“Shloka”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The shloka is treated as a couplet. Each hemistich (half-verse) of 16 syllables, composed of two Pādas of eight syllables, can take either a pathyā ("normal") form or one of several vipulā ("extended") forms. The form of the second foot of the first Pāda (II) limits the possible patterns the first foot (I) may assume, as in the scheme below. Alternatively, a shloka is four quarter-verses, each with eight syllables.^[2]

The Pathyā and Vipulā half-verses are arranged in the table above in order of frequency of occurrence. Out of 2579 half-verses taken from Kalidasa, Magha, Bharavi, and Bilhana, each of the four admissible forms of shloka in the above order claims the following share: 2289, 116, 89, 85.^[3] Note that the above restrictions on the first four syllables of the vipulā half-verses are too restrictive and one finds other metrical patterns, e.g., Raghuvaṃśa 12.12a athānāthāḥ prakṛtayo, where three heavy syllables ("– – –") precede the na-vipulā.

The metrical constraints on a hemistich in terms of its two constituent padas are as follows:^[4]

Noteworthy is the avoidance of an iambic cadence in the first pāda. By comparison, Syllables 5-7 of any pāda in the old Vedic anuṣṭubh is typically a ja-gaṇa ("⏑ – ⏑"), or a dijambus.

An example of an anuṣṭubh stanza which fails the classical requirements of a shloka is from the Shatapatha Brahmana{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

A shloka, states Monier-Williams, can be "any verse or stanza; a proverb, saying..".^[2]

The shloka and Anushtubh meter has been the most popular verse style in classical and post-classical Sanskrit works.{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=418-422}} It is octosyllabic, next harmonic to Gayatri meter that is sacred to the Hindus. A shloka has a rhythm, offers flexibility and creative space, but has embedded rules of composition.{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=418-422}} The Anushtubh is present in Vedic texts, but its presence is minor, and Trishtubh and Gayatri meters dominate in the Rigveda for example.^[7] A dominating presence of shlokas in a text is a marker that the text is likely post-Vedic.^[8]

The shloka structure is embedded in the Bhagavad Gita, the Mahabharata, the Ramayana, the Puranas, Smritis and scientific treatises of Hinduism such as Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita.{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|p=11, 50 with note ii(a)}}^[8]^[9] The Mahabharata, for example, features many verse meters in its chapters, but an overwhelming proportion of the stanzas, 95% are shlokas of the anustubh type, and most of the rest are tristubhs.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1901|p=192}}

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References

1. ^¹Macdonell, Arthur A., A Sanskrit Grammar for Students, Appendix II, p. 232 (Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 1927).
2. ^¹²{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1029|year=1923|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=1029–1030}}
3. ^Macdonell, Arthur A., A Sanskrit Grammar for Students, Appendix II, p. 233 (Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 1927)
4. ^Steiner, Appendix 4; translated: Macdonald, Appendix
5. ^SBM.13.5.4.2
6. ^Eggeling's translation
7. ^{{cite book|author=Kireet Joshi| title=The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CJlM2nhlt0C| year=1991| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass| isbn=978-81-208-0889-8|pages=101–102}}
8. ^¹{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-1jAAAAMAAJ|year=1860|publisher=Williams and Norgate|pages=67–70}}
9. ^{{cite journal | last=Vishwakarma | first=Richa | last2=Goswami | first2=PradipKumar | title=A review through Charaka Uttara-Tantra | journal= AYU | volume=34 | issue=1 | year=2013 | page=17 }}

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