“Ship canal”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A ship canal is a canal especially intended to accommodate ships used on the oceans, seas or lakes to which it is connected, as opposed to a barge canal intended to carry barges and other vessels specifically designed for river and/or canal navigation. Because of the constraints of accommodating vessels capable of navigating large bodies of open water, a ship canal typically offers deeper water and higher bridge clearances than a barge canal of similar vessel length and width constraints.

Ship canals may be specially constructed from the start to accommodate ships, or less frequently they may be enlarged barge canals, or canalized or channelized rivers. There are no specific minimum dimensions for ship canals, with the size being largely dictated by the size of ships in use nearby at the time of construction or enlargement.

History

One of the first canals built was the Grand Canal of China in the tenth century. Early canals were connected with natural rivers, either as short extensions or improvements to them.^[1] Canals are typically associated with the Duke of Bridgewater, who hired the engineer James Brindley and had the first canal built that ran over a flowing river.^[2] The canal that brought about an age of canal building was the Erie canal, it was a long sought after canal and connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River.^[3]This canal launched a half-century long boom of canal building and brought forth many new features that allowed canals to be used in different areas that a canal wouldn’t have been able to go through before. Some of these features include; locks, which allow a ship to move up and down over inclines and stay level, puddling was another feature, this waterproofed the canal.^[2]

Important ship canals

Canal

Length

Lock depth

Dimensions

Location

Notes

White Sea – Baltic Canal

227|km|mi|abbr=on}}

3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}

135 m × 14.3 m × 3.5 m

Russia}} Russia

Opened in 1933, is partly a canalised river, partly an artificial canal, and partly some natural lakes.
Shallow depth limits modern vessels from using the canal.

Rhine-Main-Danube Canal

171|km|mi|abbr=on}}

4|m|ft|abbr=on}}

lock dimensions: 190m x 11.45 m x 4 m

Germany}}

Opened in 1992, links the large rivers Rhine and Danube, and thus also the North Sea and the Black Sea.

Suez Canal

193.30|km|mi|abbr=on}}

24|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep.

205|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide

Egypt}}

Opened in 1869, links the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.

Volga-Don Canal

101|km|mi|abbr=on}}

3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}

lock dimensions: 140m x 16.7 m x 3.5 m

Russia}}

Opened in 1952, connects the Black, Azov, and Caspian Seas.

Kiel Canal

98|km|mi|abbr=on}}

14|m|ft|abbr=on}}

lock dimensions: 310m x 42 m x 14 m

Germany}}

Opened in 1895. Shortens the passage between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.

Houston Ship Channel

80|km|mi|abbr=on}}

14|m|ft|abbr=on}}

161|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide

United States}}

Connects Houston, Texas to the Gulf of Mexico.

Panama Canal

77|km|mi|abbr=on}}

25.9|m|ft|abbr=on}}

lock dimensions: 320m x 33.53 m x 12.56 m (original locks)
426.72 m x 54.86 m x 18.29 m (third set of locks)

Panama}}

Opened in 1914 with two sets of locks; larger third set opened in 2016. Links the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean, creating a shortcut.

Danube-Black Sea Canal

64.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}

5.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}

lock dimensions: 138 m x 16.8 m x 5.5 m

Romania}}

Opened in 1984. Links the Danube to the Black Sea.

Manchester Ship Canal

58|km|mi|abbr=on}}

8.78|m|ft|abbr=on}}

lock dimensions: 170.68 m x 21.94 m x 8.78 m

United Kingdom}}

Opened in 1894. Links the inland city of Manchester to Irish Sea.

Welland Canal

43.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}

8.2|m|ft|abbr=on}}

lock dimensions: 225.5 m x 23.8 m x 8.2 m

Canada}}

Opened on August 6, 1932. Links Lake Erie to Lake Ontario and is part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway.

Saint Lawrence Seaway

600|km|mi|abbr=on}}

8.2|m|ft|abbr=on}}

lock dimensions: 225.5 m x 23.8 m x 8.2 m

Canada}}
{{flag|United States}}

Links Montreal with Lake Superior.

Navigability

The standard used in the European Union for classifying the navigability of inland waterways is the European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN) of 1996, adopted by The Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), which defines the following classes:^[4]^[5]

Class

Tonnage (t)

Draught (m)

Length (m)

Width (m)

Air Draught (m)

Description

Class III

1,000

Class IV

1,000–1,500

2.5

80–85

9.5

5.2–7.0

Johann Welker^[4]

Class Va

1,500–3,000

2.5–2.8

95–110

11.4

5.2–7.0–9.1

Large Rhine^[4]

Class VIb

6,400–12,000

3.9

140

9.1

^[4]

Class VII

14,500–27,000

2.5–4.5

275–285

33.0–34.2

9.1

^[4]

History

Important ship canals

Navigability

See also

References