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词条 Low-impact development (UK)
释义

  1. Definition

  2. Examples

     England  Scotland  Wales 

  3. Benefits

  4. Constraints

  5. Government policy

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

     Low-impact developments  Supporting organisations and resources 
{{about|the UK meaning of LID|the Canadian/US usage|Low-impact development (Canada/US)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}Low-impact development (LID) has been defined as "development which through its low negative environmental impact either enhances or does not significantly diminish environmental quality".[1][2][3]

The interplay between would-be developers and the UK planning authorities since the 1980s has led to a diversity of unique, locally adapted developments, often making use of natural, local and reclaimed materials in delivering highly affordable, low or zero carbon housing. These LIDs often strive to be self-sufficient in terms of waste management, energy, water and other needs.[4]

There are numerous examples of LIDs throughout the UK, and local and national authorities have come to recognise the need for the concept to be incorporated into planning strategies.

Definition

Low-impact development (LID), in the UK sense of the term, was described by Simon Fairlie, a former editor of The Ecologist magazine, in 1996 as: "development that through its low impact either enhances or does not significantly diminish environmental quality."[5] Fairlie later wrote:

{{quote|"Neither the term nor the concept was new. People have been living low impact lifestyles in low impact buildings for centuries; indeed until very recently the majority of people in the world lived that way."[6]}}

In 2009 Fairlie revised his definition of a LID as: "development which, by virtue of its low or benign environmental impact, may be allowed in locations where conventional development is not permitted."[6] He explained:

{{quote|"I prefer this revised definition because wrapped up in it is the main argument; that low impact buildings need not be bound by the restrictions necessary to protect the countryside from 'conventional' high impact development – a.k.a. suburban sprawl. There are two other principle arguments in favour of LID: (i) that some form of exception policy is necessary because conventional housing in a countryside protected from sprawl becomes too expensive for the people who work there; and (ii) soon we will all have to live more sustainable low impact lifestyles, so pioneers should be encouraged."[6]}}

Others have expanded on the definition. A study by the University of West England acknowledged that: "LID is usually integrally connected with land management and as much as describing physical development, LID also describes a form of livelihood."[9] However, it also states that as LID is a "multi featured and intrinsically integrated form of development," a simple definition cannot capture the meaning of LID and goes on to develop "a detailed themed definition with detailed criteria."[9]

Dr Larch Maxey[7] in 2013 held the main features of LID to be:

  • locally adapted, diverse and unique
  • based on renewable resources
  • of an appropriate scale
  • visually unobtrusive
  • enhances biodiversity
  • increases public access to open space
  • generates little traffic
  • linked to sustainable livelihoods
  • co-ordinated by a management plan

Examples

England

English LID examples include the Hockerton Housing Project (Nottinghamshire), Michael Buck's cob house in Oxfordshire,[8] Landmatters (Devon)[9] and Tinker's Bubble (Somerset).[10][11]

Transition Homes, currently under development in Transition Town Totnes, Devon, is an attempt to scale-up and mainstream LID by providing around 25 low cost, low carbon homes designed along permaculture principles.[12][13][14] Residents will be allocated from the local housing needs register.[13] Similarly, LILAC built in 2013 a 'Low Impact Living Affordable Community' of 20 homes and a common house in Bramley, Leeds,[15][16][17] which was visited by Kevin McCloud and Mark Prisk, Minister of State for Housing and Local Government.[18]

BedZED (London) is another example of a larger scale LID, which was built in 2000–2002 and has 82 homes, however it is not as affordable as many of the above examples as it was partly designed to attract urban professionals.

Scotland

Findhorn Ecovillage has won a number of international awards. Steve James's Straw House, Dumfries was built for £4,000.[19]

Wales

The House of the Future, Cardiff, completed in 2000, was originally a showcase of the latest green building technologies, and later transformed into an education centre.[20] In West Wales, Lammas Ecovillage (near Crymych, Pembrokeshire) is a community of independent, off-grid households begun in 2009.[21][22][23] Nearby Pwll Broga roundhouse is a development that was built without planning permission in 2012, refused retrospective planning permission in 2014,[24][25] but granted permission in July 2015, having met the requirements of the Welsh government's One Planet Development policy.[26] That Roundhouse (Brithdir Mawr, Newport, Pembrokeshire) was granted planning permission in 2008 with a review in 3 years.

Benefits

Substantial research has concluded that LID represents some of the most innovative and sustainable development in the UK.[27][28][29]

LIDs have innovated and demonstrated sustainable solutions including low/zero carbon housing design, rainwater harvesting, renewable energy generation, waste minimisation and innovative forms of land management, including No/low-till farming, permaculture and agroforestry.

LID has also shown a capacity to enhance local biodiversity and public access to local space, and to produce traffic movements far below the national average. This has been attributed to lift-sharing, to residents' greater use of public transport, walking and cycling and to the integration of local land based employment with other household activities.[30] As the Welsh Assembly Government has noted, such "...Development therefore is not just describing a physical development. It is describing a way of living differently where there is a symbiotic relationship between people and land, making a reduction in environmental impacts possible".[31]

Constraints

Over the years, there have been various struggles with planning authorities over LID in the UK. Tony Wrench spent over a decade fighting the planning authorities until he was granted planning permission for That Roundhouse.[32][33][34][35] As Lisa Lewinsohn points out in her MSc thesis on LID, Tony Wrench and his partner Jane Faith have been "enforced against, fined, refused planning permission several times"[3] while Lammas has "probably spent about £50,000 on the application process."[3] Similarly, since 1986 Tir Penrhos Isaf has tried several times to get planning permission[36] and only succeeded in December 2006, twenty years after their first planning application was submitted.[37]

The residents of Tir Penrhos Isaf consider: {{quote|"that current planning and building legislation represent some of the greatest obstacles to developing sustainable systems in Britain. The legislation favours those who already have land and property, actively encourages the squandering of resources and environmental degradation and actively discourages movements towards low impact, sustainable development."[36]}}

Government policy

The extensive research interest in LID, backed up by the practical examples of the existing LIDs, has led to a growing number of planning policies in the UK designed to allow for LIDs.[38][39] and the Welsh Assembly Government’s One Planet Development policy (OPD) [40][2][41] which is supported by the independent One Planet Council.[42] The first development to receive permanent planning permission under the One Planet scheme was Nant-y-Cwm, near Caerphilly.[43] The criteria for OPD in Wales include the requirement that 65% of all subsistence, or 30% of food and 35% of livelihood, come from the land.[44]

See also

  • Degrowth
  • Diggers and Dreamers
  • Ecovillage
  • Radical Routes

References

1. ^{{cite web|last=Maxey|first=Larch|title=Proof of Evidence of Dr Larch Maxey in relation to appeals APP/Y1138/ A/12/2181807, APP/Y1138/ A/12/2181808, and APP/Y1138/ A/12/2181821, evidence submitted to Mid Devon District Council planning inquiry|url=http://ecologicalland.coop/sites/ecologicalland.coop/files/LMProof.pdf|accessdate=7 March 2013|date=December 2012}}
2. ^1 {{cite book|title=Low Impact Development: The Future in our Hands|url=http://lowimpactdevelopment.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/low-impact-development-book2.pdf|editor=Pickerill, J. |editor2=Maxey, L.|chapter=What is Low Impact Development?}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Lewinsohn|first=Lisa|title=Planning Policy and Low Impact Developments – What are the planning barriers to low impact developments in rural areas in Britain and how might they be overcome?|url=https://eduardojones.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/lidthesis.pdf|work=MSc Thesis, Advanced Environmental and Energy Studies, CAT|accessdate=6 March 2013|date=July 2008}}
4. ^{{cite book|last=Woolley|first=Tom|title=Low Impact Building: Housing using Renewable Materials|year=2013|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4443-3660-3|url=http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1444336606.html}}
5. ^{{cite book|last=Fairlie|first=Simon|title=Low impact development : planning and people in a sustainable countryside|year=1996|publisher=Jon Carpenter|location=Charlbury|isbn=1897766254|page=xiv|edition=Repr. with minor rev. 1997.}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Pickerill|first=Jenny|title=Low impact development : the future in our hands|year=2009|publisher=University of Leicester, Dept. of Geography]|location=[Leicester|isbn=1870474368|page=1|url=https://lowimpactdevelopment.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/low-impact-development-book2.pdf|author2=Maxey, L. }}
7. ^{{cite web|last=Maxey|first=Larch|title=The Future in Our Hands: Low Impact Development and Sustainability Transitions|url=https://www.academia.edu/184165/The_Future_in_Our_Hands_Low_Impact_Development_and_Sustainability_Transitions|accessdate=7 April 2013|location=Convergence on Zero Conference, Washington DC.|year=2009}}
8. ^{{cite news|last=Wilkes|first=David|title=The £150 hobbit hole: Farmer builds a cosy cob home using materials he recycled from skips... and the tenant pays the rent in MILK|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2513154/Farmer-builds-house-just-150-using-materials-skips--current-tenant-pays-rent-MILK.html|accessdate=26 November 2013|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=25 November 2013}}
9. ^{{cite news|title=Landmatters Coop gets planning approval!|url=http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2007/08/379669.html|accessdate=7 March 2013|newspaper=Indymedia|date=25 August 2007}}
10. ^{{cite news|last=Monbiot|first=George|title=Living with the Age of Entropy|url=http://www.monbiot.com/2004/08/23/living-with-the-age-of-entropy/|accessdate=21 May 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=23 August 2004}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Tinker's Bubble|url=http://www.economads.com/log20020524-20020531.php|accessdate=7 March 2013|author=Economads}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Transition and Permaculture|url=http://www.transitiontowntotnes.org/2013/03/transition-and-permaculture/|accessdate=7 March 2013|date=1 March 2013}}
13. ^1 {{cite web|title=Transition Homes|url=http://www.transitiontowntotnes.org/groups/building-and-housing/transition-homes/|accessdate=7 March 2013}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Transition Homes: Pudhaven Field Site Visit Feb 2013 (video)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omdqYqHQzKg|accessdate=7 March 2013}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=LILAC means Low Impact Living Affordable Community|url=http://www.lilac.coop/|accessdate=7 March 2013|date=December 2012}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=LILAC Cohousing Documentary (video)|url=http://vimeo.com/25449289#|accessdate=7 March 2013|author=Brown Bread Films}}
17. ^{{cite news|last=Norwood|first=Graham|title=Co-housing: a lifestyle with community spirit built into the foundations|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2013/feb/24/co-housing-lifestyle-community|accessdate=7 March 2013|newspaper=The Observer|date=February 2013}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Housing Minister and Kevin McCloud visit LILAC|url=http://lindumgroup.com/news/housing-minister-and-kevin-mccloud-visit-lilac|work=Lindum Group|accessdate=11 April 2013|date=1 April 2013}}
19. ^{{cite news|last=Hill|first=Vicki|title=How I built my house for £4,000|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/how-i-built-my-house-for-4000-784278.html|accessdate=24 March 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=20 February 2008}}
20. ^{{cite news|author=Abby Alford |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/its-back-future-st-fagans-2092627 |title=It’s back to the future at St Fagans’ hi-tech house |work=Wales Online |date=6 July 2009 |accessdate=2016-03-09 }}
21. ^{{cite news|title=Lammas: The eco-village that lives off the grid (video)|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/gardening-blog/video/2011/mar/22/lammas-eco-village-off-grid-video|accessdate=7 March 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 March 2011|author=Heydon Prowse|author2=Tom Bell}}
22. ^{{cite news|publisher=Western Telegraph|date=10 November 2014|title=Family's roundhouse plans unanimously backed|url=http://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/11591084.Family_s_roundhouse_plans_unanimously_backed/|accessdate=10 November 2014}}
23. ^{{cite news|title=Our £3,000 Hobbit house: The family home dug from a hillside and built with scraps scavenged from skips|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2039719/Simon-Dale-How-I-built-hobbit-house-Wales-just-3-000.html|accessdate=7 March 2013|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=22 September 2011}}
24. ^{{cite news|publisher=BBC|title='Hobbit home' to be demolished after Pembrokeshire vote|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-28530910|date=1 August 2014|accessdate=2 August 2014}}
25. ^{{cite news|title=North Pembrokeshire family fight to keep roundhouse they built without permission|url=http://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/10307996.North_Pembrokeshire_family_fight_to_keep_roundhouse_they_built_without_permission/?ref=la|accessdate=24 March 2013|newspaper=Western Telegraph|date=22 March 2013}}
26. ^{{cite news|publisher=BBC|date=14 July 2015|title=Couple win appeal to save 'hobbit home' in Crymych|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-33528461|accessdate=17 July 2015}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Low Impact Development – Planning Policy and Practice: Report to the Countryside Council for Wales|url=http://www.lammas.org.uk/oldsite/lowimpact/documents/LIDReportCCW2002.pdf|accessdate=7 March 2013|author=University of the West of England|author2=Land Use Consultants |date=December 2002}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=Low Impact Development – Further Research, report to the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority|url=http://www.lammas.org.uk//oldsite/lowimpact/documents/BakerAssociatesLID2004.pdf|accessdate=7 March 2013|author=Baker Associates|date=February 2004}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=Index of Low Impact Documents on Lammas website|url=http://www.lammas.org.uk/oldsite/lowimpact/documents/|accessdate=7 March 2013|author=Various}}
30. ^{{cite web|title=Annual Monitoring Report For Tir y Gafel Ecovillage: August 2009 – January 2011|url=http://lammas.org.uk/oldsite/lowimpact/documents/TiryGafelAnnualMonitoringReport2010.pdf|accessdate=7 March 2013|author=Lammas|year=2010}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=Welsh Government's One Planet Development policy Development Practice Guidance|url=https://infoecovillagewales.wordpress.com/welsh-planning/|accessdate=7 March 2013|date=October 2012}}
32. ^{{cite news|title=Roundhouse approved after decade|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7616775.stm|accessdate=6 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=15 September 2008}}
33. ^{{cite news|title=10-year Pembrokeshire eco-battle ends|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/09/15/10-year-pembrokeshire-eco-battle-ends-91466-21822626/|accessdate=6 March 2013|newspaper=WalesOnline|date=15 September 2008}}
34. ^{{cite news|last=Barkham|first=Patrick|title=Round the houses|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/sep/25/ethicalliving.greenbuilding|accessdate=6 March 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 September 2008}}
35. ^{{cite news|last=Salkeld|first=Luke|title=Lost middle-class tribe's 'secret' eco-village in Wales spotted in aerial photograph taken by plane|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1056637/Lost-middle-class-tribes-secret-eco-village-Wales-spotted-aerial-photograph-taken-plane.html?printingPage=true|accessdate=6 March 2013|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=17 September 2008}}
36. ^1 {{cite web|last=Dixon|first=Chris|title=Planning History at Tir Penrhos Isaf|url=http://www.konsk.co.uk/planning/plan1.htm|accessdate=7 March 2013}}
37. ^{{cite web|last=Dixon|first=Chris|title=Planning latest at Tir Penrhos Isaf|url=http://www.konsk.co.uk/planning/2006perm.htm|accessdate=7 March 2013|date=October 2009}}
38. ^{{cite book|last=Fairlie|first=Simon|title=Low Impact Development: Planning and People in a Sustainable Countryside|year=2009|publisher=Jon Carpenter Publishing|url=http://www.permaculture.co.uk/book-reviews/low-impact-development-planning-people-sustainable-countryside|accessdate=7 March 2013}}
39. ^{{cite web|title=Supplementary Planning Guidance: Low Impact Development – Making a Positive Contribution|url=http://www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/objview.asp?Language=&object_id=4177|accessdate=7 March 2013|author=Pembrokeshire County Council|date=June 2006}}
40. ^{{cite web|title=Technical Advice Note 6: Planning for Sustainable Rural Communities – Section 4.15 One Planet Development|url=http://www.lammas.org.uk/oldsite/lowimpact/documents/OnePlanetDevelopment.pdf|accessdate=6 March 2013|author=Welsh Assembly Government|date=July 2010}}
41. ^{{cite web|title=Technical Advice Note 6 – Planning for Sustainable Rural Communities (2010)|url=http://wales.gov.uk/topics/planning/policy/tans/tan6/?lang=en|accessdate=6 March 2013|author=Welsh Government|date=January 2011}}
42. ^{{cite web|title=One Planet Council|url=http://www.oneplanetcouncil.org.uk/|accessdate=7 March 2015}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=One Planet Council: Nant-y-Cwm - a first for Wales|url=http://www.oneplanetcouncil.org.uk/press-release-for-nant-y-cwm-farm/|accessdate=7 March 2015}}
44. ^{{cite news|publisher=Wales Online|date=14 May 2015|title=Owners of Pembrokeshire's threatened hobbit house plan one final throw of the dice to save their home|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/owners-pembrokeshires-threatened-hobbit-house-9258433|accessdate=15 May 2015}}

Further reading

  • Bird, Chris. Local Sustainable Homes – How to make them happen in your community. Green Books, 2010   {{ISBN|9781900322768}}
  • Cotterell, Jane & Dadeby, Adam. The Passivhaus Handbook: A practical guide to constructing and retrofitting buildings for ultra-low-energy performance. Green Books, 2012.   {{ISBN|9780857840196}}
  • Evans, Ianto; Smith, Michael; Smiley, Linda. The Hand Sculpted House: A Practical and Philosophical Guide to Building a Cob Cottage. Green Books, 2010   {{ISBN|9781890132347}}
  • Jones, Barbara. Building with Straw Bales: A Practical Guide for the UK and Ireland. Green Books, 2009.   {{ISBN|9781900322515}}
  • Wimbush, Paul. Experience, Implications and Potential of Low Impact Development In Wales. University of Wales, Newport [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140001/http://www.lammas.org.uk/oldsite/lowimpact/documents/LowImpactDevelopmentinWalesPaulWimbush2009.pdf]
  • Wrench, Tony. Building a Low Impact Roundhouse. Permanent Publications, 2007.   {{ISBN|9781856230421}}

External links

Low-impact developments

  • The Landmatters co-operative, Devon
  • LILAC – Low-Impact Living Affordable Community, Yorkshire
  • Tir Penrhos Isaf, Permaculture holding, Gwyedd, Wales
  • Simon Dale's houses, Wales
  • Steward Community Woodland, Devon
  • Cae Mabon, Eco Retreat Centre, Snowdonia
  • Keveral Farm, Cornwall
  • Down to Earth, Gower
  • LAND Centres, Permaculture Association – a list of publicly accessible land-based Permaculture projects in the UK
  • A map of LAND Centres in the UK – maintained by Permaculture Magazine

Supporting organisations and resources

  • The Ecological Land Co-operative – supporting and enabling low-impact development in the UK
  • LILI – The Low Impact Living Initiative – a non-profit network of those involved with LID
  • One Wales : One Planet : The Sustainable Development Scheme of the Welsh Assembly Government
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20150105193237/http://www.lammas.org.uk/oldsite/lowimpact/documents/Does_Welsh_National_Planning_Policy_effectively_address_Low_Impact_Development_in_the_open_c.pdf Does Welsh National Planning Policy effectively address Low Impact Development in the open countryside?] – Paper by Louise Kulbicki
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20150105190429/http://www.lammas.org.uk/oldsite/lowimpact/documents/ThesisKarolinaRietzler2012.pdf The Role of Scientific Knowledge and Other knowledge Types in Grassroots Sustainability Initiatives: An Exploratory Case Study of a Low Impact Development Eco-village in Wales] – MSc thesis by Karolina Rietzler
  • The Land Magazine
  • Permaculture Magazine
  • Living in the Future – 50-minute documentary film telling the story of the "UK's first planned ecoVillage, Lammas."
  • Living in the Future website – A video series about Ecovillages – community and low impact living
{{Simple living}}{{Sustainability}}

8 : Simple living|Sustainable architecture|Low-energy building in the United Kingdom|Housing in England|Mixed-use developments in the United Kingdom|Ecovillages|Environmental impact in the United Kingdom|Environmental mitigation
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