请输入您要查询的百科知识:

 

词条 Shenmue II
释义

  1. Gameplay

  2. Plot

  3. Development

  4. Release and ports

  5. Reception

  6. Sequel

  7. Notes

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2015}}{{Infobox video game
| title = Shenmue II
| image = Shenmue II.jpg
| caption = European Dreamcast slipcase
| developer = Sega AM2
| publisher = {{ubl|Sega|Microsoft Game Studios {{small|(Xbox)}}}}
| director = {{ubl|Yu Suzuki|Shinichi Yoshino|Yoshihiro Okabayashi}}
| producer = Yu Suzuki
| artist = Takehiko Mikami
| writer = {{ubl|Yu Suzuki|Masahiro Yoshimoto}}
| composer = {{ubl|Takenobu Mitsuyoshi|Yuzo Koshiro|Ryuji Iuchi}}
| series = Shenmue
| platforms = Dreamcast, Xbox, Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
| released = Dreamcast{{vgrelease|JP|September 6, 2001|EU|November 23, 2001}}Xbox{{vgrelease|NA|October 28, 2002|EU|March 21, 2003}}Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One{{vgrelease|WW|August 21, 2018|JP|November 22, 2018}}
| genre = Action-adventure, role-playing
| modes = Single-player
}}

Shenmue II{{efn|{{nihongo|Shenmue II|シェンムー2|Shenmū Tsū|lead=yes}}}} is an action-adventure game developed by Sega AM2 and published by Sega for the Dreamcast in 2001. It was directed, produced and written by Yu Suzuki. Like the original Shenmue, Shenmue II consists of open-world environments interspersed with brawler battles and quick time events. It features a day-and-night system, variable weather effects, non-player characters with daily schedules, and various minigames. The player controls teenage martial artist Ryo Hazuki as he arrives in Hong Kong in 1987 in pursuit of his father's killer. His journey takes him to Kowloon and the mountains of Guilin, where he meets a girl who is part of his destiny.

Some of Shenmue II was developed alongside the original Shenmue, which was the most expensive video game ever developed at the time. The Dreamcast version was only released in Japan and Europe; Microsoft secured console exclusivity in North America, and released an enhanced port for the Xbox in 2002 and other territories in 2003.

The Dreamcast version of Shenmue II received positive reviews for its story and scale. Reviews for the port were mixed, with critics finding its graphics lacking compared to other Xbox games. It has since appeared in several "greatest games of all time" lists. Shenmue II sold poorly and further games in the series entered a period of development hell lasting over a decade. In 2015, Suzuki and his company Ys Net began developing Shenmue III for Windows and PlayStation 4 following a successful crowdfunding campaign. In 2018, Sega released high-definition ports of Shenmue and Shenmue II for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.

Gameplay

{{See also|Shenmue#Gameplay}}

Like the original Shenmue, the player controls teenage martial artist Ryo Hazuki in his journey for revenge. Most of the game is spent exploring the game's open world, searching for clues, examining objects and talking to non-player characters for information. The game features a 3D fighting system similar to Sega's Virtua Fighter series; Ryo can fight multiple opponents at once and practice moves to increase their power. In quick time events, the player must press the right combination of buttons at the right moment to succeed.[1] The game includes several minigames; Ryo can spend money on things including capsule toys or arcade games, and Shenmue II includes the 1987 game After Burner.[1]

Shenmue II adds several features. Players can ask for directions from passersby, and fast-forward the game's clock when waiting for a scheduled event to occur, such as a shop opening or character arriving.[1] Unlike the first Shenmue, taking a job is not part of the main story, and the player can choose how to earn money – for example, by gambling, arm wrestling, street fighting or running a pachinko stand.[1][2] The Dreamcast version allows the player to import their save data from the first Shenmue, transferring money, items and martial arts moves.[2]

Plot

In 1987, teenage martial artist Ryo Hazuki arrives from Japan in Wan Chai, Hong Kong on the trail of his father's killer, Lan Di, of the criminal Chi You Men organization. He searches for Master Lishao Tao, the only link to the whereabouts of Yuanda Zhu, a martial arts expert who sent Ryo's father a letter warning him of Lan Di's intentions. When Ryo finds Tao, whose real name is Xiuying Hong, she refuses to help, considering his quest for vengeance reckless. The two part ways, but Xiuying continues to monitor Ryo's progress.

Ryo encounters Wuying Ren, the wily leader of a street gang. Ren decides to help Ryo after deciding there may be money to be made in Ryo's mysterious phoenix mirror; Lan Di took the second mirror, the dragon mirror, when he killed Ryo's father. Wong, a street boy who admires Ren, and Joy, a free-spirited motorcyclist, assist Ryo in his journey.

Ren informs Ryo that Zhu is hiding from the Chi You Men in Kowloon Walled City, a densely populated, crime-ridden enclave of Hong Kong. They locate Zhu there but are ambushed by the criminal Yellow Head organization and Zhu is kidnapped. Ryo and his allies infiltrate the Yellow Head headquarters, but Wong and Joy are captured. Ryo defeats a powerful martial artist and rescues Joy. On the rooftop of the Yellow Head building, Ryo rescues Wong and Zhu from the Yellow Head leader, Dou Niu, as Lan Di departs by helicopter.

At Ren's hideout, Zhu reveals that Lan Di killed Ryo's father because he believes Iwao killed his own father. He also reveals that the mirrors will lead to the resurrection of the Qing Dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China. Zhu advises Ryo to continue his search in Bailu Village in Guilin, where he says Lan Di is also heading.

In the mountains of Guilin, Ryo rescues a girl, Shenhua Ling, after she dives into a river to rescue a deer. Shenhua's family is connected to the legacy of the mirrors, and she seems to have magical abilities. They walk through the mountains to her village. At Shenhua's family home, a tree named Shenmue (Chinese for "sedge tree") is in bloom; she explains that her name means "flower of the Shenmue tree". The pair go to a stone quarry on the village outskirts to meet Shenhua's father, but find he is missing. They discover a cryptic note and sword; Ryo combines the sword with the phoenix mirror, triggering a device that reveals a large mural of the dragon and phoenix mirrors.

Development

{{See also|Shenmue#Development}}

Like the original Shenmue, Shenmue II was developed by Sega AM2 and directed by Yu Suzuki, who had created several successful Sega arcade games including Hang-On, Out Run and Virtua Fighter.[3] Some of Shenmue II was developed in tandem with the first Shenmue, which was most expensive video game ever developed at the time, reported to have cost Sega US$70 million; in 2011, Suzuki said the figure was closer to $47 million including marketing.[4] According to IGN, Shenmue II was "completed for a much more reasonable sum".[5]

Release and ports

Shenmue II was released for Dreamcast in 2001 in Japan and Europe. The Japanese version included Virtua Fighter 4 Passport, promoting Sega's upcoming Virtua Fighter 4.[6] By 2003, the Dreamcast version had sold 100,000 copies, a tenth of the original game's sales.[7]

Microsoft secured console exclusivity in North America for Shenmue II, and released an enhanced port for Xbox on October 28, 2002.[8] The port features an additional camera mode, optional filter effects, improved frame rate and lighting, and English-language voice acting.[2] It also contains a DVD of Shenmue: The Movie, a compilation film comprising cutscenes from the original Shenmue, previously released in Japanese theaters.[2]

Sega released high-definition ports of Shenmue and Shenmue II for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 21 August 2018.[9] The ports include new graphics and control options, improved user interfaces, and Japanese and English voices.[10] Some details, such as product placement, are omitted, and cutscenes are presented in their original aspect ratio due to technical limitations.[11] A remake of both games featuring new models, textures and lighting was canceled in 2017.[12]

Reception

{{Video game reviews
| GR = (SDC) 90%[13]
(XBOX) 82%[14]
| MC = (SDC) 88/100[15]
(XBOX) 80/100[16]
| Fam = 32 / 40[17]
| G4 = {{rating|5|5}}[18]
| GI = 8 / 10[19]
| GamePro = {{rating|4.5|5}}[20]
| GSpot = 8.7 / 10[21]
| GSpy = 9 / 10[22]
| IGN = (XBOX) 8.3 / 10[23]
| PALGN = 9 / 10[24]
| rev2 = Gaming Age
| rev2Score = A[25]
| rev4 = Kikizo
| rev4Score = 9 / 10[26]
| rev5 = Official Dreamcast Magazine (UK)
| rev5Score = 94%[27]
| rev6 = RPGamer
| rev6Score = 9 / 10[28]
| rev7 = Xbox World
| rev7Score = 10 / 10[29]
}}

The Dreamcast version of Shenmue II received positive reviews.[30] GameSpot found that it was "so much better than its predecessor, refining nearly every aspect of the original", with improved pacing and an "epic feel".[1] Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer felt it was "probably the best swan song the Dreamcast could hope for" and took the console "to the very brink of its capabilities".[31] GamesMaster felt that, like the first game, Shenmue II had some "tedious" elements, but praised the expanded scale and action.[32]

Reviews of the Xbox version were mixed. IGN praised the story, but criticized the English-language voice acting and found the graphics lacking compared to other Xbox games.[2] Eurogamer's Martin Taylor criticized it as a "lazy port" and concluded: "Your perseverance with the sluggish pacing can be rewarding, but Shenmue II consistently proves itself an ageing game with ageing looks."[33]

Shenmue II was voted the tenth best game of all time by IGN readers in 2008.[34] In 2013, Den of Geek ranked Shenmue and Shenmue II the joint-best Dreamcast games.[35] In 2014, Empire ranked Shenmue II the 51st best game of all time.[36]

Sequel

{{Main|Shenmue III}}

After the commercial failure of the first two games, Shenmue III entered a period of development hell lasting over a decade.[37] In September 2011, Suzuki left Sega to focus on his development studio Ys Net.[38] In June 2015, he launched a successful Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign develop Shenmue III with Ys Net for Windows and PlayStation 4, having licensed the rights from Sega.[39] It is scheduled for release in 2019.[40]

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

1. ^{{Cite web|title=Shenmue II Review |url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/shenmue-ii-review/1900-2829777/ |website=GameSpot |accessdate=2015-11-20 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109215416/http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/shenmue-ii-review/1900-2829777/ |archivedate=January 9, 2016 |df= }}
2. ^{{Cite web|title=Shenmue II Review - IGN - Page 2 |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/10/29/shenmue-ii-review?page=2 |website=IGN |accessdate=2015-11-20 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129171042/http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/10/29/shenmue-ii-review?page=2 |archivedate=November 29, 2015 |df= }}
3. ^{{Cite web|title=Creator Yu Suzuki shares the story of Shenmue's development |url=http://www.polygon.com/2014/3/19/5527120/yu-suzuki-shenmue-gdc-2014-classic-game-postmortem |website=Polygon |accessdate=June 29, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628071042/http://www.polygon.com/2014/3/19/5527120/yu-suzuki-shenmue-gdc-2014-classic-game-postmortem |archivedate=June 28, 2015 |df= }}
4. ^{{Cite web|title=Shenmue – discovering the Sega classic 14 years too late |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/02/shenmue-sega-classic-14-years-too-late |website=the Guardian |accessdate=June 30, 2015 |first=Mike |last=Diver |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626163813/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/02/shenmue-sega-classic-14-years-too-late |archivedate=June 26, 2015 |df= }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/09/10/ign-presents-the-history-of-dreamcast?page=4|title=IGN Presents the History of Dreamcast|last=Fahs|first=Travis|date=September 9, 2010|website=|publisher=IGN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928010101/http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/09/10/ign%2Dpresents%2Dthe%2Dhistory%2Dof%2Ddreamcast?page%3D4|archivedate=September 28, 2014|deadurl=yes|accessdate=November 11, 2017|df=}}
6. ^{{cite web|author=Chojin |url=http://www.dcgaga.com/2013/10/shenmue-ii.html |title=Shenmue II (シェンムーII) ~ Dreamcastgaga |publisher=Dcgaga.com |date= |accessdate=January 1, 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101114959/http://www.dcgaga.com/2013/10/shenmue-ii.html |archivedate=January 1, 2014 |df= }}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ownt.com/qtakes/2003/gamestats/gamestats.shtm |title=All Time Top 20 Best Selling Games |accessdate=December 1, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221044930/http://www.ownt.com/qtakes/2003/gamestats/gamestats.shtm |archivedate=February 21, 2006 |date=May 21, 2003}}
8. ^{{Cite web|title=Shenmue II Review - IGN |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/10/29/shenmue-ii-review |website=IGN |accessdate=2015-11-20 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026180307/http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/10/29/shenmue-ii-review |archivedate=October 26, 2015 |df= }}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-07-03-shenmues-hd-re-release-gets-a-final-date|title=Shenmue's HD re-release gets a final date|work=Eurogamer.net|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/shenmue-1-and-2-coming-to-ps4-xbox-one-and-pc-this/1100-6458239/|title=Shenmue 1 & 2 Coming To PS4, Xbox One, And PC This Year|last=Knezevic|first=Kevin|date=2018-04-13|website=GameSpot|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-14}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2018-shenmue-hd-remasters-tech-analysis|title=Shenmue's HD remasters analysed: enhancements are sparse but the ports are solid gold|last=Linneman|first=John|date=21 August 2018|work=Eurogamer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821171319/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2018-shenmue-hd-remasters-tech-analysis|archive-date=August 21, 2018|dead-url=no|accessdate=22 August 2018|df=mdy-all}}
12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2018-segas-cancelled-shenmue-remake|title=Revealed: Sega's cancelled Shenmue HD remake - with fully updated graphics|work=Eurogamer.net|access-date=2018-10-15|language=en}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamerankings.com/dreamcast/458064-shenmue-ii/index.html |title=Shenmue II for Dreamcast |website=GameRankings |publisher=CBS Interactive |accessdate=January 1, 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101112716/http://www.gamerankings.com/dreamcast/458064-shenmue-ii/index.html |archivedate=January 1, 2014 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gamerankings.com/xbox/561258-shenmue-ii/index.html |title=Shenmue II for Xbox |website=GameRankings |publisher=CBS Interactive |accessdate=January 1, 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101201347/http://www.gamerankings.com/xbox/561258-shenmue-ii/index.html |archivedate=January 1, 2014 |df= }}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/dreamcast/shenmue-ii |title=Shenmue II for Dreamcast Reviews |website=Metacritic |publisher=CBS Interactive |accessdate=July 13, 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox/shenmue-ii |title=Shenmue II for Xbox Reviews |website=Metacritic |publisher=CBS Interactive |accessdate=July 13, 2018}}
17. ^ドリームキャスト - シェンムーII. Weekly Famitsu. No.915 Pt.2. Pg.47. June 30, 2006.
18. ^  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405075605/http://www.techtv.com/extendedplay/reviews/story/0%2C24330%2C3406730%2C00.html |date=April 5, 2004 }}
19. ^{{cite journal|journal=Game Informer|title=Shenmue II|date=January 2003|page=111}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gamepro.com/microsoft/xbox/games/reviews/27193.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621195057/http://www.gamepro.com/microsoft/xbox/games/reviews/27193.shtml |archivedate=June 21, 2008 |title=Review: Shenmue II for Xbox on GamePro.com |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=November 21, 2002 |accessdate=January 1, 2014}}
21. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819123722/http://www.gamespot.com/dreamcast/rpg/shenmue2/review.html |date=August 19, 2010 }}
22. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325182056/http://www.planetdreamcast.com/games/reviews/shenmue2/ |date=March 25, 2009 }}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://xbox.ign.com/articles/375/375803p1.html |title=Shenmue II Review - IGN |publisher=Xbox.ign.com |date=October 29, 2002 |accessdate=January 1, 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822054236/http://xbox.ign.com/articles/375/375803p1.html |archivedate=August 22, 2012 |df= }}
24. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905194256/http://www.palgn.com.au/article.php?id=749 |date=September 5, 2006 }}
25. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20011222150111/http://www.gaming-age.com/cgi-bin/reviews/review.pl?sys=dreamcast&game=shenmue2 ]
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://games.kikizo.com/reviews/xbox/shenmue2.asp |title=Video Games Daily | Xbox Review: Shenmue II |publisher=Games.kikizo.com |date=April 2, 2003 |accessdate=January 1, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404173102/http://games.kikizo.com/reviews/xbox/shenmue2.asp |archivedate=April 4, 2008 |df= }}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.outofprintarchive.com/articles/reviews/Dreamcast3.html |title=Out-of-Print Archive • Dreamcast reviews archive |publisher=Outofprintarchive.com |date= |accessdate=January 1, 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102084611/http://www.outofprintarchive.com/articles/reviews/Dreamcast3.html |archivedate=January 2, 2014 |df= }}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rpgamer.com/games/shenmue/shenmue2/reviews/shenmue2strev1.html |title=Shenmue 2 - Import Review |publisher=Rpgamer.com |date= |accessdate=January 1, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101143956/http://www.rpgamer.com/games/shenmue/shenmue2/reviews/shenmue2strev1.html |archivedate=January 1, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}
29. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050504151020/http://www.msxbox-world.com/reviews/review.php/139 |date=May 4, 2005 }}
30. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/dreamcast/shenmue-ii|title=Shenmue II|website=Metacritic|access-date=2018-05-19}}
31. ^{{Cite web|title=Shenmue 2 |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_shenmue2_dc |website=Eurogamer.net |accessdate=2015-12-03 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109215416/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_shenmue2_dc |archivedate=January 9, 2016 |df= }}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/published/reviews/game_review_489.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020202105454/https://www.gamesradar.com/published/reviews/game_review_489.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2002-02-02|title=Games Radar UK Review - Shenmue 2|date=2002-02-02|access-date=2018-05-19}}
33. ^{{Cite web|title=Shenmue 2 |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_shenmue2_x |website=Eurogamer.net |accessdate=2015-11-20 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120185638/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_shenmue2_x |archivedate=November 20, 2015 |df= }}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://uk.top100.ign.com/2008/ign_top_game_10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028091210/http://uk.top100.ign.com/2008/ign_top_game_10.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 28, 2008 |title=IGN Top 100 Games 2008 | 10 Shenmue II |publisher=Uk.top100.ign.com |date= |accessdate=January 1, 2014 }}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.denofgeek.com/games/sega-dreamcast/25026/the-top-25-sega-dreamcast-games |title=The top 25 Sega Dreamcast games |work=Den of Geek |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104022916/http://www.denofgeek.com/games/sega-dreamcast/25026/the-top-25-sega-dreamcast-games |archivedate=November 4, 2015 |df= }}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/features/100greatestgames/game.asp?title=51 |title=51. Shenmue II - The 100 Greatest Video Games Of All Time - Empire Online |work=empireonline.com |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102914/http://www.empireonline.com/features/100greatestgames/game.asp?title=51 |archivedate=August 19, 2014 |df= }}
37. ^{{Cite web|title=E3 2015 round-up |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jun/26/e3-2015-special |website=the Guardian |accessdate=2015-11-12 |first=Nick |last=Gillett |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034816/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jun/26/e3-2015-special |archivedate=November 17, 2015 |df= }}
38. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/6414/yu_suzuki_at_a_time_of_transition.php |title=Yu Suzuki At A Time Of Transition |access-date=2016-11-24 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104161757/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/6414/yu_suzuki_at_a_time_of_transition.php |archivedate=November 4, 2016 |df= }}
39. ^Shenmue 3 Just Hit $2 Million, Setting a New Kickstarter Record {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044551/http://kotaku.com/shenmue-3-just-hit-2-million-setting-a-new-kickstarte-1711615103 |date=March 4, 2016 }}
40. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/06/08/shenmue-3-delayed|title=Shenmue 3 Delayed|last=Skrebels|first=Joe|date=8 June 2017|website=IGN|language=en-US|access-date=8 June 2017}}

External links

  • {{cite web|url=http://www.shenmue.com/ |title=Official website |accessdate=2010-11-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218014641/http://www.shenmue.com/ |archivedate=February 18, 2014 |df=mdy }}
{{Portal|Video games|Japan|Hong Kong|2000s}}{{Shenmue}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Shenmue Ii}}

18 : 2001 video games|Adventure games|Dreamcast games|Microsoft games|Open world video games|PlayStation 4 games|Sega video games|Shenmue|Video game sequels|Video games set in China|Video games set in Hong Kong|Windows games|Xbox games|Xbox One games|Video games developed in Japan|Video games set in 1987|Video games scored by Yuzo Koshiro|Video games designed by Yu Suzuki

随便看

 

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

 

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间:2024/11/17 8:02:19