[3] The main soil series in the Little Shamokin Creek watershed is the Berks-Weikert-Bedington series, which is a shaly silt loam found in the lower areas of the watershed. However, at least two other soil series exist in the watershed. They are the Leck Kill-Meckesville-Calvin series and the Hazelton-Dekalb-Buchanan series.[3] The Berks-Weikert-Bedingon soil series occurs in all the northern and central areas of the watershed. The Leck Kill-Meckesville-Calvin series occurs in a band immediately south of the Berks-Weikert-Bedingon series in the watershed. The Hazelton-Dekalb-Buchanan occurs in an area in the extreme south of the watershed.[8] The Hamilton Group is a rock formation that exists in all of the northern portion of the Little Shamokin Creek watershed. Immediately south of this formation in the watershed is a band of the Spechty Kopf formation. South of the Spechty Kopf formation is a band of members of the Irish Valley formation. In the extreme southern area of the watershed is a band of members of the Buddy Run formation.[8] A rock formation known as the Oriskany chert stops at Little Shamokin Creek.[4] There is also Oriskany sandstone near the creek.[5] There is severe erosion on the banks of much of Little Shamokin Creek.[8] The creek is also home to a fishing hole that is approximately {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep. This is experiencing erosion as well.[6] HydrologyThe waters of Little Shamokin Creek have low levels of dissolved oxygen. The average annual rainfall in the watershed is {{convert|44.5|in|cm}}. There is an average of {{convert|0.23|in|mm}} of runoff in the watershed annually. The creek takes in 22,675.426 pounds of sediment per day and {{convert|12.663|lb|kg}} per day of phosphorus.[3] As of 1913, the Sunbury Water Company, which provides water to Sunbury, got its water from Little Shamokin Creek. A dam with five reservoirs was created on the creek, {{convert|1|mi|km}} east of Sunbury. Reservoir Number 1's capacity was 2,750,000 gallons. Reservoir Number 2's capacity was 2,180,000 gallons. It was located on the east bank of the creek. Reservoir Number 3's capacity was 1,900,000 gallons. It was also located on the east bank of the creek. Reservoir Number 4's capacity was 16,510,000 gallons. It was located on the east bank of the creek. Reservoir Number 5's capacity was 26,670,000 gallons. It was located on the east bank of the creek.[7] WatershedThe watershed of little Shamokin Creek has an area of 37 square miles. 65% of the watershed is made up of forests. These include tree farms and groups of deciduous trees. 30% of the watershed is agricultural land. 2% of the watershed is urban or developed land in general.[8] Pennsylvania Route 890 is a major route in the Little Shamokin Creek watershed. The creek and its tributaries are also accessible via a number of township roads.[9]HistoryA number of watermills have been built on Little Shamokin Creek and its tributaries. Miller's Mill was one such mill. It was first built by Colonel Thomas Jones during the 1790s, between Tulpehocken Road and Trevorton. Another mill was built in the same location in 1850. Shipman's Mill was also located on the creek, between Tulpehocken Road and the Susquehanna River. This mill was built by Abraham Shipman in 1850. Fagley's Mill was built in southern Rockefeller Township, on a tributary of the creek. It was constructed in 1856 by Samuel Lantz.[10] The first public road in the valley of Little Shamokin Creek was built in 1787.[10] TributariesPlum Creek is one named tributary of Little Shamokin Creek. There are no other named tributaries of the creek,[1][8] although there are several unnamed ones.[3] Fauna and floraIn some of the agricultural areas of the Little Shamokin Creek watershed, there is very little riparian buffer. Livestock also have easy access to the creek in some areas.[3] There are beef and pork farms located near the creek. The farms contribute to the stream's rating by the Department of Environmental Protection as "impaired".[11] Water-penny beetles have also been observed in the creek, indicating that it is recovering from being biologically impaired. However, there is siltation in the creek, which damages the food chain there.[6] Little Shamokin Creek is part of a trout fishery that also contains South Branch Roaring Creek, Mahantango Creek, and other streams.[12] RecreationAn area of 25.5 acres on the side of Little Shamokin Creek in Rockefeller Township was converted to a recreational area by the Little Shamokin Creek Watershed Association. This was also the first public recreational area in the township. As of August 20, 2012, the recreational area was almost complete.[13] See also
References1. ^1 {{Citation|url = https://maps.google.com|title = Google Maps (40.860564,-76.775737)|year = 2013|accessdate = September 16, 2013}} {{Susquehanna River System}}2. ^{{Citation|publisher = O Boys Publishing Company|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9BRNAAAAYAAJ&q=%22little+shamokin+creek%22&dq=%22little+shamokin+creek%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5LRBUrzrItOx4AOcroC4BA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAzgK|title = Mid Atlantic Fly Fishing Guide|date =February 1999|accessdate = September 24, 2013}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Citation|author = Jon M. Capacasa|url = http://www.epa.gov/waters/tmdldocs/Little%20Shamokin%20Creek_combo.pdf|title = Decision Rationale Total Maximum Daily Loads of Sediment and Phosphorus Little Shamokin Creek Subwatershed Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|date = June 27, 2011|accessdate = September 18, 2013}} 4. ^{{Citation|author = Geological Survey of Pennsylvania|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sEdJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA357&dq=%22little+shamokin+creek%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XHRAUvT3KtTj4AOcqoGwAw&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22little%20shamokin%20creek%22&f=false|title = Report of Progress|year = 1883|accessdate = September 24, 2013}} 5. ^{{Citation|author = Geological Survey of Pennsylvania|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=40Y6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35&dq=%22little+shamokin+creek%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=U6xBUuSNBIzU9ASUz4C4Bg&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22little%20shamokin%20creek%22&f=false|title = Report of Progress 1874-1889,A-Z...|year = 1883|accessdate = September 24, 2013}} 6. ^1 {{citation|author = Evamarie Socha|url = http://dailyitem.com/0100_news/x124776822/Group-nursing-creek-to-health|title = Group nursing creek to health|date = September 25, 2010|accessdate = September 22, 2013|publisher = The Daily Item}} 7. ^{{Citation|author = Pennsylvania Water Supply Commission|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g9lDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA638&dq=%22little+shamokin+creek%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XHRAUvT3KtTj4AOcqoGwAw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22little%20shamokin%20creek%22&f=false|title = Water Resources Inventory Report ...: Act of July 25, 1913|date = July 25, 1913|accessdate = September 23, 2013}} 8. ^1 2 {{Citation|url = http://littleshamokincreek-watershed.org/|title = Little Shamokin Creek Watershed Association|date = July 2, 2013|accessdate = September 16, 2013}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{Citation|url = http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wqp/wqstandards/TMDL/Little_Shamokin_Creek_TMDL.pdf|title = LITTLE SHAMOKIN CREEK SUBWATERSHED TMDL|date = May 6, 2011|accessdate = September 20, 2013}} 10. ^1 {{Citation|author = J.J. John|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z9MwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA791&dq=%22little+shamokin+creek%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XHRAUvT3KtTj4AOcqoGwAw&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22little%20shamokin%20creek%22&f=false|title = History of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|year = 1891|accessdate = September 23, 2013}} 11. ^{{Citation|url = http://www.senatorgordner.com/2012/04/12/growing-greener-project-to-improve-little-shamokin-creek-watershed/|title = Growing Greener Project to Improve Little Shamokin Creek Watershed|year = 2013|accessdate = September 22, 2013}} 12. ^{{Citation|author = Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Board of Fish Commissioners|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qBFNAAAAYAAJ|title =Pennsylvania Angler, Volumes 54-55|year = 1985|accessdate = September 24, 2013}} 13. ^{{Citation|author = Larry Deklinski|url = http://newsitem.com/news/little-shamokin-creek-rec-area-nears-completion-1.1360958|title = Little Shamokin Creek rec area nears completion|date = August 20, 2012|accessdate =September 16, 2013}} 3 : Tributaries of Shamokin Creek|Rivers of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Rivers of Pennsylvania |
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