| 词条 | Shortbread |
| 释义 |
|name = Shortbread |image = Shortbreadrounds.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = Fully cooked shortbread rounds on a baking sheet |alternate_name = |country = Scotland |region = |creator = |course = |type = Cake |served = |main_ingredient = Flour, butter, white sugar |variations = |calories = |other = glycaemic load 40 (100 g)[1] }} Shortbread is a traditional Scottish biscuit usually made from one part white sugar, two parts butter, and three parts oat flour. Other ingredients like ground rice or cornflour are sometimes added to alter the texture. Modern recipes also often deviate from the original by splitting the sugar into equal parts granulated and icing sugar and many add a portion of salt. Shortbread is different from shortcake, though they are similar: shortcake can be made using vegetable fat instead of butter and usually has a chemical leavening agent such as baking powder, which gives it a different texture. Shortbread biscuits are often associated with normal egg-based biscuits, but they hold their shape under pressure, making them ideal for packed meals. Shortbread originated in Scotland, with the first printed recipe, in 1736, from a Scotswoman named Mrs McLintock.[2] Shortbread is widely associated with Christmas and Hogmanay festivities in Scotland, and the Scottish brand Walkers Shortbread is exported around the world.[3] As a Scottish brand, shortbread is sometimes packaged in a tartan design, such as Royal Stewart tartan.[4] Baking procedureShortbread is baked at a low temperature to avoid browning. When cooked, it is nearly white, or a light golden brown. It may be sprinkled with more sugar while cooling. It may even be crumbly before cooled, but will become firmer after cooling. ShapesShortbread is traditionally formed into one of three shapes: one large circle, which is divided into segments as soon as it is taken out of the oven (petticoat tails, which may have been named from the French petits cotés, a pointed biscuit eaten with wine, or petites gastelles, the old French for little cakes[5]); individual round biscuits (shortbread rounds); or a thick (¾" or 2 cm) oblong slab cut into fingers. The stiff dough retains its shape well during cooking. The biscuits are often patterned, usually with the tines of a fork before cooking or with a springerle-type cookie mold (U.S.)/biscuit mould (U.K.). Shortbread is sometimes shaped in hearts and other shapes for special occasions. Varieties{{main|List of shortbread biscuits and cookies}}Cultural associationsShortbread is generally associated with and originated in Scotland, but due to its popularity it is also made in the remainder of the United Kingdom, and similar biscuits are also made in Denmark, Ireland and Sweden. The Scottish version is the best-known, and Walkers Shortbread is Scotland's largest food exporter.[6] Shortbread was chosen as the United Kingdom's representative for Café Europe during the 2006 Austrian presidency of the European Union. Scottish chef John Quigley, of Glasgow's Red Onion, describes shortbread as "the jewel in the crown" of Scottish baking.[7] An early variety of shortbread, using ginger, was reportedly eaten during sittings of the Parliament of Scotland, and therefore the variety was sometimes called "Parliament cake" or "Parlies" into the 19th century.[8][9] The biscuits are likely to have been made and sold by the shop "Luckie Fykie" in Waverley, Edinburgh.[10] History of shortbreadShortbread resulted from medieval biscuit bread, which was a twice-baked, enriched bread roll dusted with sugar and spices and hardened into a hard, dry, sweetened biscuit called a rusk.[11] Eventually, yeast from the original rusk recipe was replaced by butter, which was becoming more of a staple in Britain and Ireland. Although shortbread was prepared during much of the 12th century, the refinement of shortbread is credited to Mary, Queen of Scots in the 16th century.[12] This type of shortbread was baked, cut into triangular wedges, and flavored with caraway seeds. Shortbread was expensive and reserved as a luxury for special occasions such as Christmas, Hogmanay (Scottish New Year’s Eve), and weddings. In Shetland, it is traditional to break a decorated shortbread cake over the head of a new bride on the entrance of her new house.[13][14] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/glycemic_index_and_glycemic_load_for_100_foods |title=Glycemic index for 60+ foods |publisher=Health.harvard.edu |date=2018-03-14 |accessdate=2018-04-16}} {{Foods featuring butter}}2. ^{{cite news|last1=Hyslop|first1=Leah|title=Potted histories: shortbread|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/10363464/Potted-histories-shortbread.html|accessdate=18 February 2014|issue=6 October 2013|publisher=The Telegraph}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/11217838/Walkers-Is-this-Britains-best-shortbread.html|title=Walkers: Is this Britain's best shortbread?|publisher=The Telegraph|date=2014-11-07|accessdate=2016-05-14}} 4. ^Marketing. p. 9. Haymarket Press, 1973 5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amAJAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA207,M1 |title=A etymological dictionary of the Scottish language |first = John | last = Jamieson |authorlink=John Jamieson |publisher=University Press for W. & C. Tait |date=1825 |accessdate=2009-05-29}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/business.cfm?id=1063102007 |title=Scotland on Sunday - Business |publisher=Scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com |date= |accessdate=2009-05-29}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=Food%20Recipes&vxClipId=1380_SMG1564&vxBitrate=300 |title=Chef John Quigley discusses and bakes Scottish Shortbread |publisher=Scotlandontv.tv |date=2006-10-24 |accessdate=2009-05-29}} 8. ^{{cite book |last1=Jamieson |first1=John |title=An etymological dictionary of the Scottish language|date=1841|publisher=Andrew Shortrede |location=Edinburgh |page=191 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=c4VHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA191 |accessdate=10 May 2018}} 9. ^The Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson. Oxford University Press, 2014 [https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA349&dq=%22parliament+cake%22+scotland&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjN26WomdfRAhUjxFQKHe4rCNoQ6AEIRTAH#v=onepage&q=%22parliament%20cake%22%20scotland&f=false] 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/recipes/blrecipe_parlie.htm |title=Traditional Scottish Recipes - "Parlies" |publisher=Rampantscotland.com |date= |accessdate=2018-04-16}} 11. ^{{cite journal|title=The History of Shortbread Cookies|journal=The Nibble|url=http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/cookies/cookies2/history-of-shortbread.asp|accessdate=10 February 2015}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=History of Shortbread|url=http://www.englishteastore.com/shortbread-history.html|publisher=English Tea Store|accessdate=10 February 2015}} 13. ^{{cite web|author=Historic UK - heritage of Britain accommodation guide |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/ScottishShortbread.htm |title=Scottish Shortbread |publisher=Historic-uk.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-24}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.englishteastore.com/shortbread-history.html |title=History of Shortbread & Shortbread Recipes |publisher=Englishteastore.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-24}} 5 : Shortbread|Biscuits (British style)|Foods featuring butter|Scottish cuisine|Scottish inventions |
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