| 词条 | Logical Investigations (Husserl) |
| 释义 |
| name = Logical Investigations | title_orig = Logische Untersuchungen | translator = J. N. Findlay | image = Logical Investigations.jpg | caption = | author = Edmund Husserl | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = Germany | language = German | subjects = Logic Mathematics | published = {{plainlist|
}} | media_type = Print | ISBN = 978-0415241892 |isbn_note= (vol. 1) 978-0415241908 (vol. 2) | dewey= | congress= | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} Logical Investigations ({{lang-de|Logische Untersuchungen}}) is a work of philosophy by Edmund Husserl, in which the author discusses logic and mathematics and provides a critique of psychologism. The book, which has been compared to the work of the philosopher Immanuel Kant, influenced Martin Heidegger and the development of phenomenology and continental philosophy. Summary{{expand section|date=March 2019}}Husserl discusses logic and mathematics. He writes that logic "seeks to search into what pertains to genuine, valid science as such, what constitutes the Idea of Science, so as to be able to use the latter to measure the empirically given sciences as to their agreement with their Idea, the degree to which they approach it, and where they offend against it." He provides a critique of psychologism, a position on the nature of logic represented for example by the philosopher John Stuart Mill.{{sfn|Husserl|1999|page=3–22}} ReceptionBackgroundHelmut R. Wagner described Logical Investigations as Husserl's first major work in Phenomenology of Consciousness and Sociology of the Life-world (1983).{{sfn|Wagner|1983|page=215}} Donn Welton stated in his introduction to The Essential Husserl (1999) that Husserl introduced a novel conception of language and experience, meaning and reference, and subject and object, and by his work on theories dealing with meaning, truth, the subject, and the object, helped create phenomenology, a new form of philosophy that went beyond psychologism, formalism, realism, idealism, objectivism and subjectivism, and made twentieth century continental philosophy possible.{{sfn|Welton|1999|pages=ix, x}} Martin HeideggerLogical Investigations influenced the philosopher Martin Heidegger.{{sfn|Krell|1993|pages=7, 12–13}}{{sfn|Ott|1994|page=57}}{{sfn|Heidegger|2008|page=62}} According to Hugo Ott, Heidegger studied them while a student at the {{Interlanguage link multi|Collegium Borromaeum (Freiburg im Breisgau)|de}}, where they were so rarely requested from the university library that he was easily able to renew them.{{sfn|Ott|1994|page=57}} According to the philosopher David Farrell Krell, Heidegger was disappointed to find that the Logical Investigations did not help to clarify the multiple meanings of being, but they nevertheless impressed him and convinced him to study philosophy.{{sfn|Krell|1993|pages=7, 12–13}} According to Michael Inwood, Heidegger, like the philosopher Theodor W. Adorno, believed that the second volume of Logical Investigations marked an apparent revival of psychologism, which puzzled him.{{sfn|Inwood|2005|page=409}} In Being and Time (1927), Heidegger credited Husserl's Logical Investigations with making his work possible.{{sfn|Heidegger|2008|page=62}} Other viewsHeidegger noted the influence of the Logical Investigations on Emil Lask in Being and Time, crediting him with being the only person who had taken up Husserl's investigations "from outside the main stream of phenomenological research". Heidegger pointed to Lask's Die Logik der Philosophie und die Kategorienlehre (1911) and Die Lehre vom Urteil (1912).{{sfn|Heidegger|2008|page=494}} Jacques Derrida studied the Logical Investigations as a student in the 1950s, according to his biographer Jason Powell.{{sfn|Powell|2006|page=25}} Derrida offered a critique of Husserl's work in Speech and Phenomena (1967).{{sfn|Derrida|1989|page=3}} Dieter Münch described the Logical Investigations as a "highly theoretical book" in the Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, comparing it in this respect to Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781). He maintained that Husserl's development of a theory of "symbolic knowledge" in the Logical Investigations showed that such a theory had been a significant problem for the early Husserl. He also argued that Husserl put forward a theory of truth in the work that represented a departure from that of his early writings, and that Husserl anticipated both aspects of artificial intelligence and criticisms of artificial intelligence made by philosophers such as John Searle and Hubert Dreyfus. He rejected the view that the Logical Investigations can be understood only from the perspective of Husserl's later work, in which he developed transcendental phenomenology.{{sfn|Münch|1990|pages=107–118}} Judith Butler compared the Logical Investigations to the early work of Ludwig Wittgenstein in the preface to the second edition of Subjects of Desire.{{sfn|Butler|1999|page=xi}} Robert Sokolowski criticized the first edition of Logical Investigations for sharply distinguishing between things as they appear and the thing-in-itself, a standpoint he considered comparable to Kant's views, in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (1999). He noted that between 1900 and 1910, Husserl abandoned the Kantian distinctions made in Logical Investigations. According to Sokolowski, when Husserl expressed a new position in Ideas (1913), he was misinterpreted as adopting a traditional idealism and "many thinkers who admired Husserl's earlier work distanced themselves from what he now taught."{{sfn|Sokolowski|1999|page=404}} Thomas Mautner credited Husserl with providing a new account of logic and mathematics in The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy (2000). However, he suggested that Husserl's views were influenced by Gottlob Frege's criticism of Husserl's Philosophy of Arithmetic (1891).{{sfn|Mautner|2000|page=260}} Powell described the analyses of signs and meaning in Logical Investigations as "rigorous and abstract", "scrupulous", but also "tedious" in Jacques Derrida: A Biography (2006).{{sfn|Powell|2006|page=25}} Ray Monk wrote in the New Statesman that Logical Investigations is difficult to read because of Husserl's obscure prose, adding that Bertrand Russell reported finding reading it difficult.{{sfn|Monk|2016}} ReferencesFootnotesBibliography
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