“Shimane Prefecture”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Matsue is the capital and largest city of Shimane Prefecture, with other major cities including Izumo, Hamada, and Masuda.^[2] Shimane Prefecture contains the majority of the Lake Shinji-Nakaumi metropolitan area centered on Matsue, and with a population of approximately 600,000 is the second-largest on the Sea of Japan coast after Niigata. Shimane Prefecture is bounded by the Sea of Japan coastline on the north, where two-thirds of the population live, and the Chūgoku Mountains on the south. Shimane Prefecture governs the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan, and also claims to have jurisdiction over the Liancourt Rocks (Korean: Dokdo(獨島), Japanese: Takeshima(竹島)) controlled by South Korea. Shimane Prefecture is home to Izumo-taisha, one of the oldest Shinto shrines in Japan, and the Tokugawa-era Matsue Castle.

History

Early history

The history of Shimane starts with Japanese mythology. The Shinto god Ōkuninushi was believed to live in Izumo, an old province in Shimane. Izumo Shrine, which is in the city of Izumo, honors the god.^[3]　At that time, the current Shimane prefecture was divided into three parts: Iwami, Izumo, and Oki.^[4] That lasted until the abolition of the han system took place in 1871. During the Nara period, Kakinomoto no Hitomaro read a poem on Shimane's nature when he was sent as the Royal governor.^[5]

Later on in the Kamakura period, Kamakura shogunate forced emperors Go-Toba and Godaigo into exile in Oki. Emperor Go-Daigo later escaped away from Oki and began rallying supporters against the shogunate, which succeeded.^[6]

Middle Ages

During the Muromachi period, Izumo and Oki were controlled by the Kyogoku clan. However, after the Ōnin War, the Amago clan expanded power based in Gassantoda Castle and the Masuda clan dominated Iwami Province. The Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was located between Amago territory and Masuda territory, so there were many battles between these clans for the silver. However, in 1566 Mōri Motonari conquered Izumo, Iwami, and Oki.^[6] After over 30 years of Mori control, in 1600 Horio Yoshiharu entered Izumo and Oki as the result of Battle of Sekigahara, which Mori lost. Following the change, Horio Yoshiharu decided to move to build Matsue Castle instead of Gassan-Toda, and soon after Yoshiharu's death the castle was completed. Later in 1638, the grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Matsudaira Naomasa became the ruler because the Horio clan had no heir, and his family ruled until the abolition of the han system.

The Iwami area was split into three regions: the mining district, under the direct control of the Shogunate, the Hamada clan region, and the Tsuwano clan region. The Iwami Ginzan, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site produced silver and was one of the nation's largest silver mine by the early 17th century. The Hamada clan was on the shogunate's side in the Meiji Restoration, and the castle was burned down. The Tsuwano clan, despite then being ruled by the Matsudaira, was on the emperor's side in the restoration.^[7]

Modern Age

In 1871, the abolition of the han system placed the old Shimane and Hamada Provinces in the current area of Shimane Prefecture. Later that year, Oki became part of Tottori. In 1876, Hamada Prefecture was merged into the Shimane Prefecture. Also, Tottori Prefecture was added in the same year. However, five years later, in 1881, the current portion of Tottori Prefecture was separated and the current border was formed.^[7]

Geography

Shimane Prefecture is situated on the Sea of Japan side of the Chūgoku region. Because of its mountainous landscape, rice farming is done mostly in the Izumo plain where the city of Izumo is located.^[10] Another major landform is the Shimane peninsula. The peninsula is located across the Sea of Japan from Izumo to Sakaiminato, which is located in Tottori prefecture. Also, the peninsula created two sea water lakes, Lake Shinji and Nakaumi. The island of Daikon is located in Nakaumi. Off the main island of Honshū, the island of Oki is in Shimane prefecture as well. The island itself is in the Daisen-Oki National Park.^[8] Shimane also claims the use of Liancourt Rocks, over which they are in dispute with South Korea.^[9]

As of 1 April 2012, 6% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely Daisen-Oki National Park; Hiba-Dōgo-Taishaku and Nishi-Chūgoku Sanchi Quasi-National Parks; and eleven Prefectural Natural Parks.^[10]

Cities

Eight cities are located in Shimane Prefecture, the largest being Matsue, the capital, and the smallest being Gōtsu. The cities Masuda, Unnan, Yasugi, and Gōtsu had a slight population increase due to the mergers in the early 2000s.^[15]

Towns and villages

These are the towns and villages of each district. The number of towns and villages greatly decreased during the mergers. However, they hold about one-third of the prefecture's population.^[15]

Mergers

Climate

The prefecture has a sub-tropical climate. Winter is cloudy with a little snow, and summer is humid. The average annual temperature is 14.6 degrees Celsius. It rains almost every day in the rainy season, from June to mid-July. The highest average monthly temperature occurs in August with 26.3 degrees Celsius. The average annual precipitation is 1799 millimeters, higher than Tokyo's 1467 mm and Obihiro with 920 mm.^[15]

Transportation

Airports

Three airports serve Shimane. The Izumo Airport located in Izumo is the largest airport in the prefecture in terms of passengers, which has regular flights to Haneda Airport, Osaka Airport, Fukuoka Airport, and Oki Airport. The Iwami Airport has two flights each day to Haneda and Osaka and 2 arrivals. Oki Airport has scheduled flights to Osaka and Izumo Airports.^[11]

Rail

JR West has three Limited Express trains to Shimane, which are Super Matsukaze, Super Oki, and Yakumo.^[14]

Roads

General Roads

Highways

The four expressways in the prefecture connect major cities with other prefectures. The　Matsue expressway connects Matsue with Unnan and Yonago in Tottori prefecture. Hamada Expressway forks from the Chūgoku Expressway at Kita-Hiroshima and stretches to Hamada.^[8]

Ferry/High Speed Boats

Economy

In Shimane, the largest employer is the retail industry, employing over 60,000 workers. The supermarket, Mishimaya, and the hardware store, Juntendo, are examples of companies based in Shimane. The manufacturing industry has the second number of employees with 49,000 workers. The retail industry has over 12,000 locations within the prefecture, the most of any industry.

29% of the total industry income in the Prefecture is from the service industry, which includes retailers. The manufacturing makes up 13% of the total industry income.

Companies based in Shimane

Manufacturing

Financial

Others

Major factories

Demographics

One-third of the prefecture's population is concentrated in the Izumo-Matsue area. Otherwise, over two-thirds of the population is on the coastline. The reason is that the Chūgoku Mountains make the land inland harder to inhabit. The capital, Matsue, has the smallest population out of all the 47 prefectural capitals. Shimane has also the largest percentage of the elderly.^[15] The province had an estimated 743 centenarians per million inhabitants in September 2010, the highest ratio in Japan, overtaking Okinawa Prefecture (667 centenarians per million).^[16]

Population by age

Culture

Cultural Assets

Languages (Dialects)

Universities in Shimane Prefecture

Tourism

Prefectural symbols

The prefectural flower is the mountain peony. On the island of Daikonjima, they were grown from at least the 18th century.^[19]

See also

Notes

1. ^Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Shimane Province" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|Japan Encyclopedia, p. 859|page=859}}; "Chūgoku" at {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC| p. 127|page=127}}
2. ^Nussbaum, "Matsue" at {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC| p. 617|page=617}}
3. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.izumooyashiro.or.jp/kamigami/izumo/index.html |title=Izumo Shrine website |access-date=August 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823070951/http://www.izumooyashiro.or.jp/kamigami/izumo/index.html |archive-date=August 23, 2007 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
4. ^Nussbaum, "Provinces and prefectures" at {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC| p. 780|page=780}}
5. ^Shimane Prefecture introduction {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970303094623/http://pref.shimane.jp/profile/kisojoho/rekisi.html |date=March 3, 1997 }}
6. ^¹{{cite book|title=スーパー日本史 Super Nihon-shi|author=古川清行 Furukawa Kiyoyuki|year=2003|publisher=講談社 Kōdansha|ISBN=4-06-204594-X}}
7. ^¹History of Shimane Prefecture {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118032551/http://www.pref.shimane.lg.jp/kochokoho/profile/aramasi.html |date=November 18, 2007 }}
8. ^¹²³{{cite book|title=新編　中学校社会科地図 Updated Social studies map for Junior High school|year=2007|publisher=帝国書院 Teikoku Shoin|ISBN=4-8071-4091-4}}
9. ^Liancourt Rocks
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/doc/files/np_6.pdf |title=General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture |publisher=Ministry of the Environment |date=1 April 2012 |accessdate=10 August 2014}}
11. ^Flight schedule of Oki Airport {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830091118/http://www.town.okinoshima.shimane.jp/event/schedule.html |date=August 30, 2007 }}
12. ^¹Route map for JR West
13. ^Route map of Ichibata Electric Railway
14. ^JR West website on limited express trains
15. ^¹²³{{cite book|page=113|title=考える社会科地図 Kangaeru Shakaika Chizu|year=2005|publisher=四谷大塚出版 Yotsuya-Ōtsuka Shuppan}}
16. ^Japan Times “Centenarians to Hit Record 44,000”. The Japan Times, Sept. 15, 2010. Okinawa Prefecture also had the largest loss of young and middle-aged population during the Pacific War.
17. ^Shimane University
18. ^University of Shimane
19. ^Symbols of Shimane Prefecture: From Shimane Prefecture website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121959/http://www.pref.shimane.lg.jp/kochokoho/profile/kenshou.html |date=September 28, 2007 }}