“Shilha people”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Soussi people, also called Isussin or Swassa, are a major Berber subgroup primarily inhabiting the southwestern mountains, Sous River, and southern coastal regions of Morocco.^[1]^[2]

Overview

The Soussis traditionally call themselves Isoussin. This endonym is rendered as les Soussis in French.^[3] The Soussis are also known as Isoussin and Swassa.^[1] Among Arabic speakers, Chleuh serves as an appellation for Berbers generally, although Amazigh/Imazighin is the proper Berber self-name for Berbers as a whole.^[4]

The Soussi people live mainly in Morocco's southern Atlantic coast, the High Atlas Mountains, the Anti Atlas mountains, and the Sous Valley.^[1] They are of Berber origin, which along with the Berber people, includes other ethnic subgroups such as the Tuareg, Rif, Kabyle, Shawia and Beraber.^[5] The Soussi people are a part of Morocco's Berber-speaking community, and the southernmost residing Berber population.^[6]^[7]

History

In antiquity, Berbers traded with the Phoenicians and Carthaginians in commercial entrepots and colonies along the northwestern littoral. They established the ancient kingdom of Mauretania, which fell under Roman rule in 33 CE, before eventually being reunited under Berber sovereignty.^[8] During the 7th century, the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate invaded the Berber and Byzantine strongholds in the Northwest Africa, seizing Carthage in 698 AD. Although the Umayyads nominally controlled Morocco over the following years, their rule was tenuous due to Berber resistance, shortly in 739 AD Umayyad Arabs were killed by the Moroccan Berbers at the battle of Nobles and Bagdoura. Morocco remained under the rule of Berber kingdoms such as Barghawata and Midrar .. etc. In 789 AD, with the approval of the locals, a former Umayyad courtier established the Idrisid dynasty that ruled in Fez. It lasted until 970 AD, as various petty states vied for control over the ensuing centuries. After 1053, Morocco was ruled by a succession of Muslim dynasties founded by Berber tribes. Among these were the Almoravid dynasty (1053-1147) who spread Islam in Morocco, the Almohad dynasty (1147-1275), and the Marinid dynasty (1213-1524). In 1668, a sharifan family from the east assumed control and established the incumbent Alawite dynasty.^[9]

Although the Soussis gradually adopted Islam, they and other Berbers in the mountains have held on to their traditional language, culture and religious customs to varying degrees.^[10]^[11] A small minority of the Shilha people are Christians and Jewish.^[8]

The French and Spanish colonial empires partitioned Morocco in 1904, and the southern part of the territory was declared a French protectorate in 1912. Arabization remained an official state policy under both the colonial and succeeding post-independence governments. With the spread of the Berber Spring to Berber territory during the 1980s, the Berbers sought to reaffirm their Berber roots. This culminated with a proposal by Berber nationalists in 2013 to establish an independent Sousse state within a greater Morocco federation.^[8]

Society

The Soussis mainly live in Morocco's Atlas Mountains and Sous Valley. Traditionally, they are farmers who also keep herds.^[12] Some are semi-nomadic, growing crops during the season when water is available, and moving with their herds during the dry season.^[1]

The Soussi communities in the southwestern mountains of Morocco cooperated with each other in terms of providing reciprocal grazing rights as seasons changed, as well as during periods of war. These alliances were re-affirmed by annual festive gatherings, where one Soussi community would invite nearby and distant Shilha communities.^[13]

Language

The Soussis speak the Tasoussit language, a Tasoussit dialect. It belongs to the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic family.^[4]^[14] Their language is sometimes referred to as Sous-Berber.^[15]^[16]

As of 2014, there were around 5 million Shilha speakers, constituting 14.1% of the Moroccan population.^[17]

The Soussi language differs considerably from certain Berber varieties, such as those spoken by the Tuareg.^[18]

Further reading

References

1. ^¹²³{{cite book|author=Wolfgang Weissleder|title=The Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRyqfpi5BKcC |year=1978|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081023-3|pages=11–12}}
2. ^Encyclopædia Britannica 2008, Shluh.
3. ^{{cite book|last1=Dalby|first1=Andrew|title=Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=1408102145|page=614|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA614#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2 November 2016}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|author=John A. Shoup|title=Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC |year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-362-0|pages=53–54}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Marian Aguiar|editor=Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|page=175}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=James Stuart Olson|title=The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C |year=1996|publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-27918-8|page=91}}
7. ^{{cite book|author=Marian Aguiar|editor=Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|pages=106-107}}
8. ^¹²{{cite book|author=James B. Minahan|title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA379#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-954-9|pages=378–379}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Syed Farid Alatas|title=Applying Ibn Khaldūn: The Recovery of a Lost Tradition in Sociology|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=0aLAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1317594002|page=82}}
10. ^{{cite book|author=Douglas Porch|title=The Conquest of Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2N3JzfsfHkC&pg=PA7|year=2005|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4299-9885-7|page=7}}
11. ^{{cite book|author=Robert Montagne|year= 1963|title= Les Berbères et le makhzen dans le sud du Maroc; essai sur la transformation politique des Berbères sédentaires (groupe chleuh)| publisher= Paris: F. Alcan|language=French|oclc= 1949564}}
12. ^{{cite book|author=James Stuart Olson|authorlink= James S. Olson|title=The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C |year=1996|publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-27918-8|page=523}}
13. ^{{cite book|author=George Peter Murdock|title=Culture and Society: Twenty-Four Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvrZVQ-rud8C&pg=PA343|date=15 October 1965|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-7406-2|pages=343–344}}
14. ^[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/shi Tachelhit], Ethnologue (2007)
15. ^{{cite book|author=Maarten Kossmann|title=The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Se-BAAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-25309-4|pages=19-20}}
16. ^{{cite book|author1=MG Kossmann|author2=HJ Stroomer|editor=Alan S. Kaye|title=Phonologies of Asia and Africa: Including the Caucasus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6jmziooEk0C |year=1997|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1-57506-019-4|pages=461–462}}
17. ^¹{{cite web|last1=Haut commissariat au Plan, Moroccan Kingdom|first1=Haut commissariat au Plan|title=Recensement général de la Maroc|url=http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/Default1/|website=HCP|publisher=Haut commissariat du Plan|accessdate=16 August 2016|language=French}}
18. ^Joseph R. Applegate (1957), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322927 Berber Studies I: Shilha], Middle East Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer, 1957), pages 324-327